- I-Bioinformatics ihlanganisa i-biology, i-computing, kanye nezibalo ukuze ihlaziye inani elikhulu ledatha yezinto eziphilayo ezimweni zezokwelapha, zezimboni, kanye nezocwaningo.
- Ochwepheshe be-bioinformaticians basebenza emikhakheni efana nezokwelapha, i-pharmacology, ezolimo, ukudla okunempilo, kanye nocwaningo lwezemfundo, ngesidingo esikhulu ezibhedlela, ezinkampanini zemithi, kanye nasezinkampanini ze-biotechnology.
- Isisekelo esiqinile ku-biology yama-molecule kanye nezakhi zofuzo, ikhono ezilimini ezifana ne-Python kanye ne-R, amathuluzi afana ne-BLAST, i-Bowtie, ne-GATK, kanye namakhono athambile kanye nokuziphatha kubalulekile.
- Ngokuqeqeshwa okwanele kanye nobuchwepheshe, umsebenzi unikeza amathuba amahle omholo kanye nethuba elanele lokukhula kobuchwepheshe kanye nezikhundla zobuholi.
Uma uzibuza ukuthi isazi se-bioinformatics senzani nokuthi singasebenza kuphi, awuwedwa . Abantu abaningi abavela kwi-biology, kwezokwelapha, noma kwisayensi yekhompyutha, ngisho nalabo abafunda umehluko phakathi kwe-biotechnology kanye ne-biomedicine , babheka i-bioinformatics ngelukuluku (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokungabaza okuthile) futhi bazame ukuqonda ukuthi, empeleni, indima yalochwepheshe ikuphi emakethe. Ngenkathi ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kubonakala kunendlela ecacile kakhulu - ithikithi, ikhodi, isibuyekezo, ukuthunyelwa - inqubo yesazi se-bioinformatics ibonakala ingacacile kakhulu.
Iqiniso liwukuthi i-bioinformatics isibe yingxenye ebalulekile kwisayensi yesimanje kanye nemboni yezempilo , ikakhulukazi ngemva kwe-Human Genome Project futhi, muva nje, ngokuqhuma kwedatha ngesikhathi sobhubhane. Namuhla, cishe zonke izibhedlela ezinkulu, izikhungo zocwaningo, izinkampani zemithi noma ze-biotechnology zidinga umuntu okwazi ukuhumusha idatha yezinto eziphilayo ngezinga elikhulu. Yilapho i-bioinformatics ingena khona, ihlanganisa izinhlelo, izibalo, kanye ne-biology ukuguqula idatha eluhlaza ibe ulwazi oluwusizo, ukuxilongwa okunembe kakhudlwana, kanye nokwelashwa okwenziwe ngokwezifiso kakhudlwana, futhi icabangela umthelela wezenhlalo kanye nowezomnotho wobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo.
Kuyini i-bioinformatics futhi kungani ibaluleke kakhulu?
I-Bioinformatics yinkambu ehlanganisa ukubala, izibalo, kanye ne-biology ukuqoqa, ukugcina, ukuhlela, ukuhlaziya, kanye nokuhumusha idatha yezinto eziphilayo . Lokhu kufaka phakathi konke kusukela ku-DNA kanye ne-RNA sequences kuya kudatha ye-proteomic, clinical, pharmacological, noma i-microbiota. Intuthuko enkulu yenzeke cishe ngo-2004 ngokuqedwa kwe-Human Genome Project, eyakhiqiza inani elikhulu ledatha yezakhi zofuzo okwakudingeka icutshungulwe futhi iqondwe.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, kwacaca ukuthi akwanele ukuba nososayensi bezinto eziphilayo noma odokotela abaqonda izakhi zofuzo ; kwakubalulekile ukuba nochwepheshe abakwaziyo ukuphatha izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe, izizindalwazi ezinkulu, kanye nama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi. Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lwaqinisa lesi simo, ngomjaho wokulandelana kwamagciwane, ukuqapha izinhlobo ezahlukene, kanye nokuthuthukisa imigomo ngesikhathi esirekhodiwe - konke kusekelwa kakhulu yimizila ye-bioinformatics.
