Ama-Chinampas: Izingadi ezintantayo zama-Aztec kanye nefa lazo eliphilayo.

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ubuhlakani bomuntu, okudala uhlelo lwezolimo olukwazi ukondla amadolobha aphelele phakathi kwamachibi angajulile kanye namaxhaphozi. Ngaphandle komqondo othakazelisayo "wezingadi ezintantayo," zakha uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lweziqhingi zokwenziwa, imisele, imigoqo, izihlahla, kanye nezilwanyana ezincane, ndawonye, ​​eziqinisekisa inhlabathi evundile unyaka wonke kanye nokukhiqiza okumangalisayo.

ukucwengwa phakathi namakhulu eminyakaAbantu baseMesoamerica abanjengamaNahua, izakhamuzi zasendulo zaseXochimilco, kanye nama-Aztec kamuva, bathuthukisa ama-chinampas kwaze kwaba yilapho bewaguqula aba isisekelo sokudla kwezindawo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni, njengeTenochtitlan, inhloko-dolobha yasendulo yama-Aztec eyakhiwe phakathi kwechibi laseTexcoco. Namuhla, yize ingxenye enkulu yalolu hlelo ibhujisiwe noma ishiywe, izingcezu ezibalulekile zisasebenza futhi ziphinde zibonwe njengesibonelo sezolimo eziqhubekayo nezasemadolobheni zesikhathi esizayo.

Ziyini i-chinampas futhi le ndlela yaqala kuphi?

iziqhingi zokwenziwa zokulima, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseValley of Mexico. Esikhundleni sokuvula amasimu amakhulu endaweni eyomile, abalimi bakha imibhede ephakanyisiwe emanzini, ehlukaniswe yimisele ekwazi ukuhanjwa kuyo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "izingadi ezintantayo," nakuba empeleni ziboshwe ngokuqinile phansi kwechibi.

imvelaphi ngesiNahuatl, kusukela egameni i-chināmitl, into efana "nothango olwenziwe ngama-rushes" noma "isikwele esizungezwe umhlanga", kuhlanganiswe nesijobelelo sendawo. -ipaniEmibhalweni yamakoloni, amaSpain ngezinye izikhathi abiza lezi zakhiwo ngokuthi ama-camelone (imibundu noma imigqa ephakeme phakathi kwemisele), kodwa igama lesiNahuatl lagcina livelele ku-historiography.

ubuchwepheshe bangaphambi kwe-AztecKodwa-ke, ubufakazi bemivubukulo kanye nobombhalo bubonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bukhona ngaphambi kombuso wabo. Amasimu afanayo aphakanyisiwe asevele ekhona eXochimilco naseChalco cishe ngo-1000 BC, futhi kamuva, eNkathini yePostclassic (cishe ngo-1150-1350 AD), lezi zinhlelo zanda. Lokho amaMexica/Aztec akwenza kwaba ukwamukela, ukucwenga, nokukhulisa le ndlela kwaze kwaba yilapho iba yisisekelo sokudla kukaTenochtitlan.

ukukhetha amachibi ahlanzekile, lapho imithombo yondla khona uhlelo lwamanzi unomphela. ILake Texcoco, enamanzi ayo anosawoti omningi, yayidinga imisebenzi yobunjiniyela, njengemisele, ukuvikela izindawo ezitshaliwe ekuthinteni amanzi anosawoti. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kolwazi lobuchwepheshe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi kungenye yezizathu ezenza ezinye izazi zihlobanise ama-chinampas nomqondo "wombuso wamanzi."

ukuhlukahluka kobukhuluIzifundo ezisekelwe ku-Vergara Codex, isiNahuatl sizoqopha, kanye nokuhlolwa kwamakoloni kubonisa izilinganiso ezijwayelekile ezingaba ngu-30 m x 2,5 m (cishe 75 m²) zamayunithi amancane. Eduze neTenochtitlan, ekuphakameni kwesistimu, izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu zazivamile, kusukela ku-90 m x 5 m (450 m²) kuya ku-90 m x 10 m (900 m²).

