I-Renaissance kwakuyinkathi yoguquko olukhulu lwamasiko, ubuciko, nesayensi okwenzeka eYurophu phakathi kwekhulu le-10 nele-XNUMX. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwavela abaculi abaningi, ongqondongqondo, nososayensi abadlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izwe lanamuhla. Kulo mongo, sigqamisa izibalo eziyi-XNUMX ezibe nomthelela omkhulu phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ezibambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko, isayensi, ifilosofi nepolitiki. Ake sifunde okwengeziwe ngalezi zibalo kanye negalelo lazo kwiRenaissance.
Abalingiswa abakhulu beRenaissance: ukuthi bangobani kanye neqhaza labo emlandweni wobuciko.
Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, inkathi ephawulwe ngoshintsho olukhulu kwezobuciko, kwavela izibalo ezimbalwa ezibambe iqhaza elikhulu emlandweni wobuciko. Ngezansi, sibala eziyi-10 ezibaluleke kakhulu:
ULeonardo da Vinci: Eqashelwa njengomunye wabahlakaniphileyo abakhulu emlandweni, uDa Vinci wayengumdwebi, umqophi wezithombe, usosayensi, kanye nomsunguli. Imisebenzi yakhe, njengeMona Lisa kanye neThe Last Supper, iyizimpawu zobuciko beRenaissance.
UMichelangelo: Umqophi nomdwebi, uMichelangelo waziwa ngemisebenzi emikhulu efana nophahla lweSistine Chapel kanye nesithombe sikaDavide. Umnikelo wakhe kwezobuciko beRenaissance ubaluleke kakhulu.
URaphael: Umdwebi wase-Italy owavelela ngokuvumelana nokuphelela kwemisebenzi yakhe. Imidwebo yakhe, njenge-The School of Athens, iyizibonelo zokulinganisela nobuhle.
USandro Botticelli: Eyaziwa ngemisebenzi efana nethi Ukuzalwa kukaVenus kanye nethi Primavera, uBotticelli wayengomunye wabameleli abaphambili bobuciko beRenaissance e-Italy.
UDonatello: Umqophi wezithombe owaguqula ubuciko ngemisebenzi yakhe engokoqobo neveza imizwa. Isithombe sakhe sikaDavide singesinye sezidumile kakhulu zeRenaissance.
UTitian: Umdwebi waseVenice owayevelele ngokusebenzisa kwakhe umbala nokukhanya ngobuciko emisebenzini yakhe. Imidwebo yakhe iveza izingqikithi zezinganekwane nezenkolo ngobuchule obukhulu.
U-Albrecht Dürer: Umdwebi waseJalimane owayenethonya elikhulu kwiRenaissance eNyakatho Yurophu. Imidwebo yakhe eqoshiwe iphawulwa yizinga eliphezulu lemininingwane kanye nobuchwepheshe.
UJohannes Gutenberg: Umsunguli womshini wokunyathelisa ohambayo, uGutenberg wenza ukuba kusakazwe izincwadi nemisebenzi yobuciko ngobuningi, okufaka isandla ekusakazeni kolwazi ngesikhathi seRenaissance.
UBrunelleschi: Umakhi wezakhiwo ophethe izinto ezintsha ekwakhiweni kwedome, njengaleyo yaseFlorence Cathedral. Indlela yakhe yokuguqula izinto yathonya ukwakheka kweRenaissance.
ULeon Battista Alberti: Njengomuntu othanda izinto zabantu, umakhi, kanye nososayensi wezobuciko, u-Alberti wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni izimiso zobuhle ze-Renaissance, ethonya izizukulwane zakamuva zabaculi.
Lezi zinhlamvu ezingu-10 zazibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko beRenaissance, zishiya ifa elikhona kuze kube yilolu suku.
Obani abaculi abane abakhulu beRenaissance?
Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, inhlangano yamasiko nezobuciko eyachuma eYurophu phakathi kwekhulu le-10 nele-XNUMX, abaculi abaningana bavela futhi bashiya ifa elihlala njalo emlandweni wezobuciko. Phakathi kwezibalo eziyi-XNUMX ezibaluleke kakhulu zalesi sikhathi, abaculi abane bagqama ngemisebenzi yabo emisha nenomthelela.
ULeonardo da Vinci wayengumculi ohamba phambili weRenaissance, owaziwa ngemidwebo efana neMona Lisa kanye neSidlo Sokugcina. Ngaphandle kokuba umdwebi, wayephinde abe ngumsunguli, usosayensi, nesazi sokwakheka komzimba, enikela emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yolwazi.
UMichelangelo Buonarroti wayengomunye umdwebi ovelele weRenaissance, odume ngezithombe zakhe eziqoshiwe ezinjengoDavid kanye nePietà, kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe eSistine Chapel. Ikhono lakhe lokuveza isimo somuntu ngamaqiniso nangemizwa liwuphawu lomsebenzi wakhe.
U-Rafael Sanzio, owaziwa ngo-Raphael, wayengumdwebi we-Renaissance imisebenzi yakhe ebonakala ngokuvumelana, ukushelela, nokuphelela kobuchwepheshe. Imidwebo yakhe, njengeSikole sase-Athens, iyizibonelo eziphawulekayo ze-Renaissance classicism.
Ekugcineni, u-Donatello wayengumdwebi we-Renaissance owafaka ubuciko obusha kanye nesitayela emisebenzini yakhe. Imifanekiso yakhe eqoshiwe, enjengoDavid kaDonatello, iyizibonelo zobuciko nokuveza umsebenzi wakhe.
Laba baculi abane - uLeonardo da Vinci, uMichelangelo, uRaphael noDonatello - babhekwa njengabameleli abakhulu bobuciko beRenaissance, beshiya ifa elihlala njalo elathonya izizukulwane zakamuva zamaciko.
Babengobani abaculi nezihlakaniphi zeRenaissance?
Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, abaculi abaningana nezihlakaniphi bazihlukanisa ngeqhaza labo elibalulekile emasikweni nakwezobuciko. Phakathi kwabo, singabala izibalo eziyi-10 ezibaluleke kakhulu zeRenaissance:
1. ULeonardo da Vinci: Umdwebi odumile, umqophi wezithombe, umakhi wezakhiwo, usosayensi, kanye nomsunguli, uLeonardo da Vinci ubhekwa njengomunye wabahlakaniphileyo abakhulu emlandweni wesintu.
2. UMichelangelo: Umqophi wezithombe wase-Italy, umdwebi, kanye nomklami wezakhiwo, uMichelangelo waziwa ngemisebenzi efana nePietà kanye nophahla lweSistine Chapel.
3. URaphael Sanzio: Umdwebi nomklami wezakhiwo wase-Italy we-Renaissance, uRaphael udume ngemisebenzi yakhe efana nethi "The School of Athens".
4. USandro Botticelli: Umdwebi wase-Italy owaziwa ngemisebenzi efana nethi "The Birth of Venus" kanye nethi "Primavera".
5. UDante Alighieri: Imbongi yase-Italy, umbhali wencwadi ethi "The Divine Comedy," omunye wemisebenzi emikhulu yezincwadi zomhlaba.
6. Niccolò Machiavelli: Isazi sefilosofi sezombusazwe sase-Italy, uMachiavelli waziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "The Prince," okhuluma ngezindaba zamandla nezepolitiki.
7. UGalileo Galilei: Isazi sezinkanyezi sase-Italy, isazi sesayensi yezinkanyezi, kanye nesazi sezibalo, uGalileo ubhekwa "njengobaba wesayensi yesimanje" ngeminikelo yakhe kwezesayensi yezinkanyezi.
8. UWilliam Shakespeare: Umbhali wemidlalo waseNgilandi, uShakespeare waziwa ngemidlalo yakhe ehlola ubunzima bemvelo yomuntu.
9. UJohannes Gutenberg: Umsunguli waseJalimane onesibopho sokudala umshini wokunyathelisa ohambayo, owashintsha kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi.