Inselele enkulu ye-bioinformatics namuhla ukuguqula inqwaba yedatha ibe ukutholakala okuqondile : ukuhlonza izakhi zofuzo ezihlotshaniswa nezifo, ukuthola imigomo yemithi emisha, ukuqonda ukuthi izinguquko zishintsha kanjani amaprotheni, noma ngisho nokubikezela impendulo yesiguli emithini ethile. I-bioinformatics isebenza ngqo kule ndawo yokuhlangana phakathi kwedatha ne-biology yangempela, futhi amathuba emisebenzi ku-biotechnology abonisa lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezicelo.
Empeleni, isazi se-bioinformatician siklama futhi sisebenzise izindlela zokubala, amamodeli ezibalo, namathuluzi ezibalo ukuze sifunde izinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungasho ukusebenza ekubumbeni ama-molecule, ukuklama izidakamizwa ezisizwa yikhompyutha, ukuphathwa kwezizindalwazi zamakhemikhali neze-genomic, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwama-algorithms athile okuhlaziywa kwedatha ye-omics (i-genomics, i-transcriptomics, i-proteomics, njll.). Lezi zihloko zihlangana namagatsha e-biology asekela ukuhumusha kwezinto eziphilayo.
Inqubo yansuku zonke kanye nemisebenzi yesazi se-bioinformatician.
Uma uvela esizindeni sobunjiniyela besofthiwe, ungacabanga ngomsebenzi we-bioinformatician "njengomzila" wokuhlaziya idatha yezinto eziphilayo , kunokuba umzila wokusebenzisa ikhodi. Akukho ukugxila okuncane ezicini zomsebenzisi wokugcina kodwa kunemibuzo yesayensi noma yezokwelapha okufanele iphendulwe.
Ukuhamba komsebenzi ojwayelekile we-bioinformatics kungahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezifana kakhulu nomjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe , kodwa kuhambisane nomongo wezinto eziphilayo. Esikhundleni sethikithi elicela isici esisha, isazi se-bioinformatics sithola umbuzo noma inkinga yesayensi, yezokwelapha, noma yezimboni, njengokuthi: ukuhlonza ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo ezigulini ezinesifo esingavamile, ukuqhathanisa ama-genome ezinhlobo ezahlukene, noma ukuthola amaprotheni afanelekayo emuthini omusha.
Isibonelo sepayipi lomsebenzi singaba yinto efana nale : okokuqala, isazi se-bioinformatician sithola idatha yokulandelelana (NGS) evela elabhorethri noma esibhedlela; bese, benza ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokucubungula kwangaphambili; okulandelayo, bavumelanisa ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo ne-genome yokubhekisela besebenzisa amathuluzi afana ne-BLAST noma i-Bowtie; kamuva, basebenzisa amaphakheji afana ne-GATK ukubiza izinhlobo; ekugcineni, bahumusha lezi zinhlobo, bazibhekisele kudathabheyisi yezakhi zofuzo, futhi bethule imiphumela emibikweni eqondakalayo yodokotela, izazi zezinto eziphilayo, noma abaphathi.
Emisebenzini yansuku zonke, lokhu kuhumusha ekubhaleni nasekusebenziseni izikripthi ku-Python, R, noma ku-Perl , ukulawula imigqa yemiyalo ezindaweni ze-Linux, ukwenza amapayipi ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukubuza ngemininingwane yomphakathi neyangasese, kanye nokuhlanza, ukuhlela, nokubhala phansi amasethi edatha ayinkimbinkimbi. Ukuhlola, ukuqinisekiswa, kanye nokubuyekezwa kontanga nakho kuyingxenye yenqubo yansuku zonke, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini ocwaningo noma ezinkampanini ezilawulwayo (njengezinkampani zemithi kanye nezokwelapha).
Njengasekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe, ochwepheshe be-bioinformaticians abavamile ukusebenza bodwa : bahlanganyela emihlanganweni nodokotela, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo, ososayensi bezibalo, nabanye ochwepheshe, baxoxa ngezimvo, balungise amasu okuhlaziya, futhi bachaze imiphumela. Kwezinye izimo, badinga futhi ukulungiselela izethulo, izibalo, namathebula ezihlokweni zesayensi, imibiko yobuchwepheshe, noma ukuthunyelwa ezinhlanganweni ezilawulayo.
Izindawo eziyinhloko zomsebenzi: lapho isazi se-bioinformatician sisebenza khona
I-Bioinformatics ihlanganisa kakhulu futhi ivule amathuba emikhakheni eminingi ehlukene . Esikhundleni "sohlobo" olulodwa lwe-bioinformatics, namuhla kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphrofayili kuye ngendawo yokusebenza kanye nedatha ephathwa nsuku zonke.
Ku-bioinformatics yezokwelapha, ochwepheshe basebenza ezibhedlela, ezikhungweni zezempilo, kanye nasezilabhorethri zokuxilonga , bethuthukisa futhi besebenzisa izixazululo zokuphatha nokuhlaziya idatha yesiguli. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kokulandelana ezibhedlela (isibonelo, komdlavuza, izifo ezingavamile, kanye nokuhlolwa kofuzo), i-bioinformatics iba yinto ebalulekile ekuhumusheni idatha ye-genomic ibe yimibiko esiza ekuxilongweni nasekukhetheni izindlela zokwelapha.
Emkhakheni wezokwelapha nge-biomedicine, kugxilwe ekuhlanganiseni idatha ye-omics nolwazi lwezokwelapha ukuze kusekelwe imithi eyenzelwe wena. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlanganisa i-genomics, i-transcriptomics, i-proteomics, ngisho nedatha yezithombe namarekhodi ezempilo kagesi, ngenhloso yokulungisa ukwelashwa ngokwephrofayili yezakhi zofuzo yesiguli ngasinye, ukubikezela izingozi zesifo, kanye nokuhlonza ama-biomarker okuxilongwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ekwelashweni kwezakhi zofuzo, isazi se-bioinformatician sigxile ekuhlaziyeni ukulandelana kwe-DNA kusuka ezintweni eziphilayo ezahlukene ukuze siqonde ukuthi yiziphi izakhi zofuzo ezisebenzisa amaprotheni athile, siqhathanise izakhi zofuzo phakathi kwezinhlobo, futhi sichaze izindawo ezisebenzayo. Lolu lwazi lusiza ekwakheni izindlela zokwelapha ezilungisa izakhi zofuzo ezinephutha noma ezibuyisela izinguquko ezibangela izifo ezidluliselwa ngofuzo, sisebenzisana nezakhi zofuzo kanye nochwepheshe be-biotechnology.
Ku-biology esetshenziswa kwezolimo, emfuyweni, kanye ne-ecology, indima yososayensi we-bioinformatics ihlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, izilwane, kanye nezindawo ezizungezile . Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya idatha yezakhi zofuzo ukuthuthukisa izitshalo ezimelana kakhulu nesomiso noma izinambuzane, ukutadisha i-genome yezilwane zasemapulazini ukwandisa ukumelana nezifo nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle, noma ukusebenzisa i-bioinformatics ocwaningweni lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nomthelela wemvelo.
Ku-pharmacology kanye nasembonini yezemithi, ochwepheshe be-bioinformatics baphatha futhi bahlaziye idatha yamakhemikhali, yezemithi, yezemithi, kanye neyezokwelapha ekhiqizwa kuyo yonke intuthuko yemithi kanye nemigomo. Bangahlanganyela ezifundweni zokufaka ama-molecular docking, ukuhlolwa kwe-virtual compound, ukumodela indlela ye-metabolic, noma ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yesilingo sezokwelapha, okusiza ukuhlonza abantu abazongenela ukhetho abathembisayo nokuqonda kangcono izindlela zokwenza izidakamizwa. Le mikhakha inikeza izindlela zomsebenzi ezahlukahlukene kanye nezindawo ezifunwa kakhulu ochwepheshe be-bioinformatics.