Indlela ama-chinampa akhiwa ngayo: ukulandisa ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo kobunjiniyela baseMesoamerica.

ukukhethwa kwezingxenye ezingajulileNgokuvamile, lezi zindawo zazitholakala eduze nogu noma ezindaweni lapho ulwandle lwalungamamitha ambalwa kuphela ukusuka ebusweni. Lapho, izisebenzi zazifaka izinsika zokhuni ezinde odakeni, zidwebe unxande owawuzosebenza njengohlaka lwesiqhingi esizayo.

i-palisade yesitshaloPhakathi kwalezi zinsika, kwahlanganiswa izihlahla, izimpande, imivini, namagatsha, kwakha uhlobo lwegridi noma i-vegetal palisade, "uthango lwezitshalo" lwangempela oluvela egameni lesiNahuatl. i-chinamitlLesi sakhiwo sasisebenza njengebhokisi elivulekile phezulu, elilungele ukugcwaliswa ngezendlalelo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinsalela kuze kube yilapho liphuma ngaphezu kwamanzi.

ukutshala izihlahla ezisemaphethelweni, ikakhulukazi izihlahla zomhlanga zendabuko ezifana ne- I-Salix bonplandiana (umhlanga weBonpland) kanye āhuēhuētl (Taxodium mucronatum), emakhoneni nasemaphethelweni e-chinampas. Izimpande zayo ezijulile zihlangana enhlabathini egcwele amanzi futhi zigcwalisa izinto, zisebenza njengohlobo "lohlaka oluphilayo" oluvikela iziqhingi ekugugulekeni nasekukhukhulweni yizikhukhula.

ukugcwaliswa ngenhlabathi kanye nezinto eziphilayo ngezingqimba ezilandelanayo zedaka lechibi, udaka olucebile ngezakhamzimba, izinsalela zezitshalo, izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo, kanye nendle yezilwane neyabantu evame ukuphathwa ngokucophelela. Le nqubo yadala inhlabathi ejulile, enezimbobo, futhi evundile kakhulu eyaphakama cishe ngamasentimitha angama-50 ngaphezu kobuso bamanzi.

ukuphumula nokuqinisaInhlabathi engaphezulu yashiywa "iphumule" amasonto ambalwa ukuze umswakama owedlulele ukwazi ukulingana futhi isakhiwo siqine. Kulapho-ke kuphela lapho kwaqala khona ukutshala. Ezimweni eziningi, imbewu yaqala ukuhluma ezigabeni ezincane zenhlabathi ebizwa ngokuthi ama-chapine, eyayisebenza njengezindawo zokukhulisa izitshalo. Lapho izithombo sezikhulile, zatshalwa e-chinampa, zambozwa ngotshani kanye nezihlahla ukuze kulondolozwe umswakama futhi zivikeleke elangeni elinamandla.

inethiwekhi yemisele kanye nama-dikesLonke uhlelo lwaluhlanganiswe yinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yemisele, imigoqo, amasango okungena, kanye nemisele. Imisele yayisebenza njengemizila yezokuthutha (izikebhe zazithwala izimpahla, abasebenzi, kanye nokuvuna) kanye nanjengezindawo zokugcina amanzi okunisela. Umswakama wawukhuphuka ngesenzo se-capillary kusuka emseleni kuya embhedeni ophakanyisiwe, okwadala uhlobo lokunisela okuqhubekayo okunciphisa ukuthembela emvuleni futhi kwavikela izitshalo eqhweni.

ukuphinda kusetshenziswe amanzi amdaka kanye nodakaNjengoba isikhathi sihamba, udaka nezinto eziphilayo zazinqwabelana phansi kwemisele. Ngezikhathi ezithile, abalimi babekhipha lokhu okusanhlamvu bakubeke emuva kuma-chinampas, okwakhulula ukugeleza kwamanzi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavuselela ukuvunda kwenhlabathi. Kwakuyisistimu evaliwe esebenza kahle kakhulu yokuvuselela izakhamzimba.

