Imisebenzi yezomnotho ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: imisebenzi eyinhloko, eyesibili, kanye neyemfundo ephakeme. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlobene nokuhlola nokumbiwa kwemithombo yemvelo, njengezolimo, ukudoba, ukumba izimayini, nokulima imfuyo. Imisebenzi yesibili ibandakanya ukuguqulwa nokukhiqizwa kwempahla, njengokukhiqiza nokwakha. Okokugcina, imisebenzi ephakeme ihlanganisa izinsiza ezinikezwa abantu, njengokuhweba, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ezokuvakasha, nezokuthutha. Isigaba ngasinye salezi zigaba sineqhaza elibalulekile emnothweni wezwe, sibe nesandla ekuthuthukeni nasekukhuleni kwawo.
Yimiphi imisebenzi emikhulu yomkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme womnotho wesimanje?
Umkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme womnotho wesimanje unomthwalo wemfanelo wemisebenzi ehlobene nezinsizakalo ezingabandakanyi ngokuqondile ukukhiqizwa kwempahla. Ngokungafani nomkhakha oyinhloko, ohlanganisa imisebenzi ehlobene nokumbiwa kwemithombo yemvelo, kanye nomkhakha wesibili, ohlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwempahla ekhiqizwayo, umkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme uqukethe izinsizakalo ezinikezwa abantu kanye namabhizinisi.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yomkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme ifaka phakathi ezohwebo , ezokuthutha , ezempilo , imfundo , ubuchwepheshe bolwazi , ezezimali , kanye nezokuvakasha . Ezohwebo zihlanganisa ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo, kungaba ezitolo ezibonakalayo noma ku-inthanethi. Ezokuthutha zihlanganisa ukuthutha abantu nezimpahla ngomhlaba, emoyeni, noma olwandle. Ezokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nemfundo kuyizinsizakalo ezibalulekile zenhlalakahle kanye nentuthuko yabantu.
Ubuchwepheshe bolwazi buhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlobene nekhompyutha kanye ne-inthanethi, njengokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe nokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe. Ezezimali zihlanganisa amabhange, umshwalense, kanye nezinsiza zokutshala izimali. Ukuvakasha kuhlanganisa imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa neyokuzijabulisa, njengendawo yokulala, ukudla, nokuvakasha.
Kafushane, umkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme womnotho wesimanje udlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsizakalo ezihlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi kanye namabhizinisi. Iwumkhakha okhula njalo, oqhutshwa isidingo sokunethezeka, ukunethezeka, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ekusebenzeni komnotho kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu.
Yiziphi izinto zemfundo ephakeme kanye nezibonelo zeqhaza lazo emnothweni wesimanje.
Imisebenzi yamabanga aphezulu, eyaziwa nangokuthi umkhakha wezinsizakalo, yileyo ezinikele ekuhlinzekeni izinsiza emphakathini. Lo mkhakha uhlanganisa imisebenzi enhlobonhlobo, njengezohwebo, ezokuvakasha, ezemfundo, ezempilo, ezokuthutha, phakathi kokunye.
Emnothweni wesimanje, imisebenzi yezemfundo ephakeme idlala indima ebalulekile, enomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni komnotho kanye nentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Isibonelo, umkhakha wezokuvakasha udala amathuba emisebenzi, ukhuthaza ukushintshana ngamasiko, futhi uqhuba umnotho wezifunda ezihlukahlukene. Umkhakha wokunakekelwa kwezempilo uhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile kubantu, uqinisekisa inhlalakahle yabo kanye nezinga lempilo yabo.
Ezinye izibonelo zemisebenzi ephakeme zihlanganisa izinsizakalo zezezimali, njengamabhange nezinkampani zomshwalense, ezinesibopho sokuxhumanisa ukuthengiselana kwezezimali kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokutshalwa kwezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhakha wezemfundo udlala indima ebalulekile ekuqeqesheni abasebenzi abanamakhono kanye nasekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezinto ezintsha.