10. ULeonardo Bruni: Isazi-mlando sase-Italy kanye nososayensi wezenhlalo, uBruni wayengomunye wabameli abaphambili bokwazisa isiko lakudala ngesikhathi seRenaissance.
Laba baculi kanye nezihlakaniphi zeRenaissance baba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko, isayensi namasiko, bashiya ifa elisekhona nanamuhla.
Imuphi umsebenzi wobuciko odume kakhulu noyisakhiwo sodumo weRenaissance?
Omunye wezibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zeRenaissance ngokungangabazeki uLeonardo da Vinci. Eyaziwa ngamakhono akhe emikhakheni eyahlukene njengokudweba, ukubaza, ukuklama izakhiwo, nobunjiniyela, uLeonardo uthathwa njengomunye wezihlakaniphi ezinkulu emlandweni wesintu. Umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu noyisakhiwo sodumo iMona Lisa, isithombe esiyindida nesihehayo esingeminye yemidwebo edume kakhulu emhlabeni.
ULeonardo da Vinci ukwazile ukuthwebula ingqikithi yesimo somuntu ngendlela eyingqayizivele nentsha, okwenza iMona Lisa ibe umsebenzi wobuciko osaqhubeka nokuthakasela nokuthakasela abantu kuze kube namuhla. Inkulumo eyimpicabadala ebusweni bomuntu kanye nokusetshenziswa ngobuciko kwesu le-sfumato kunomthelela ku-aura yemfihlakalo ezungeze umsebenzi.
I-Mona Lisa iyisibonelo esiphelele sethalente nobuhlakani buka-Leonardo da Vinci, futhi ithonya lakhe kwezobuciko beRenaissance namasiko aseNtshonalanga wonkana alinakuphikwa. Akumangalisi ukuthi lo msebenzi wobuciko uthathwa njengobaluleke kakhulu futhi obalulekile emlandweni wobuciko.
Izinhlamvu eziyi-10 ezibaluleke kakhulu zeRenaissance
Abantu abayinhloko be -Renaissance yiqembu lababhali, abadwebi, izazi-mlando, kanye nabezombusazwe abamisebenzi yabo yavelela phakathi nalesi sikhathi eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Le nhlangano yamasiko yayingenye yezigaba zomlando ezibaluleke kakhulu: ubuciko nesayensi kwachuma, okuvumela isintu ukuba singenise iNkathi Yanamuhla.
Kwaqashelwa futhi izimiso zamaGreki nesiLatini, ithonya layo lalingezwakali hhayi kwezobuciko kuphela kodwa nakwezombangazwe. Lokhu kube nomthelela ezifundweni zesikhathi esizayo zesintu kanye nobudlelwano baso nomhlaba. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuhlola kokuqala kweMelika kwenziwa.
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-feudalism njengesimiso sezomnotho nezombusazwe yahlakazeka, yathathelwa indawo yi-capitalism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengisi bavele njengesigaba esisha senhlalo esivelele.
Izinhlamvu ezingu-10 ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-Renaissance
ULeonardo da Vinci
ULeonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ozelwe, uthathwa njengomuntu omele kakhulu kulesi sikhathi, ngenxa yeqhaza lakhe nezinto azisungulile emikhakheni eyahlukene yolwazi. Wayevelele njengomqophi, umdwebi, umsunguli, unjiniyela, usosayensi, isazi sokwakheka komzimba, umdwebi wamapulani wezakhiwo, ngisho nomklami wamadolobha.
Ngemuva kobuhlakani bakhe kukhona ukusungulwa kwalokho okuzoba indiza enophephela emhlane yesikhathi esizayo, ithangi lempi, imoto, nomkhumbi-ngwenya. Yingakho ongoti abaningi bemthatha njengoyedwa umuntu onamathalente amaningi kangaka.
Uyaziwa ngemisebenzi ebalulekile efana ne- Mona Lisa , i-The Last Supper , kanye ne- Vitruvian Man , eye yafundwa, yahlaziywa, futhi yaphefumulela izizukulwane ezizayo.