Ukuvunda, ukuphathwa kwenhlabathi kanye nendima yamagciwane

ukuvuselelwa kwenhlabathi okuqhubekayoNjengoba iningi lomhlabathi lalivela phansi kwamachibi nemisele, le ndawo yayicebile ngokwemvelo ngezinto eziphilayo, ulwelwe, izingcezu zezitshalo, izinsalela zezinhlanzi, nezinye izinsalela zezilwane zasemanzini.

ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwamagciwaneIzifundo zanamuhla ze-microbiology yomhlabathi zibonisa ukuthi ama-chinampa akha indawo yokushintsha phakathi kwenhlabathi yasemanzini nomhlabathi, enezinhlobonhlobo eziningi kakhulu zama-bacteria nama-fungus. Ucwaningo olwenziwe eMexico luthole inqwaba yemiphakathi yama-bacteria enhlabathini ye-chinampa etshaliwe kunasenhlabathini engatshaliwe, kugxilwe kakhulu emaqenjini ahlobene nomjikelezo we-sulfur kanye nama-bacteria akhipha i-iron-oxidizing ahlobene ne-rhizosphere yezitshalo.

imisebenzi ebalulekile yama-microorganismsZidla izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo, ziguqule izakhamzimba ezifana ne-nitrogen ne-phosphorus zibe izinhlobo ezingafakwa ezitshalweni, futhi zigcina ezinye zalezi zinto njengenqolobane yezikhathi zokuntuleka. Leli "bhange lezakhamzimba eziphilayo" lingenye yezizathu zobude besikhathi kanye nokuzinza kwesistimu.

okokufaka okuhlukahlukene kwemveloAma-chinampa asebenzise izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ukuze avundise iziqhingi, okuhlanganisa izinsalela zezitshalo, umquba owenziwe ngemfucuza yokudla, umlotha, amalahle, kanye nomquba wezilwane. E-Tenochtitlan, imfucuza yabantu yayiqoqwa ezindlini zangasese zomphakathi eziseduze nemisele, ithwalwa ngezikebhe, futhi isetshenziswa njengomanyolo kuma-chinampa, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanzeka kanye nezolimo ngendlela ephumelela ngokumangalisayo.

ukungalinywa kwezilwane ngezikhathi ezithileNgemva kweminyaka emibili noma emithathu yokusetshenziswa kakhulu, amanye ama-chinampa ashiywa engatshalwanga isikhashana, ukuze isakhiwo senhlabathi esingokwenyama nesebhayoloji siphinde silulame. Uma kuhlanganiswa nokuvuselelwa kwenhlabathi, leli cebo lavumela noma yikuphi ukuvuna kusukela kwezine kuya kweziyisikhombisa ngonyaka ezimweni eziningi.

Ukukhiqiza, izitshalo ezitshaliwe kanye namasu ezolimo

umkhiqizo ophezuluNgenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi evundile, ukunisela njalo, kanye nesimo sezulu esilawulwa uhlelo lwamanzi, ama-chinampa afinyelele amazinga aphezulu okukhiqiza, kangangokuthi ezinye izifundo zisikisela ukuvuna okufika kweziyisikhombisa ngonyaka ngezikhathi ezithile nasezindaweni ezithile. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani kukholakala ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yokudla okusha okudliwa eTenochtitlan yayivela kulezi ziqhingi zezolimo.

izitshalo zendabukoPhakathi kwezilimo ezivame kakhulu kwakukhona ummbila, ubhontshisi, i-squash, kanye ne-amaranth, okuyisisekelo sokudla kwaseMesoamerica. I-corn-bean-squash trio, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Odadewabo Abathathu" kwamanye amasiko omdabu, isebenza njengendlela ephelele yokuxubanisa: ummbila usebenza njengokusekela ubhontshisi okhuphukayo, ubhontshisi ulungisa i-nitrogen enhlabathini, kanti i-squash imboza umhlabathi ngamaqabunga ayo, igcina umswakama futhi icindezela ukhula.

