AmaMixtec kwakungabantu bomdabu basendulo ababehlala endaweni enezintaba eningizimu yeMexico, eyaziwa ngokuthi iMixteca. Inhlangano yabo yezenhlalo yayisekelwe esimisweni sokubusa, neqembu elibusayo elakhiwa izicukuthwane nabapristi, lilandelwa yizingcweti, abalimi, nezisebenzi ezivamile. Abakwa-Mixtec nabo babenesithembu futhi babenesimiso sefa le-patrilineal, lapho uhlu lozalo lwaludluliselwa lusuka kubaba luye endodaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi wakwaMixtec wawuthonywe kakhulu izinkolelo nemikhuba engokwenkolo, abapristi bedlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuhleleka komphakathi nokungokomoya.
Inkathi ngaphambi kokufika kukaColumbus emazweni aseMelika: imiphakathi yendabuko, isiko nomlando.
AmaMixtec ayengabantu bomdabu ababehlala esifundeni esiseningizimu yeMexico, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni sase-Oaxaca. Inhlangano yabo yezenhlalo yayisekelwe esakhiweni esinobungcweti, lapho amandla ayephakathi kwabantu abaphezulu ababusayo. AmaMixtec ayaziwa ngamakhono awo okusebenzisa izinsimbi, ukuluka, nokudweba, okwakubonakala kwezobuciko kanye nezakhiwo zawo.
Umphakathi wakwaMixtec wawuhlukaniswe waba amakilasi ezenhlalo achazwe kahle, abaphezulu ababusayo, balandelwa abapristi, amaqhawe kanye nabalimi. Ikilasi ngalinye lalinomthwalo walo wemfanelo kanye nemisebenzi phakathi komphakathi. Izikhulu ezibusayo zazinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthatha izinqumo zezombusazwe kanye nokuhlela umphakathi, kuyilapho abalimi besebenza umhlaba futhi beqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi uyaziphilisa.
Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sabo senhlalo, abakwaMixtec nabo babenamasiko nomlando ocebile. Bakha uhlelo lokubhala nge-hieroglyphic futhi bagcina imibhalo enemininingwane yomlando namasiko abo. Izitsha zabo zobumba nezithombe zabo zaziziswa kakhulu, zibonisa ubunkimbinkimbi bomphakathi wabo nezinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo.
Ngamafuphi, ama-Mixtec kwakuwumphakathi wendabuko oyinkimbinkimbi futhi ohlelekile onamasiko nomlando ocebile. Inhlangano yabo yezenhlalakahle yayisekelwe esakhiweni sezikhundla, nezigaba ezahlukene ezidlala indima ethile emphakathini. Ifa labo lobuciko nelokwakha lisathakaselwa futhi lifundwa nanamuhla.
Umsuka Wabantu Bangaphambi Kwe-Columbian: Ukuhlola Impucuko Yasendulo Yamazwe AseMelika Ngaphambi Kobukoloni.
AmaMixtec kwakungabantu bomdabu ababehlala esifundeni esiseningizimu yeMexico, esaziwa ngokuthi i-Oaxaca. Inhlangano yabo yezenhlalakahle yayisekelwe esakhiweni sezigaba, lapho umphakathi wawuhlukaniswe waba izigaba ezihlukene. Iqembu elibusayo lalihlanganisa izicukuthwane, ezazinegunya kwezombangazwe nezomnotho, kuyilapho abalimi kanye nezingcweti zezandla bakha isisekelo somphakathi.
Izikhulu zazinelungelo lokufinyelela amalungelo nezinto zokunethezeka, njengezigodlo ezihlotshisiwe nezingubo ezinhle, futhi zazinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile emphakathini. Zaziphinde zibe abaqaphi bolwazi lwabokhokho kanye nomlando wabantu baseMixtec.
Abalimi babesebenza emasimini ezicukuthwane, bekhiqiza ukudla nezimpahla ezibalulekile ukuze umphakathi uphile. Babebhekwa njengesigaba sabasebenzi futhi bathola isivikelo nokuvikeleka ezicukuthwaneni.
Abenzi bemisebenzi yobuciko babenomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza izinto zobumba, izindwangu, kanye nobucwebe, okwakusetshenziswa yizicukuthwane kanye nabantu abavamile. Babenamakhono akhethekile futhi badlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni womphakathi we-Mixtec.
Ngamafuphi, inhlangano yezenhlalakahle ye-Mixtec yaphawulwa ngokuhlukana kwesigaba esicacile, lapho abahlonishwayo bephethe amandla namalungelo, kuyilapho abalimi kanye nezingcweti zezandla bedlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni nomnotho womphakathi. Lesi sakhiwo saphezulu sasibalulekile ekusindeni nasekusebenzeni komphakathi wakwaMixtec.