Enye insimu ebalulekile uhlelo lwe-bioinformatics kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe . Kulesi simo, uchwepheshe ugxile ekudaleni izindlela ezintsha zokubala, amathuluzi ezibalo, kanye nama-algorithms angasetshenziswa abanye ochwepheshe be-bioinformatics, amalabhorethri ocwaningo, kanye nezinkampani. Kuyiphrofayili esondele kakhulu kweyonjiniyela wesofthiwe, kodwa ngokuqonda okuqinile kwebhayoloji ukuklama amathuluzi awusizo ngempela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamathuba ocwaningo lwezemfundo, emkhakheni wezimboni, ekwelulekeni, ekufundiseni, ngisho nasebhizinisini . Ezikhungweni zocwaningo nasemanyuvesi, ochwepheshe be-bioinformaticians bahlanganyela kumaphrojekthi esayensi asezingeni eliphezulu; embonini (yemithi, ekuxilongweni kwezakhi zofuzo, ekudleni kwezolimo, e-biotechnology), basiza ekudaleni imikhiqizo nezinsizakalo ezintsha; ekwelulekeni, baqondisa izinkampani ekwenzeni izinqumo zamasu ngokusekelwe kudatha yezinto eziphilayo; futhi ekufundiseni, baqeqesha izizukulwane ezintsha zochwepheshe kulo mkhakha.
Amathuluzi abalulekile, izilimi namakhono obuchwepheshe
Ukuze abhekane nakho konke lokhu, isazi se-bioinformatician sidinga i-arsenal yobuchwepheshe eqinile . Ukwazi "uhlelo oluncane" akwanele: kuyadingeka ukuba yingcweti yamathuluzi athile, izilimi, kanye nemibono yezibalo kanye nesayensi yedatha esetshenziswa njalo ekuhlaziyweni kwezokwelapha.
Phakathi kwamathuluzi e-bioinformatics ajwayelekile kukhona izinhlelo zokuqondanisa ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo ezifana ne-BLAST kanye ne-Bowtie , eziyisisekelo sokuqhathanisa ukulandelana kwe-DNA noma i-RNA nama-genome okubhekisela kuwo. Ukuze kuhlaziywe ukuhlukahluka kwama-genome (njenge-SNP, ukufakwa, kanye nokususwa), ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi anjenge-GATK kuyinto ejwayelekile cishe emipayipini eminingi ye-NGS.
Isofthiwe yokuhlaziya idatha yesizukulwane esilandelayo (NGS), njengePartek nezinye izindawo ezikhethekile , isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa idatha yokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo, izinhlobo, kanye nezinye izendlalelo ze-omics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe be-bioinformaticians badinga ukusebenza namathuluzi okuphatha inani elikhulu ledatha, izinhlelo zokusesha ibhange lezakhi zofuzo, kanye namapulatifomu aqondiswe kudatha ephuma kakhulu.
Ensimini yezibalo, amaphakheji afana ne-SAS kanye ne-SPSS avame ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izimo zendabuko, yize i-R kanye ne-Python manje sezithandwa kakhulu emphakathini wesayensi. Ukusetshenziswa kwemitapo yolwazi yokufunda komshini (njengaleyo esetshenziswa ku-Python, kufaka phakathi i-MLlib ezimweni ezithile) nakho kuya ngokuya kufaneleka, njengoba izindlela eziningi zamanje zihilela ukuhlukaniswa, ukuhlanganiswa, ukunciphisa ubukhulu, kanye namamodeli okubikezela asetshenziswa kudatha yezinto eziphilayo.