ukuhlukahluka kwemifino nezitshaloNgaphezu kwalokhu kudla okuyisisekelo, ama-chinampas akhiqiza izinhlobo eziningi zemifino, izithelo, nezitshalo ezinephunga elimnandi, njengotamatisi, upelepele, amazambane, ama-radishes, isipinashi, i-chard, ilethisi, i-cilantro, i-parsley, i-fennel, i-purslane, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-quelites nama-quintoniles (amaqabunga adliwayo avame ukuphambaniswa ngokuthi "ukhula"). Izimbali nazo zazitshalwa ngobuningi, zisetshenziswa kokubili emikhosini nasezimakethe zasemadolobheni.

ukuhlanganiswa nokufuya izilwaneEsikhathini sangaphambi kweSpanishi, ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezifuywayo kwakulinganiselwe, kodwa kulezi zinsuku ama-chinampero amaningi ahlanganisa ezolimo nokufuywa kwezinkukhu, izingulube, kanye nemfuyo (izinkomo nezimvu). Lezi zilwane zondliwa ngokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo okungaphezulu, kuyilapho umquba wazo ubuyela esizeni njengomanyolo, ukuvala umjikelezo wezolimo osebenza kahle kakhulu.

ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ngokwemveloNgalezo zikhathi, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane kwakwenziwa kusetshenziswa amasu emvelo, njengokumboza izitshalo kanye nokusetshenziswa kopelepele. Kunemibhalo egciniwe yezitshalo ezikhulayo ezifuthwa ngengxube yamanzi kanye nopelepele oqoshiwe ukuze kuxoshwe izinambuzane, okubonisa ulwazi olubonakalayo lwezinto ezinomphumela wokuxosha.

I-Tenochtitlan, iLake Texcoco kanye ne-Xochimilco: ukuphakama kwesistimu ye-chinampero

isisekelo kanye nokukhula kwamadolobhaI-Tenochtitlan, eyasungulwa ngo-1325 esiqhingini esiseLake Texcoco, yashintsha indawo eyayibhekwa njengengafiseleki yaba yinhliziyo yombuso omkhulu. Ekufikeni kwayo, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, idolobha lalinabahlali abangaba ngu-200.000, linamathempeli amakhulu, izigodlo, izimakethe, kanye nengqalasizinda emangalisayo yezindinganiso zangaleso sikhathi.

ukwandiswa kwesifundazwe kwe-chinampasEnye yezinsika ezasekela leli dolobha elikhulu kwakuwukwanda okuhlelekile kwama-chinampas azungeze isiqhingi esikhulu nasezindaweni eziseduze zaseXochimilco naseChalco. Umbuso wama-Aztec watshala amandla nezinsizakusebenza ekwandiseni imisele, imisele, kanye namasimu aphakanyisiwe, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulwa nemikhankaso yezempi yokulawula amadolobha asechibini eningizimu, acebile ngendawo yokulima.

imithombo yezithombe namarekhodiImibhalo efana neVergara Codex, iSanta María Asunción Codex, kanye namamephu asemakoloni afana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Uppsala Map," abonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo ze-chinampero, ukulinganiswa kwamaphasela, nokuthi la masimu azuzwa kanjani njengefa, anikelwa, futhi akhokhiswa intela. Izincwadi ze-Nahuatl wills ziqopha amayunithi okulinganisa afana ne- i-matl (cishe amamitha angu-1,67), evame ukusetshenziswa ngamaqembu abantu abayisikhombisa ukuchaza ubude bezindawo zomhlaba.

ama-akhawunti asekoloniEmibhalweni yekhulu le-16, o-friar abanjengoJuan de Torquemada bachaza amasimu aphakeme ngokuncoma, beqokomisa ukuthi abantu bomdabu "batshala futhi bavuna ummbila nemifino yabo ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu" ngenxa yama-chinampa, azungezwe yimisele yamanzi eyayiqeda isidingo sokunisela ngesandla. Lokhu kulandisa kusiza ukuqonda ukumangala kwabaseYurophu ngezolimo ezibanzi nezihlelekile kangaka.