Ngamafuphi, imisebenzi ephakeme ibalulekile emnothweni wesimanje, ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezihlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi futhi iqhubekisele ukukhula komnotho. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwazisa nokutshala imali kulo mkhakha ukuze kuqinisekiswe intuthuko esimeme nelinganayo.
Qonda kabanzi imikhakha emithathu yezomnotho.
Ukuze siqonde ukwakheka komnotho, kubalulekile ukuqonda imikhakha yawo emithathu: imisebenzi eyinhloko, eyesibili, kanye neyemfundo ephakeme. Umkhakha ngamunye udlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni ingcebo nokusabalalisa izinsiza.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlobene nokumbiwa kwemithombo yemvelo, njengezolimo, ukudoba, nezimayini. Le misebenzi ibalulekile ukuze abantu baphile kanye nokuhlinzeka ngempahla yokusetshenziswa kwezinye izimboni. Emkhakheni oyinhloko, abasebenzi bahileleke ngokuqondile ekukhiqizweni nasekuvuneni ukudla, ukufuya imfuyo, ukumbiwa kwezimbiwa kanye nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo.
Imisebenzi yesibili ihlanganisa ukucubungula nokuguqula izinto zokusetshenziswa zibe imikhiqizo eqediwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhiqiza, ukwakha, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla. Emkhakheni wesibili, abasebenzi bahilelekile ekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla zabathengi kanye nokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda. Le misebenzi yengeza inani emikhiqizweni futhi ikhiqize imisebenzi kubantu.
Okokugcina, imisebenzi yezemfundo ephakeme ihlanganisa izinsizakalo ezinikezwa umphakathi, njengemfundo, impilo, ezohwebo, ezokuvakasha, ezokuthutha, kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi. Lo mkhakha unesibopho sokuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu kanye nokwenza kube lula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-ejenti ezomnotho ahlukene. Abasebenzi emkhakheni wezemfundo ephakeme bazinikele ekuhlinzekeni izinsizakalo nokudala inani ngolwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Ngamafuphi, imikhakha emithathu yomnotho ixhumene futhi incike komunye nomunye ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lomnotho. Umkhakha ngamunye udlala indima ehlukile ochungechungeni lokukhiqiza futhi unegalelo ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme komphakathi wonke.
Imisebenzi yezomnotho emkhakheni wesibili: imboni, ukwakhiwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwempahla.
Imisebenzi yezomnotho yomkhakha wesibili ihlobene nokuguqulwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zibe imikhiqizo eqediwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imboni, ukwakhiwa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla. Imboni ihlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukene, njengezimboni zezimoto, ukudla, kanye nezendwangu, phakathi kwezinye. Inesibopho sokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ngezinga elikhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemakethe.
Imboni yokwakha ingenye imisebenzi ebalulekile emkhakheni wesibili, ehilela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, imigwaqo, amabhuloho, nezinye izakhiwo. Inesibopho sokudala imisebenzi nokukhulisa umnotho, kanye nokufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha kanye nengqalasizinda yesifunda.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nakho kuyingxenye yomkhakha wesibili, ohlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yabathengi njengezinto zikagesi, izinto zikagesi, ifenisha, nokunye. Lezi zimpahla zibalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi nasekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zabantu zansuku zonke.
Ngamafuphi, imisebenzi yezomnotho yomkhakha wesibili ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni zezwe nasekukhiqizeni ingcebo. Bafaka isandla ekuhlukaniseni umnotho, ekudaleni amathuba emisebenzi, kanye nokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nemisebenzi.
Iyini imisebenzi yamabanga aphansi, eyesibili kanye neyasezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme?
Imisebenzi eyinhloko, yesibili, kanye neyesithathu yimisebenzi yezomnotho ekhiqiza imali futhi eyenziwa ngabantu.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yileyo encike endaweni ezungezile, kanye naleyo ebhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yeplanethi enguMhlaba, njengamanzi, izimila, izinto zokwakha, amaminerali kanye nomhlaba.