Ngokuphathelene nezilimi zokuhlela, i-Python, i-R, i-Perl, i-Java, ne-Matlab zivela njalo . I-Python ne-R cishe zitholakala yonke indawo, ngenxa yengcebo yemitapo yolwazi yokuhlaziywa kwedatha, izibalo, ukufunda komshini, kanye nokubona ngeso lengqondo. I-Perl ne-Java zisabonakala emigwaqweni yakudala kanye namathuluzi asevele ekhona, kuyilapho i-Matlab ingaba usizo ekubumbeni nasekulingiseni kwezinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo.
Iphrofayili ekahle: isizinda sebhayoloji nesayensi yamakhompyutha.
Isazi se-bioinformatician esifanelekile singuchwepheshe "oxubile", onesisekelo esiqinile ku-biology kanye nekhono eliqinile lokubala kanye nokuhlela . Akukhona ukuthi kudingeka babe yisazi sezinhlelo esingcono kakhulu emhlabeni noma isazi sezinto eziphilayo esivamile kakhulu, kodwa kunalokho umuntu ongahamba ngokuzethemba phakathi kwalezi zindawo ezimbili.
Ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, ukuba nolwazi olujulile ezindaweni ezifana ne-molecular biology, i-genetics, i-genomics, i-biochemistry, i-evolutionary biology, kanye ne-microbiology kuyaziswa kakhulu . Ukuqonda izinqubo ezifana nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, ukubhalwa kwe-transcription, ukuhumusha, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, kanye nesakhiwo samaprotheni kuvumela ukuchazwa okulungile kwemiphumela ekhiqizwa yimizila yokuhlaziya.
Ubuchwepheshe kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nezakhi zofuzo zabantu, isibonelo, kubalulekile kulabo abafuna ukusebenza ngezifo zofuzo, umdlavuza, noma imithi eyenzelwe umuntu ngamunye . Isisekelo esihle kubhayoloji yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye ne-microbiology siwusizo kakhulu kulabo abasebenza nge-metagenomics, izifundo ze-microbiome, ukubhekwa kwezifo, noma i-phylogeny.
Ngokombono wokubala, ukuhlela, ukuhlaziya izibalo, kanye namakhono esayensi yedatha abalulekile . Ukwazi i-Python kanye ne-R ukuthuthukisa izikripthi nokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuhlaziya okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukuqonda kahle ama-algorithms kanye nezakhiwo zedatha ukubhala amathuluzi asebenzayo, ukuba nolwazi ngama-database okugcina nokubuza ulwazi oluningi, kanye nokwazi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-Unix kuyizidingo ezivamile zemisebenzi ye-bioinformatics.
Ibhayoloji yokubala nayo ingena ngaphakathi kwalolu hlu lwamakhono , okubandakanya ukwenziwa kwemodeli kwezinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo, ukubikezela izakhiwo zamaprotheni, ukulingisa, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana. Ngaphandle kwalolu hlaka lwekhompyutha oluthuthukiswe kahle, umsebenzi wansuku zonke we-bioinformatician ubungeke ube yinto engenakwenzeka.
Amakhono athambile: ukubambisana, ukuxhumana, kanye nokuziphatha okuhle.
I-Bioinformatics, ngokwemvelo, iyinsimu ebambisene futhi ehlanganisa imikhakha eminingi . Akuvamile ukuthi isazi se-bioinformatics senze iphrojekthi ebalulekile eyedwa: ngokuvamile, basebenzisana nososayensi bezinto eziphilayo, odokotela, osokhemisi, ososayensi bezibalo, onjiniyela besofthiwe, kanye nabaphathi bephrojekthi.
Ngakho-ke, ukwazi ukusebenza eqenjini kungenye yamakhono abaluleke kakhulu . Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulalela ochwepheshe abavela kweminye imikhakha, ukuhumusha izinkinga zezinto eziphilayo zibe imibuzo yokubala, ukuxoxisana ngezinto eziza kuqala, kanye nokuchaza ngokucacile imikhawulo yezobuchwepheshe.