Isigaba sezwe lase-AtlalliOmunye umbhalo oyisisekelo, i-Florentine Codex, uqopha isigaba sezwe elibizwa ngokuthi i-atlalli (inyunyana ye atl, amanzi, kanye i-tlalli, terra), echazwa njengohlobo lwensimu eniselwayo, “ingadi emanzi, enhle, enhle, eyigugu, umthombo wokudla”. Imifanekiso ibonisa abalimi besebenza phakathi kwemisele, amahlumela kanye namaqabunga amanzi, okufanekisela ukuvunda kwendawo yase-chinampero.

I-Chinampas njengesibonelo sezolimo ezisimeme

Isibonelo somlando sokuzinza.Ngenxa yezimpawu zazo zemvelo nokukhiqiza, ama-chinampa avame ukubizwa njengesibonelo esivelele sezolimo ezisimeme, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba leli gama libe khona. Ahlanganisa ukuphathwa kwamanzi, ukulondolozwa komhlabathi, ukuvuselelwa kwezakhamzimba, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kokudla okunamandla endaweni efanayo.

ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwesikhalaEzindaweni zasechibini nasezindaweni ezimanzi, lapho ukulima okuvamile bekungeke kwenzeke khona, ama-chinampa aguqula izindawo ezikhungethwe yizikhukhula zibe yimidwebo yemibhede yengadi ekhiqizayo kanye neziteshi zokuhamba ngemikhumbi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zezolimo zasemadolobheni, lapho indawo ingekho futhi ibiza khona.

ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo njengempahlaIziqhingi ezitshaliwe, ezizungezwe amanzi, izihlahla ezifana ne-willows, kanye ne-biota ecebile yasemanzini, zakha uhlelo lwemvelo oluncane lwangempela. Izitshalo zokudla, izitshalo zokwelapha, izimbali zokuhlobisa, ulwelwe, amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, izinyoni, izinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, nezilwane ezincane ezincelisayo zihlala ndawonye ngaphakathi kwalo, zilwela ukukhiqiza izinhlelo zezolimo ezikwazi ukumelana nezinambuzane kanye nesimo sezulu.

imisebenzi yamanziAma-Chinampa asebenza njengeziteshi ezincane zemvelo zokuqoqwa kwamanzi, ukuhlunga, nokugcina. Iziteshi zisebenza njengezindawo zokugcina amanzi; amanzi angena kancane enhlabathini ephakeme futhi amuncwa yizimpande njengoba kudingeka. Lokhu kunciphisa isidingo sobuchwepheshe bokupompa obusebenzisa amandla amaningi futhi kuhambisana kahle nokushintshashintsha kwemvula ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka.

ukuthuthwa kwekhabhoniIzendlalelo ezilandelanayo zezinto eziphilayo ziqoqana enhlabathini ye-chinampas kanye nase-biomass engenhla komhlaba yezitshalo nezihlahla, zibambe futhi zigcine ikhabhoni yomoya. Esimweni sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, lolu hlobo lwesistimu lungasiza ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi ngenkathi lusekela ukukhiqizwa kokudla.

umphakathi kanye nobumbano lomphakathiNgokombono wezenhlalo, ukuphathwa okuhlangene kwe-chinampas kuye kwaqinisa ubudlelwano bomphakathi ngokomlando. Ngisho nanamuhla, izinhlelo e-Xochimilco nakwamanye amadolobhana zisebenzisa amasimu njengezindawo zomsebenzi ohlanganyelwe, imfundo yezemvelo, kanye nezokuvakasha ezisekelwe emphakathini, okusondeza izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ekukhiqizweni kokudla kanye nomlando wabomdabu bendawo.