Ngalesi sizathu, kuhlanganisa ukuzingela nokuqoqa; imisebenzi yokwelusa; ukudoba; ezolimo; izimayini; ezamahlathi; kanye nokukhipha. Abantu abasebenza kulo mkhakha bavame ukubizwa ngokuthi yizisebenzi ezisebenza kanzima, ngenxa yesimo somsebenzi wabo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebenzi yesibili yileyo enezela ukubaluleka kwemithombo yemvelo, ukuguqula izinto zokusetshenziswa zibe yimikhiqizo ebalulekile.
Ngalesi sizathu, babhekisela ezimbonini zokukhiqiza, zokucubungula, nezokwakha ingqalasizinda. Izisebenzi kulo mkhakha ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi izisebenzi zekhola eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Imisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu yileyo ehlobene nokukhiqiza nokushintshisana. Ukukhiqiza kubandakanya "ukunikezwa" kwezinsizakalo "ezidliwe".
Lokhu kuhwebelana kuhilela ezohwebo, ezokuthutha, nezindawo zokuxhumana ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa amabanga. Abasebenzi abasezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme babizwa ngama-white-collar workers.
Imikhakha yezomnotho: primary, secondary and tertiary
Imisebenzi eyinhloko
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yileyo eyingxenye yomkhakha wezomnotho osebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo ngqo.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa ezolimo, amahlathi, izimayini nokudoba. Ngokuvamile, imboni eyinhloko ebaluleke kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka futhi ebaluleke kakhulu emazweni athuthukile kakhulu.
Emazweni asathuthuka, ngokuvamile imboni enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Afrika, imfuyo ibaluleke kakhulu kunaseJapane. Ngekhulu le-19, wonke umnotho waseWales wawuncike ezimayini, okufakazela ukuthi umnotho ungaphila emkhakheni owodwa.
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe emazweni athuthukile ivumele umkhakha oyinhloko ukuthi udinge abasebenzi abambalwa. Ngakho-ke, iphesenti labasebenzi kulo mkhakha ngokuvamile liphansi.
E-European Union, uxhaso lwezolimo luhlinzeka ngohlobo lwe-buffer ukusekela amazinga ahlukahlukene okwehla kwamandla emali kanye nezintengo zomkhiqizo wezolimo.
Ubunjiniyela bamahlathi
Lena isayensi nekhono lokudala, ukuphatha, ukusebenzisa, ukulondoloza, kanye nokulungisa amahlathi nezinsiza ezihambisana nawo. Ngale ndlela, imigomo nezidingo ezizuzisa imvelo nabantu kungahlangatshezwana nazo. Kwenziwa emasimini. Le sayensi inezici ezingokwesayensi yebhayoloji, engokwenyama, yezenhlalo neyopolitiki.
Njengamanje, le ndawo iphathelene nokongiwa kwezingodo, uphethiloli wezinkuni, indawo yokuhlala yamahlathi, ukulawulwa kwezinga lamanzi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphathwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulawula ukuguguleka komhlabathi, phakathi kokunye.
Izimayini
Kuwukukhishwa kwamaminerali abalulekile noma ezinye izinto ze-geological ezivela emhlabeni; Ukukhishwa kungenzeka kusuka ezitsheni, izixhobo kanye nezinye idiphozithi.
Izinsimbi, amatshe ayigugu, ushoki, amatshe, ubumba, namatshe angakhishwa kulezi zindawo zokukhipha, isibonelo. Uma kuchazwa kabanzi, izimayini zibandakanya ukumbiwa kwezinsiza ezingavuseleleki njengowoyela, igesi yemvelo, namanzi.
I-Pesca
Lo msebenzi ubandakanya ukubamba izinhlanzi, ngokwemvelo endaweni yazo yasendle noma yemvelo. Izindlela zokudoba ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zihlanganisa ukudoba ngamanethi, ukudoba ngemikhonto, nokuvuna ngesandla, phakathi kokunye.
Ukudoba kungabandakanya izilwane zasemanzini, hhayi nje izinhlanzi. Kungase futhi kuhlanganise mollusks, crustaceans, noma cephalopods.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi balinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-38 abadobi emhlabeni jikelele. Lo mkhakha uhlinzeka ngokuqashwa okuqondile nokungaqondile kubantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingama-500 emazweni asathuthuka.