Ukuxhumana kuyiphuzu elibalulekile : isazi se-bioinformatician sidinga ukukwazi ukwethula imiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi, kokubili ngomlomo nangokubhala, kubabukeli abanamazinga ahlukene olwazi lobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kusebenza kukho konke kusukela emihlanganweni yeqembu langaphakathi kuya ezethulweni emihlanganweni yesayensi noma imibiko yamakhasimende nezinhlangano ezilawulayo.
Ukuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi kanye nobuholi nakho kubalulekile njengoba ochwepheshe bethuthuka emisebenzini yabo . Ukuxhumanisa amaqembu, ukuhlela amashejuli, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokuhlaziywa, kanye nokuhlangabezana nezinsuku zokugcina ezifundweni zezokwelapha noma kumaphrojekthi ocwaningo amakhulu kudinga ukuzithiba, umbono wamasu, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Okokugcina, ukuziphatha akuxoxiswana ngakho, ikakhulukazi uma usebenza ngemininingwane yesiguli ebucayi . Izazi ze-bioinformatics zidinga ukubhekana nobumfihlo, ubumfihlo, imvume enolwazi, kanye nemiphumela yezinqumo ezingathinta ngqo impilo yabantu kanye nabantu bonke; kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela izingozi kanye nemikhawulo ye-biotechnology lapho uhlela amaphrojekthi.
Imikhakha eqasha ochwepheshe be-bioinformatics abaningi
Izazi ze-bioinformatics zithola amathuba emikhakheni eyahlukene , futhi lokhu kungenye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zalo mkhakha kulabo abacabanga ngomsebenzi wesikhathi eside.
Ezimbonini zezokwelapha kanye nezemithi kanye ne-biotechnology, isidingo siphezulu kakhulu . Izinkampani ezakha izindlela zokwelapha umdlavuza, izifo ezizimele, izifo ezingavamile, kanye nokutheleleka okuyinkimbinkimbi zithembele ekuhlaziyweni kwe-genomic kanye ne-proteomic ukuze ziqonde izindlela zesifo futhi zakhe ukwelashwa komuntu siqu.
Emkhakheni wezifo ezingavamile, ochwepheshe be-bioinformaticians basiza ekuboneni izinguquko ezibangela izimo zezokwelapha okunzima ukuzixilonga , besebenzisa idatha ye-exome noma yokulandelana kwe-genome ephelele. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi banikeze izimpendulo emindenini evame ukuchitha iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kokuxilongwa okuqondile.
Kwezolimo, ezolimo zezilwane, kanye ne-ecology, kugxilwe ekwenzeni ngcono ukukhiqizwa kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela emvelweni . I-Bioinformatics isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhiqizayo nezimelana kakhulu, ukutadisha i-microbiota yenhlabathi, ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-biomass njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo, kanye nokwenza ngcono ama-microorganisms angcolisa ipulasitiki noma asiza ekuphatheni amanzi angcolile.
Emkhakheni wokudla okunempilo nokuphepha kokudla, i-bioinformatics isekela ukuhlaziywa kokuqubuka kokudla, ukubhekwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokudla ezenzelwe wena ngokusekelwe ku-microbiota yamathumbu kanye nephrofayili yezakhi zofuzo zomuntu ngamunye.
Kwezemfundo, ochwepheshe abaningi be-bioinformatician basebenza emanyuvesi, befundisa ezibhedlela, nasezikhungweni zocwaningo . Bahlanganyela kumaphrojekthi ezindaweni ezifana ne-cancer genomics, i-metagenomics, i-systems biology, i-epigenetics, nezinye. Labo abafisa ukufundisa ezingeni leyunivesithi noma ukuhola ilabhorethri yabo bavame ukuphishekela iziqu zobudokotela.
Izikhundla zomsebenzi, izindima, kanye namathuba emisebenzi
Imakethe yemisebenzi yososayensi be-bioinformatics ibhekwa njengethembisayo impela , iqhutshwa kokubili ukuqhuma kwedatha yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa okwandayo kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nokufunda komshini emkhakheni wezokunakekelwa kwempilo.