Indawo yomlando, ukwanda kanye nokwehla

ukusatshalaliswa kwendawoNgokomlando, izifunda eziyinhloko zaseChinampa zazigxile emachibini aseMexico ephakathi yanamuhla, njengeTlaxcala, iPuebla, iTeotihuacan, iTenochtitlan (eLake Texcoco), iToluca, iCuitzeo, iPátzcuaro, neChapala. Iningi lalezi zinhlelo lathuthuka phakathi kuka-500 AD (isikhathi sangaphambi kwesikhathi) kanye no-1600 AD (isikhathi sangemva kwesikhathi kanye nokuqala kwesikhathi sobukoloni).

imisebenzi yokukhipha amanzi emakoloniNgokufika kwamaSpain kanye nokunqotshwa kweTenochtitlan, kwenziwa uchungechunge lwemisebenzi yokukhipha amanzi kanye nokuqondisa ichibi, ngenhloso yokulawula izikhukhula nokwenza indawo yokukhula kwamadolobha eMexico City. Emakhulwini eminyaka, ingxenye enkulu yeLake Texcoco kanye nezinye izizinda zamanzi zomile, okunciphisa kakhulu ububanzi bezindawo zasechinampas.

ukuyekethisa ngokucekela phansi ingqalasizindaUkubhujiswa kwezindonga kanye namasango okuvimba ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa nakho kwaphazamisa ukusebenza kwamasimu amaningi aphakanyisiwe. Noma kunjalo, imiphakathi eminingana eseceleni komfula yagcina ama-chinampas ayo phakathi nesikhathi samakoloni, ngoba uhlelo lwaludinga abasebenzi abaningi futhi ngenxa yalokho lwalungathandeki kubanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu baseSpain abanesifiso samapulazi amakhulu ezinkomo noma amasimu amakhulu.

izingcindezi zekhulu lama-20Kuye kwanezelwa izingcindezi ezintsha: ukukhushulwa kwedolobha okusheshayo, ukufakwa kwemifula emifuleni, ukungcola kwamanzi okuvela endle kanye nemfucuza yezimboni, ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni kwezindlela zendabuko ngezindlu zokugcina izithombo zepulasitiki kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezolimo ezincike kakhulu ezintweni zangaphandle.

ukunciphisa okukhulu kwendawoNgenxa yalokho, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ezinkulungwaneni zamahektha e-chinampas ezazikhona e-Xochimilco nasezindaweni ezizungezile, kusele ingxenye encane kuphela ekusetshenzisweni kwezolimo. Kwezinye izindawo, imisele yomile futhi yagcwaliswa, yahlanganisa iziqhingi zangaphambili zaba yiziqephu ezinkulu, eziqhubekayo zomhlaba, ezivame ukuguqulwa zibe amadlelo noma ukuhlala emadolobheni ngokungajwayelekile.

AmaChinampa namuhla: AmaXochimilco, ama-axolotl kanye nezinselele zanamuhla

ukusinda okuyingxenye eXochimilcoNaphezu kwakho konke lokhu kucindezeleka, i-Xochimilco isalondoloza ingxenye ephilayo yesimiso sasendulo se-chinampa. Emaphandleni asezindaweni zasemaphandleni esifundeni esiseningizimu yeMexico City, amasimu akhulisiwe ayaqhubeka nokukhiqiza imifino, izimbali, kanye nokudla, okunikeza izimakethe zendawo nezindawo zokudlela ezihlonipha ezolimo zendabuko.

isandiso esiseleUcwaningo lwamuva lubonisa ukuthi kukhona amahektha angaba ngu-5.000 (cishe amahektha angu-2.000) ama-chinampa asele, kodwa amaphesenti amancane kuphela awo ahlala esetshenziswa njalo ekukhiqizeni. Abalimi be-chinampa banamuhla basebenzisa ingxube yezindlela zasendulo kanye nezinto ezintsha zesimanje, bezama ukulinganisela umkhiqizo, imali engenayo kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo.