Lorenzo de' Medici
Wayengumbusi weRiphabhulikhi yaseFlorence, isikhulu, kanye nosanta ongumvikeli wamaciko amaningana abalulekile ngesikhathi seRenaissance yase-Italy. Wayenesithakazelo esikhulu kwezobuciko nefilosofi.
Abaculi abafana noBotticelli noVerrocchio baziwa e-Italy ngenxa yokusekelwa u-Lorenzo de' Medici. Ukungenelela kwakhe emisebenzini eminingana yakudala kwabavumela ukuthi bavuselelwe ukuze bajabulele izihlakaniphi kanye nomphakathi.
Kungakho ochwepheshe bememezela uLorenzo de Medici “njengonkulunkulu weRenaissance.”
Michelangelo
Waziwa nangokuthi uMichelangelo Buonarroti, wayengumdwebi wezakhiwo, umdwebi, nomqophi wemifanekiso ethathwa njengomunye wabaculi abakhulu beRenaissance. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe emangalisayo, wahlukaniswa ontanga yakhe ngokuthi "uNkulunkulu."
Ubedume ngomqombo wakhe, ake wathi yindlela ayithanda kakhulu yokukhuluma. Kodwa-ke, waphinde wenza imidwebo ebalulekile, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu e-Sistine Chapel vault, eyathunywe uPapa Julius II.
Eminye imisebenzi yalo mdwebi engashiwo yiLa Piedad , etholakala eSt. Peter's Basilica; uDavid , eFlorence; kanye noMadonna de Brujas , esontweni laseNuestra Señora de Brujas.
Njengomakhi wezakhiwo, ukwakhiwa kwedolobha laseFarnese Palace kuyabonakala futhi wenza nokungenelela ngesikhathi kwakhiwa iSt. Peter's Basilica.
Raphael Sanzio
Wagqama njengomdwebi, umdwebi wezakhiwo kanye nomhloli wezinto zasendulo, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu wafuna ukunakekela imisebenzi nokulondoloza izakhiwo eziningana zamaGreki namaRoma.
Naphezu kokufa kwakhe kungazelelwe eneminyaka engu-37 ubudala, washiya ifa elibalulekile ekudwebeni, ekudwebeni nasekuklameni. Nakuba ayengaziwa kabanzi ngaleso sikhathi, manje usebhekwa njengomunye wabantu abakhulu balo mnyakazo womlando.
Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yalo mdwebi iseziMyuziyamu zaseVatican kanye naseziNgxenyeni zeVatican, lapho kugqama khona imidwebo yeSikole sase-Athens.
Nicholas Machiavelli
UMachiavelli wayengusopolitiki wase-Italy, usopolitiki, umbhali kanye nesazi sefilosofi esibhekwa ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha njengoyise wesayensi yezepolitiki yesimanje.
Imicabango yakhe yezepolitiki ifingqiwe encwadini yakhe yangemva kokufa (neyayidumile) ethi The Prince , ecabanga ngezimvo mayelana nezepolitiki, ukuhleleka komphakathi, kanye nezakhiwo zesigaba.
Kulo msebenzi, umbhali ubhekisela ohlelweni lwamaRoma kanye nemithetho yalo, okusho ukuthi wayevumelana nezimiso eziningana ezimenyezelwe amakhosi asendulo.
Uze waphakamisa nokuthi uhlobo lukahulumeni olungcono kakhulu yiriphabhulikhi, njengoba ivumela ukulingana phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlaka ezakha umphakathi.
UDonatello
UDonatello wayengomunye wabaqophi abahamba phambili beRenaissance yokuqala. Wayeyingcweti ezithombeni eziyisikhumbuzo kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe, okungenye yeminikelo emikhulu kakhulu yomdwebi.
Akazange asebenze ngemabula kuphela kodwa nangezinye izinto ezifana nethusi, ukhuni ne-terracotta. Yingakho ungathola inhlobonhlobo yemisebenzi yakhe.