Phakathi kwezikhundla ezivame kakhulu nezifunwa kakhulu, singakhuluma ngabahlaziyi bedatha ye-genomic , abanomthwalo wokucubungula nokuhumusha inani elikhulu ledatha yokulandelana, kusukela ekulawulweni kwekhwalithi kuya ekuchazweni kwezinhlobo ezifanele.
Abathuthukisi besofthiwe ye-Bioinformatics nabo bayadingeka kakhulu , njengoba bedala futhi begcina amathuluzi nezindlela ezisetshenziswa amalebhu, izibhedlela, kanye nezinkampani ze-biotechnology. Le phrofayili idinga ibhalansi ethakazelisayo phakathi kobunjiniyela besofthiwe kanye nokuqonda umongo wezinto eziphilayo.
Ochwepheshe be-genomics yokuqhathanisa kanye ne-proteomics yokubala basebenza ocwaningweni oluqondile, beqhathanisa ama-genome ezinhlobo ezahlukene, befunda ngokuvela kwezakhi zofuzo, futhi behlaziya isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wamaprotheni besebenzisa izindlela zokubala, ngokuvamile ngokusekelwa kwemodeli ye-3D kanye nokulingisa. Emsebenzini we-proteomics, ukutadisha amaprotheni athile kungaba yingxenye yokuhlaziywa kokusebenza.
Ochwepheshe be-bioinformatician bayanda kakhulu ezibhedlela nasemitholampilo ekhethekile , besebenzisa izindlela zokuhlaziya idatha yesiguli ukusekela ukuxilongwa, izibikezelo, kanye nezinqumo zokwelapha. Lena ingenye yezindlela ezinomthelela omkhulu oqondile emisebenzini yezokwelapha.
Amathuba okukhula asukela ezikhundleni ezincane kuya ezindimeni zobuholi ocwaningweni, ekuthuthukisweni, noma emaqenjini e-IT ezokwelapha . Ngolwazi, isazi se-bioinformatics singaxhumanisa amaqembu ahlukahlukene, sihole iminyango ye-bioinformatics ezibhedlela noma ezinkampanini ze-biotechnology, futhi sithathe izindima zamasu ekuchazeni imikhiqizo kanye nemigqa yocwaningo.
Amaholo kanye nokuthuthuka komsebenzi ku-bioinformatics.
Ngokuphathelene nesinxephezelo, i-bioinformatics ivame ukunikeza amaholo ancintisanayo, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni ozimele . Ezimweni eziningi, umehluko phakathi komkhakha womphakathi nowangasese ubalulekile.
Ezimweni ezifana neSpain, ochwepheshe be-bioinformatician ezikhungweni zomphakathi bavame ukuthola amaholo afinyelela ku-30.000 euros ngonyaka , ahlukahluka ngokuya ngolwazi, isifunda, kanye nohlobo lwesikhungo. Emkhakheni ozimele - ikakhulukazi ezinkampanini zemithi, i-biotechnology, kanye nezempilo yedijithali - isilinganiso singakhuphuka sifinyelele cishe ku-50.000 euros ngonyaka noma ngaphezulu.
Ochwepheshe abasezingeni lokuqala ezikhundleni ezincane bavame ukuqala ngamaholo asukela ku-€26.000 kuya ku-€30.000 ngonyaka , kuyilapho labo abaneminyaka eminingana yesipiliyoni (cishe iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-5) bavame ukuthola imali ephakathi kuka-€35.000 no-€45.000.
Ochwepheshe be-bioinformatic abaphezulu noma ochwepheshe ezindaweni ezifunwa kakhulu, njenge-genomics yomdlavuza noma ukutholakala kwezidakamizwa , bangathola imali ephakathi kuka-€47.000 no-€60.000 ngonyaka. Ezikhundleni zokuphatha eziphezulu noma eziphezulu, ikakhulukazi ezinkampanini ezinkulu noma ezikhungweni eziholayo, akuvamile ukudlula u-€60.000, kanti ezinye izimo zifinyelela ku-€80.000-€85.000 ngonyaka.