Imisebenzi yesibili
Umkhakha wesibili uhlanganisa izimboni ezikhiqiza umkhiqizo othile ogqokekayo noma imikhakha ehilelekile ekwakheni.
Ngokuvamile, lo mkhakha uthatha umkhiqizo emkhakheni oyinhloko ukuze wenze imikhiqizo engasetshenziswa ezinye izinkampani, ukuthekelisa noma ukudayiswa.
Ngenxa yokuthi eziningi zalezi zimboni zikhiqiza udoti omningi, zingabangela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo noma izinkinga zemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zidinga amandla amakhulu ukuze ziphehle imishini nezimboni. Lo mkhakha uhlukaniswe izimboni ezilula kanye nezimboni ezinzima.
Imboni yokukhanya
Le mboni ivamise ukusebenzisa imali encane kunemboni esindayo futhi igxile kakhulu kubathengi. Iningi lemikhiqizo yalo igcina ezandleni zabasebenzisi abaqondile kunokuba abalamuleli, njengasembonini esindayo.
Imboni yokukhanya idinga inani elincane lezinto ezingavuthiwe, umhlaba, namandla. Imikhiqizo ayibizi futhi kulula ukuyihambisa.
Incazelo yezomnotho ingase ibe “umsebenzi wokukhiqiza osebenzisa amanani amaphakathi ezinto ezicutshungulwe kancane ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto ezinenani eliphakeme kakhulu ngeyunithi ngayinye yesisindo.”
Iphinde ibe nomthelela omncane kwezemvelo; imisebenzi ejwayeleke kakhulu ihlanganisa ukwenziwa kweziphuzo, ukudla, imikhiqizo yomuntu siqu neyendlu, izimonyo, izingubo zokugqoka, nezinto zikagesi.
Imboni enzima
Lo mkhakha ubandakanya isisetshenziswa esisodwa noma ngaphezulu, njengemikhiqizo emikhulu nesindayo, amaqembu amakhulu, noma izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke, ifaka imali eningi kunemboni encane futhi incike kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali nabasebenzi.
Ezokuthutha, ezokwakha, kanye namabhizinisi okukhiqiza ahlobene enza ingxenye enkulu yale mboni. Izibonelo zifaka ukucutshungulwa kwe-petroleum, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, nokukhiqizwa kwemishini. Lezi zimboni zidinga imali nemishini eningi; baphinde bagxekwe ngomthelela wabo omkhulu kwezemvelo.
Imikhakha yemboni yemisebenzi yesibili
- I-Industria alimentícia
- Ipulasitiki.
- Imboni yesikhumba nezindwangu.
- Imishini yasendlini
- Ukulima nokuzijabulisa.
- Ubuhle nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu.
- Ukuhlanza nokugcina
Imisebenzi ephakeme
Lo mkhakha uqukethe umkhakha wezinsizakalo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imisebenzi lapho abantu benikela khona ngolwazi nesikhathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqiza, ukusebenza, amandla, nokusimama.
Isici esiyisisekelo salo mkhakha ukukhiqizwa kwezinsizakalo kunemikhiqizo. Izinsizakalo zihlanganisa ukunaka, iseluleko, ukufinyelela, ulwazi, nezingxoxo.
Amasevisi angaphinda abandakanye ukuthuthwa, ukusatshalaliswa, nokudayiswa kwezimpahla zisuka kumkhiqizi ziye kumthengi, njengasekukhangiseni. Kubandakanya nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo, njengokuzijabulisa noma ukulawula izinambuzane, isibonelo.
Le mikhiqizo ingashintshwa ohlelweni lokulethwa kwesevisi, njengasembonini yezindawo zokudlela.
Kodwa-ke, kugxilwe ekuxhumaneni nabanye abantu kanye nesevisi yamakhasimende, hhayi ekuguquleni impahla ebonakalayo.
Amasevisi ochwepheshe
Lena yimisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu edinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kwezobuciko noma ezesayensi. Ezinye izinsiza zobuchwepheshe zidinga amalayisense ochwepheshe, njengabadwebi bezakhiwo, abacwaningi mabhuku, onjiniyela, abameli, nodokotela.