Umsuka wabantu baseTeotihuacan: ukuphenya ngezimpande zabahlali bedolobha lasendulo.
Isibalo sabantu baseTeotihuacan sakhiwe izinhlanga ezihlukahlukene ezivela ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zaseMexico yasendulo. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje lwemivubukulo luye lwembula ukuthi izakhamuzi zaleli dolobha lasendulo zaziyingxube yabantu abanezizinda ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namaTeotihuacans, amaToltec nama-Otomí.
I-Teotihuacanos yayiyiqembu elivelele eTeotihuacan futhi kukholakala ukuthi lasungula leli dolobha. Babaziwa ngamakhono abo okwakha nobunjiniyela, njengoba kufakazelwa imibhoshongo namathempeli ahlaba umxhwele kaTeotihuacan. AmaToltec wona ayaziwa ngethonya lawo lamasiko nezobuciko esifundeni, kuyilapho ama-Otomí ayengabantu abathanda impi futhi abayimizulane ababehlala edolobheni befuna ukuvikelwa nethuba.
Ingxubevange yala maqembu ezizwe yaphumela emphakathini ohlukahlukene noyinkimbinkimbi, onezigaba ezihlukene zezenhlalo nezigaba. Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle e-Teotihuacan yayisekelwe kumibandela efana nesimo senhlalo, umsebenzi, kanye nemvelaphi yobuhlanga. Izigaba eziphezulu zomphakathi zazihlala abapristi, ababusi, nabathengisi, kuyilapho abasebenzi nabalimi bakha isisekelo sephiramidi yezenhlalakahle.
Ngamafuphi, inani labantu baseTeotihuacan lalihlanganiswe yingxubevange yamaqembu ezizwe ahlukene, ngalinye libe nomthelela ekwahlukeni kwamasiko okucebile kwedolobha lasendulo. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kobuzwe nenhlalo bekungesinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu zomphakathi waseTeotihuacan, futhi kube negalelo ekulenzeni libe ngelinye lamadolobha abaluleke kakhulu futhi anethonya eMesoamerica yasendulo.
Umsuka wokubhala kwama-Aztec: ukudalwa kwawo nokubaluleka kwawo empucukweni yomdabu.
Ukubhala kwama-Aztec, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukubhala kwesiNahuatl, kwasungulwa abantu bomdabu baseMexico emaphakathi, kuhlanganise nama-Aztec, amaToltec, namaMixtec. Yayihlanganisa isimiso sezimpawu nemidwebo eyayimele amagama, imibono, nemiqondo. Umbhalo wama-Aztec wawusetshenziswa kuma-codex—imibhalo yesandla eyenziwe ngephepha elingavamile—ukuze kubhalwe ukwaziswa ngomlando, inkolo, isayensi yezinkanyezi, nezibalo zabantu bomdabu.
Ababhali bama-Aztec, ababizwa ngokuthi i-tlamatinime, babenomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza nokudlulisela ulwazi ngokubhala. Babekwazi ubuciko bokudweba izimpawu nokuhumusha amakhodi, futhi babehlonishwa kakhulu emphakathini wama-Aztec. Ukubhala kwama-Aztec kwaba nendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni isiko nasekudluliseleni ulwazi phakathi kwezizukulwane.
Ukubaluleka kokubhala kwama-Aztec empucukweni yabomdabu kwakungenakuphikwa. Inikeze amandla ukuxhumana, ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi omlando, inhlangano yomphakathi, kanye nokudluliselwa kolwazi olubalulekile ekusindeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemiphakathi yendabuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhala kwama-Aztec kubonise ubunkimbinkimbi nobunkimbinkimbi besiko laseMesoamerica, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu lenhlangano nentuthuko efinyelelwa yilaba bantu.
Yayinjani inhlangano yezenhlalo yamaMixtecs?
Ama-Mixtec kwakungabantu bomdabu ababehlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba eziseningizimu yeMexico, ezaziwa ngamakhono abo obuciko nokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko. Inhlangano yabo yezenhlalakahle yayisekelwe esakhiweni sezikhundla, izicukuthwane zihlezi phezulu emphakathini. Izicukuthwane, ezibizwa ngama-cacique, zaziphethe amandla ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, nezenkolo, zilawula imiphakathi yazo futhi ziphethe izindawo.