Ukukhula kobungcweti kuvame ukulandela izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko : ukujulisa ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezifunwa kakhulu (njenge-epigenetics, i-metagenomics, i-AI esetshenziswa ekunakekelweni kwezempilo) noma ukuthuthela ezindimeni zobuholi kanye nokuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi, ukuxhumanisa amaqembu kanye nezinqumo zamasu ocwaningo noma intuthuko.
Ukuqeqeshwa kuyadingeka ukuze usebenze njengososayensi wezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuze bangene emkhakheni we-bioinformatics, kuvamile ukuthi ochwepheshe babe nemfundo eyisisekelo kwisayensi yezinto eziphilayo noma eqondile , ehambisana nobuchwepheshe obuthile ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwe-biology kanye nekhompyutha.
Ngokuvamile, indlela iqala ngedigri yaseyunivesithi ku-biology, isayensi yamakhompyutha, izibalo, ubunjiniyela bezokwelapha, noma amasimu ahlobene . Into ebalulekile ukuthi, kuzo zonke izifundo zabo ze-undergraduate, abafundi bavezwa ezifundweni ezifana ne-molecular biology, i-genetics, kanye ne-biochemistry, kanye nokuhlela, izibalo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha.
Ngemva kwalokho, abaningi bakhetha iziqu ze-master ku-bioinformatics, i-bioinformatics kanye ne-biostatistics, noma amasimu ahlobene . Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukufaka amamojula ku-biochemistry kanye ne-molecular biology, i-biostatistics ene-R, i-programming ku-Python, kanye, namasu athile ku-bioinformatics kanye nokuphathwa kwedatha ye-biomedical.
Ezinye izifundo ze-postgraduate zinikeza ngisho nezingxenye ezigxile kwikhwalithi kanye nokuziphatha ekusetshenzisweni kwesofthiwe ye-bioinformatics , ngaphezu kokutadisha izizindalwazi zezinto eziphilayo, izindlela zokuhlonza izakhi zofuzo kanye nokwenza imodeli, ukuhlaziywa kokulandelana kwe-DNA, kanye nokubikezela isakhiwo samaprotheni. Ukuqeqeshwa kungafaka futhi ulwazi olusebenzayo ezinkampanini, ezibhedlela, noma ezikhungweni zocwaningo, okusiza kakhulu ukushintshela emakethe yemisebenzi.
Kulabo abafisa ukuphishekela umsebenzi wezemfundo noma ukuhola amaqembu ocwaningo, iziqu zobudokotela ku-bioinformatics noma emikhakheni ehlobene cishe ziyimpoqo . Kuwo wonke uhlelo lobudokotela, ochwepheshe bajulisa ulwazi lwabo lobuchwepheshe, bathuthukise amaphrojekthi abo, futhi bakhe inethiwekhi yokuxhumana ngaphakathi komphakathi wesayensi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinga lakho lemfundo linjani, kubalulekile ukuhlala usesikhathini , njengoba i-bioinformatics ishintsha ngokushesha. Ukubamba iqhaza ezifundweni ezimfushane, ama-workshop, izingqungquthela, kanye nemiphakathi eku-inthanethi kukusiza ukuthi uhambisane nezindlela ezintsha, izilimi, imitapo yolwazi, kanye nemikhuba emihle evelayo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ekugcineni, i-bioinformatics izisungule njengomsebenzi onomthelela omkhulu kanye namathemba aqinile : labo abakhetha le ndlela bathola insimu ekhulayo, enesikhala samaphrofayili esayensi amaningi kanye nalabo abavela kubunjiniyela besofthiwe abafuna ukusebenzisa amakhono abo ezinkingeni zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezempilo. Ukuhlangana phakathi kwedatha, i-biology, kanye nobuchwepheshe kuvula iminyango emikhakheni ehlukahlukene futhi kuvumela indlela yomsebenzi enamandla, eyinselele enamandla okukhula kwesikhathi eside.