Ezinye izinsizakalo zobungcweti zibandakanya ukuhlinzeka ngosekelo lwebhizinisi olukhethekile, njengokusiza inkampani ngamasevisi e-IT noma ukubonisana ngentela.
Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa:
- Abaphathi
- Odokotela bamazinyo
- Osokhemisi
- Abahlengikazi
- Odokotela abahlinzayo
Ezokuxhumana
I-Telecommunications ukudluliselwa kwamasignali, imilayezo, amagama, izithombe, imisindo, noma ubuhlakani banoma iyiphi imvelo ngomsakazo, izintambo, nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo lukazibuthe kagesi. Imisakazo, ithelevishini, kanye ne-inthanethi konke kuyingxenye yomkhakha wezokuxhumana.
AmaFranchise
Kuwumkhuba wokunikeza ilungelo lokusebenzisa imodeli yebhizinisi nomkhiqizo isikhathi esithile. Kumnikazi we-franchise, kungenye indlela yokwakha amanethiwekhi okuhweba ukusabalalisa izimpahla. Amazwe amaningi anemithetho elawula ukwenziwa kwe-franchise.
Ulwazi Lomphakathi
Kubhekiselwa kwisayensi yokuvimbela izifo, ukwelula ukuphila, kanye nokukhuthaza impilo yabantu ngemizamo ehleliwe nokukhetha okunolwazi komphakathi, izinhlangano zomphakathi nezizimele, imiphakathi kanye nabantu ngabanye.
Imisebenzi ye-Quaternary kanye ne-Quinary
Nakuba ukuhlukaniswa okuyisisekelo kuyisisekelo, okwesibili, kanye nemfundo ephakeme, izinsizakalo zezinga eliphezulu eziwela ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yemfundo ephakeme zihlukaniswa njengemisebenzi ye-quaternary kanye ne-quinary. Le misebenzi ayincikile ezinsizeni noma endaweni ezungezile, kodwa iyimisebenzi yezomnotho.
Imisebenzi ye-Quaternary iyimisebenzi ephakeme kakhulu ephakeme, ngokuvamile "emkhakheni wolwazi." Abeluleki bentela, abathuthukisi be-software, nezazi zezibalo bawela kulesi sigaba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenzi abasebenza emahhovisi, izikole, amanyuvesi, izibhedlela, amatiyetha kanye nezinkampani zokuphatha.
Imisebenzi kanambambili isho izinsiza ezakha futhi zihumushe imibono emisha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe. Laba babizwa ngokuthi izisebenzi zekholomu yegolide; izikhulu zikahulumeni, ososayensi, abeluleki bezomthetho nabezezimali, njll.
Izinkomba
- Imikhakha Yezomnotho: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary and Quinary (2016). Kubuyiswe kusuka clearias.com.
- Imikhakha Yezomnotho (2017). Kutholwe ku- thought.co.
- Ukudoba kanye nezilwane zasemanzini esimweni sezulu esishintshayo. Kubuyiswe ku-ftp.fao.org.
- Umkhakha wesibili womnotho. Kutholwe ku-wikipedia.org.
- Ezomnotho: Izimiso Ezisebenzayo (2003). New Jersey, United States. Pearson Prentice Hall. Kubuyiswe ku-geese.pearsonschool.
- Imboni Enzima Nelula Kwezokuthuthukiswa Komnotho. I-American Economic Review. (1976) Kutholwe ku-Wikipedia.org.
- Umkhakha wemfundo ephakeme. Kubuyiswe ku-Wikipedia.org.
- Iyini impilo yomphakathi? Kubuyiswe ku-cdcfoundation.org.
- Incazelo yezokuxhumana. (2013) Kutholwe ku-yahoo.com.
- Amasevisi Ochwepheshe Atholwe ku-theroginal.com.
- Ayini amasevisi ochwepheshe? Kutholwe ku-pwc.co.uk.
- Imboni enzima. Kubuyiswe ku- investigatinganswers.com.