Abakwa-Mixtec babenekilasi lezingcweti nabathengisi, ababenomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza izinto zobumba, izindwangu, nobucwebe, okwakusetshenziswa emicikilishweni yezenkolo nanjengendlela yokuhwebelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunesixuku esikhulu sabalimi nezisebenzi ezasekela umnotho womphakathi wezolimo, zilima ummbila, ubhontshisi, nokhokho.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle ye-Mixtec yaphawulwa ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwezikhundla kanye nesigaba, lapho isimo namandla kwazuzwa njengefa futhi kwagcinwa phakathi kwemindeni ehloniphekile. Lesi sakhiwo senhlalo saba nomthelela ekuzinzeni nasekuhlelekeni emphakathini, kodwa futhi sakhiqiza ukungalingani kanye nezingxabano phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene zomphakathi.
Yayinjani inhlangano yezenhlalo yamaMixtecs?
Ukuhleleka komphakathi kwamaMixtec kwakusekelwe ohlelweni lwezigaba. Lezi zakhiwe ngesimo sezigaba ezagcina sezingqubuzana.
Abantu bakwaMixtec bangomunye wababaluleke kakhulu eMesoamerica; ukujula kwamasiko nokuphikelela kwabo emlandweni kubenza behluke.
Ama-Mixtec angumthombo wamakhodi amaningi abaluleke kakhulu angaphambi kwe-Hispanic aziwa emlandweni wendabuko waseMelika, ngaphambi kokwenziwa kwamakholoni.
Bayisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke ngemva kwamaNahua, amaMaya namaZapotec. Ngolimi lwabo, babebizwa ngokuthi Ñuu Savi, okusho ngeSpanishi ukuthi "Abantu Bemvula."
Impucuko yakwaMixtec yahlala ezindaweni zaseMesoamerica isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyizi-2.000, phakathi kuka-1.500 BC kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, lapho ukunqotshwa kweSpain kuqeda ngobudlova ukuqhubeka kwalawa masiko.
Nakuba ayeyimpucuko ethuthukisiwe ngokolwazi kanye nekhwalithi engavamile yobuciko babo, ama-Mixtec ayengebona abantu abahlelekile mayelana nokusungulwa kwezigaba zomphakathi kanye nenhlangano yabo yezombangazwe-yezindawo.
Ama-Mixtec ayengasebona abantu abayimizulane futhi aqala ukuzinza ezindaweni manje ezaziwa ngokuthi i-La Mixteca (Ñuu Dzahui, e-Mixtec yasendulo), isifunda sezintaba esihlanganisa izifunda zaseMexico i-Puebla, i-Oaxaca ne-Guerrero.
Inhlangano Yangaphakathi
I-Mixtec, nangaphambi kokuba ikoloni, yayinenhlangano yezenhlalakahle efana ncamashi nabaseYurophu; okungukuthi, basungula isimiso sokubusa futhi baphila ngaphansi kombuso wobukhosi. Babenamakhosi, izicukuthwane, izithabathaba, amadoda akhululekile, kanye nobugqila.
Yize imibhalo yaseSpain ilandisa ngezigaba eziningi zomphakathi enhlanganweni ye-Mixtec, ngokuyisisekelo ukuhleleka komphakathi kwama-Mixtecs kwahlukaniswa, ngokohlelo, ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Okokuqala, kwakukhona umbusi, inkosi noma "inkosi" ye-cacicazgo ngayinye, ebizwa ngokuthi "yya", embusweni ngamunye we-Mixtec noma abantu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakukhona izicukuthwane, ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza izicelo zenkosi futhi zibizwa ngokuthi "dzayya yya." Bakha isigaba esifanayo nesenkosi.
Isikhundla esilandelayo embhoshongweni kwakungabantu abakhululekile, ababizwa nangokuthi izingcweti nabathengisi, abaziwa ngokuthi "tay ñuu", ababenamabhizinisi abo.
Amakhosi ayengomongameli abaphakeme kakhulu futhi esebenzisa amandla awo emadolobheni: edolobheni ngalinye, kuye ngokuthi abantu bakwaMixtec, kwakukhona umashiqela owayesebenzisa amandla akhe ngezithabathaba zezikhulu eziphethe izinqubo ezicasulayo ezinjengokukhokha intela nokunikela, ukudayisa nokwenana amasosha uma kunempi.
Abantu bakwaMixtec ngamunye babenenkosi, eyayihlukahluka kuye ngokwendawo. Iqembu ngalinye lalizungezwe yiqembu lezicukuthwane, elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza imisebenzi yesibili kahulumeni.
Kwakukhona namaNdiya angenamhlaba, abalimi, abalimi, abasizi noma "terrazgueros" wezingcweti, ezaziwa ngokuthi "tay situndayu".
Kwakukhona nabasebenzi bakwaMixtec, ababebizwa ngokuthi “tay sinoquachi” futhi ekugcineni kwaba nezigqila zeMixtec, iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi “dahasaha”.