ukuxhumana ne-axolotlEsinye isici esithakazelisayo ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-chinampa ase-Xochimilco nendawo yokuhlala yama-axolotl, ama-amphibian atholakala eBasin of Mexico, adumile ngekhono lawo lokuvuselela izitho, amehlo, ngisho nezingxenye zobuchopho. Lezi zilwane, eziqanjwe ngesiNahuatl ngokubhekisela emanzini (atl) nakunkulunkulu uXolotl, namuhla zisengozini enkulu.

iziteshi njengesiphepheloImisele emincane egobhoza phakathi kwama-chinampa isebenza njengezindawo zokuphephela ezibalulekile zama-axolotl, iwavikela, ngokwengxenye, ezinhlotsheni ezingaphandle ezethulwe, njenge-carp kanye ne-tilapia, ezincintisana ngokudla futhi ezingadla inzalo yazo. Akuyona into eyenzekile ukuthi inothi lama-peso angu-50 elasungulwa eMexico ngo-2021 lihlonipha lobu budlelwano, elibonisa i-axolotl ezungezwe ama-chinampa, ama-willow, namasimu ommbila endaweni yase-Xochimilco, eyamenyezelwa njengeNdawo Yefa Lomhlaba yi-UNESCO.

izinsizakalo zamanje zemveloNgaphezu kokugcina izinhlobo zezilwane ezifanekisayo, ama-chinampa anamuhla ahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo eziyisisekelo zemvelo, njengokuhlunga amanzi, ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu esincane, ukugcinwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezolimo, ukugcwaliswa kabusha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni, kanye nokunciphisa izikhukhula. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinzuzo zibonakala kuphela uma amasimu esebenza kahle futhi ephethwe kahle, okuncike ngqo emsebenzini wabalimi base-chinampa.

isimo esikhathazayoNgeshwa, izifundo zamuva nje azinathemba. Imibiko ilinganisela ukuthi cishe ama-90% ama-chinampa ase-Xochimilco nasezindaweni ezizungezile aseshiywe dengwane noma asesesimweni sokonakala, futhi ukubikezela kubonisa ukuthi, ngaphandle kwesenzo esihlanganisiwe esivela kubalimi kanye neziphathimandla zomphakathi, ingxenye enkulu yendawo esele ingaguqulwa ibe yizindlu maphakathi naleli khulu leminyaka.

Ama-Chinampas ngokumelene nezindawo zokugcina izithombo zepulasitiki kanye nempikiswano yesikhathi esizayo

ukushintshwa ngezindlu zokugcina izithomboEnye yezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu zamanje esifundeni saseXochimilco ukushintshwa kancane kancane kwezindawo zokugcina izitshalo zendabuko ze-chinampa ngezindawo zokugcina izitshalo zepulasitiki, ikakhulukazi ukuze kutshalwe izimbali nemifino enenani eliphezulu. Ngokombono wezomnotho wesikhathi esifushane, izindawo zokugcina izitshalo zivame ukuba nenzuzo enkulu kumkhiqizi ngamunye.

umthelela wezenhlalo nezemvelo wezindawo zokugcina izithomboKodwa-ke, izifundo eziqhathanisa ukusimama kwezenhlalo nezemvelo kwezinhlelo ezimbili zibonisa ukuthi ama-chinampa anikeza izinzuzo ezibanzi kakhulu ezingaveli ezitatimendeni zezimali ezisheshayo. Izindlu zokugcina izitshalo ngokuvamile zidinga ukususwa kwesimbozo sezihlahla, ukwenziwa lula kwendawo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nomanyolo wokwenziwa, okonakalisa inhlabathi, kunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi kungcolise amanzi.

ukugcina ukuzalaNgakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Chinampas agcina futhi andise ukuvunda kwenhlabathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenxa yokuqongelela kwezingqimba zenhlabathi yemvelo, ukungena kwamanzi, kanye nokubola kwezinto eziphilayo. Athanda ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, asekela izinqubo ezibalulekile zemvelo, futhi anegalelo ekuphepheni kokudla kwendawo, yize imali engenayo esheshayo ngehektha ngalinye ingase ibe ngaphansi kunezinye izindawo zokugcina izithombo.