Imisebenzi yakhe eqashelwa kakhulu yiBronze David , eseBargello Museum; kanye ne- marble David eseCathedral yaseSanta María del Fiore.
UDante Alighieri
U-Alighieri wayengumbongi wase-Italy nombhali we- Divine Comedy , namuhla ebhekwa njengomunye wezincwadi zakudala. Ngenxa yephrozi yakhe, ubhekwa njengomunye wabantu bokuqala ukukhombisa ukuguquka kwezincwadi kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi kuya eNkathini Yanamuhla.
Waphinde wabamba iqhaza elikhulu kwezombusazwe ezweni lakubo, okwambangela izinkinga eziningi ezaholela ekudingisweni kwakhe.
Lowo obizwa ngokuthi "imbongi ephakeme" ungumbhali wemisebenzi eminingana, njenge- La vita nuova , lapho aveza khona amandla othando ayenalo ngoBeatrice wakhe othandekayo; kanye ne -De vulgari eloquentia , uchungechunge lwezindatshana ezihlola ukusetshenziswa nokuguqulwa kolimi. Lokhu kokugcina kukholakala ukuthi kungenye yezifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngale ndaba.
UGiorgio Vasari
Abanye ochwepheshe bahlukanisa uVasari njengomunye wezazi-mlando zobuciko bokuqala, njengoba abhala izenzakalo ezibalulekile kanye nabadwebi ababalulekile abagqama ngesikhathi seRenaissance, igama aliqamba.
Umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa uchungechunge lwezincwadi zomlando, idatha yezibalo, izinganekwane, izinganekwane, kanye nezindaba ezazikhona phakathi naleso sikhathi. Lolu lwazi lwaqoqwa emsebenzini othi *The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects* , owanyatheliswa ngo-1550.
Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi eyenziwe, umklamo we-Ufizzi Palace kanye nemidwebo etholakala ePalazzo Vecchio, eFlorence, ivelele.
I-Albrecht Dürer
Waziwa nangokuthi u-Albrecht Durer, wayengumdwebi obaluleke kakhulu weRenaissance waseJalimane. Imidwebo yakhe, izifundo, imidwebo, nezithombe zakhe nazo zaba nomthelela kubaculi baseDashi.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabadwebi base-Italy, uDürer wenza uchungechunge lwezifundo ngokwakheka komzimba womuntu, ezahlanganiswa emsebenzini wangemva kokufa i-Four Books on Human Proportions.
Imidwebo yakhe yesitayela sakudala, okuqoshwe kuyo kanye nemifanekiso eqoshiwe iqhathaniswa nefomethi eqinile neqinile eyayikhona eJalimane ngaleso sikhathi.
Sandro Botticelli
U-Botticelli wayeyingxenye yeqembu elibaluleke kakhulu labadwebi ngesikhathi sokuqala se-Renaissance yase-Italy.
Umsebenzi wakhe ubonakala ngokuba khona kokungafani okuphezulu kwemibala, i-chiaroscuro, ukubonakaliswa kwemizwelo ebusweni nomzimba kanye ne-ajenda yezenkolo nenganekwane.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe yobuciko kukhona i-Birth of Venus , i-Pas ne-Centaur , i-Spring , ne- Fortress.
Izinkomba
- U-Albrecht Dürer (sf). Kusuka ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Kusuka ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- UDante Alighieri. (sf). Kusuka ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Kusuka ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- U-Donatello (sf). Kusuka ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Kusuka ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- Giorgio Vasari. (sf). Kusuka ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Kusuka ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- ULeonardo da Vinci. (sf). Kusuka ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Kusuka ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- Lorenzo de Medici. (sf). Kusuka ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Kusuka ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- Michelangelo (sf) Ku-Wikipedia. Ibuyiselwe: Meyi 12, 2018. Ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- UNicolas Machiavelli. (sf). Kusuka ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Kusuka ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- U-Rafael Sanzio (sf). Kusuka ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Kusuka ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- I-Renaissance (n.d.). Ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.
- USandro Botticelli. (n.d.). Ku-Wikipedia Retrieved: May 12, 2018. Ku-Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org.