Nakuba, ngesikhathi sangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, ama-Mixtec ayebonakala ngokuba nesigaba esiqinile, umehluko wabonakala ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komphakathi.
Lokhu kususelwa endleleni yokuphila yokuhlala kanye nokuzalwa kwezinqubo zezombangazwe, zomlando, ezomnotho kanye namasiko ezenzeke kusukela ngekhulu le-16.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nenhlangano yezenhlalo ye-Mixtecs
Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthuthuka komphakathi
Amathuba okukhuphuka esigabeni somphakathi ayengekho. Imishado phakathi kwe-"dzayya ne-ya" yayisho ukuthi iqembu labo lizogcinwa inqobo nje uma likhiqiza.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, benza ukuzalanisa ukuze kwenzeke lokhu, okwadala umbuso onamandla kakhulu kanye nemifelandawonye, okwandisa ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle.
Abantu abakhululekile babehlala emadolobheni
Abantu abakhululekile babevame ukuhlala emadolobheni. Baqasha izisebenzi ezweni futhi babavumela, ngokwemisebenzi yabo, ukuba bathuthukise izinga labo lokuphila.
Kwakungenjalo ngezinceku nezigqila ezalahlwa ngenxa yokuba ngomunye umbuso, njengoba zazibanjwa cishe njalo lapho zilwa nezinye izizwe.
I-Tayu Wilu, njengabantu abakhululekile, yayiphethe intando yabo, izakhiwo zabo kanye nalokho abakukhiqiza ezindaweni zabo.
Elinye iqembu, elibizwa ngokuthi i-terrazgueros, kwakungabantu abalahlekelwa amandla phezu komkhiqizo wemizamo yabo ngenxa yokuthi kwakudingeka bakhokhe intela ezicukuthwaneni ngenxa yempi.
Inkonkoni njengeqembu elibusayo
Ekuqaleni, iYucuñudahui yathatha indawo yeYucuita njengeqembu elivelele. Nokho, kamuva, kwasungulwa ama-ñuu (isizwe samaNdiya), namuhla aqashelwa iningi labantu bakwaMixtec.
I-“gnus” igxile esakhiweni somshado, ukusungula izinyunyana eziqinile phakathi kwabo nokuthuthukisa amandla azowavumela ukuba alwe namanye amadolobha angomakhelwane, nakuba ayeyiMixtec.
Izici zezepolitiki nezomnotho zenhlangano yezenhlalo
Ngokuqondene nenhlangano yabo yezombangazwe, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ama-Mixtec ayengahlelekile kakhulu.
Babentula uhulumeni ophakathi ohlanganisa imibuso noma izizwe zeMixtec. Esikhundleni salokho, abantu bakwaMixtec bahlukaniswa baba yizizwe eziningi, izikhathi eziningana, ezihilela ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zohlelo lwayo lwezombangazwe lwangaphambi kwe-Hispanic luhlobene nokuhlukaniswa kwezifundazwe eziningi zibe yizindawo ezincane ezazivame ukungqubuzana zodwa.
Mayelana nengqalasizinda yayo yomphakathi, yakhiwe (ikakhulukazi e-Oaxaca) ngamaqembu abizwa ngokuthi “ama-tequios.”
Baphinde bahlukaniswe ngokwezigaba, njengenhlangano yezenhlalakahle eshiwo ngenhla: kuqala ababusi, bese kuba yizicukuthwane, futhi ekugcineni abalimi nezigqila.
I-Mixteca ine-geography engafaneleki kahle kwezolimo. Okhokho babo babehlala endaweni enkulu eyayihlanganisa inyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Oaxaca, indawo eseningizimu yesifunda sasePuebla, nengxenye yesifunda saseGuerrero esisempumalanga.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abakwaMixtec benza izinhlelo zokunisela kanye namasimu ukuze kugcinwe kahle izitshalo zabo.
Izinkomba
- Alfonso, C. (1996). Amakhosi nemibuso ye-Mixtec. I-Mexico City: Isikhwama Sezomnotho Samasiko.
- Austin, AL noLuján, LL (1999). Inganekwane kanye ngokoqobo Zuyuá. I-Mexico City: FCE.
- Jáuregui, J. & Esponda, VM (1982). I-Chronological and onomastic bibliography. I-Anthropology Entsha , I-251-300.
- Ravicz, R. (1980). Inhlangano yomphakathi ye-Mixtecs. I-Social Anthropology .
- Terraciano, K. (2001). Ama-Mixtec emlandweni wamakholoni we-Oaxaca: iNudzahui, ikhulu le-16 kuya kwele-18. UStanford: UStanford University Press.