iziphakamiso zesinxephezeloNgenxa yalesi sizathu, ochwepheshe abaningi basekela izindlela zokuqashelwa kanye nesinxephezelo sezomnotho sezinsizakalo zemvelo ezinikezwa yi-chinampas, njengezinkokhelo zezinsizakalo zemvelo, izikhuthazo zentela, noma izinhlelo zokuthenga umphakathi zokudla kwendabuko. Ngaphandle kwalolu hlobo lokusekelwa, abalimi abacindezelwa yizindleko, ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwesikweletu, kanye nesidingo semakethe bavame ukushiya uhlelo lwe-chinampa.

izinhlelo zokuhlaziya kabushaImizamo yendawo, njengeqembu le-Refúgio Chinampa, eliholwa abalimi futhi lisekelwa yizikhungo ezifana ne-National Autonomous University of Mexico, ifuna ukuhlaziya ngokunembile indlela yasendulo, ihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, imfundo, ezokuvakasha ezinomthelela omncane, kanye nokuqinisa umphakathi. Amacala afana nalawa abakhiqizi ababuyela emasimini kagogo nomkhulu wabo ukuyovuselela ama-chinampas ngama-sunflower, ama-eggplant, ama-marigold, kanye nemifino ehlukahlukene abonisa ukuthi kusenendawo yokuzalwa kabusha kwalolu hlobo.

Ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuhambisana nezinye izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe.

ukuhlolwa komhlaba wonkeInani lomlando, amasiko, kanye nemvelo lama-chinampas liye laqashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2017, i-FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) yamemezela ukuthi ama-Xochimilco chinampas ayiSistimu Yelifa Lezolimo Elibalulekile Emhlabeni Wonke (i-GIAHS), egcizelela indima yawo ekulondolozweni kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuvikeleka kokudla, kanye nokulondolozwa kolwazi lwendabuko.

Isimo se-UNESCOLokhu kuqashelwa kwenezela esimweni seGugu Lomhlaba se-UNESCO esinikezwe i-Historic Center yaseMexico City kanye ne-Xochimilco, okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi akuyona nje uhlelo lwezolimo, kodwa yindawo ephilayo yamasiko ebangelwa ukusebenzisana kwamakhulu eminyaka phakathi kwemiphakathi yabantu kanye nezindawo zasemanzini eziyinkimbinkimbi.

ukufana komhlaba wonkeAmaChinampa aphinde afane nezinye izinhlelo zokulima eziphakeme emhlabeni jikelele, njengezinsimu eziphakanyisiwe ezizungeze iLake Titicaca ezintabeni zase-Andean, kanye namasu okulima ezindaweni ezimanzi ezibonwe ngokomlando emazweni afana neNetherlands, iDenmark, iRussia, iFrance, neBangladesh. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, isu liyafana: ukuphakamisa inhlabathi ngaphezu kwamanzi, ukulawula amanzi amaningi, kanye nokusebenzisa inhlabathi ecebile ngezakhamzimba.

ukuhlala ndawonye nezinye izinhlelo ze-hydroponicEMesoamerica, ama-chinampa ayehlala ndawonye nezinye izinhlobo zokutshala amanzi, okuhlanganisa imisele yokunisela, ama-dike, ama-terrace, kanye nezinhlelo zezindawo ezigcwele amanzi. Ukuguquguquka kokuhlanganisa amalungiselelo ahlukene okuphathwa kwamanzi kwasiza imiphakathi efana nama-Aztec ukuthi ibhekane nokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu, izikhukhula, kanye nesomiso, okuqinisekisa izinga lokuzinza ekuhlinzekweni kokudla.

ifa lobuchwepheshe namasikoAmaShayinampa ahlanganisa iminyaka eyinkulungwane yokuhlolwa kwabantu bendawo ngamanzi, inhlabathi, izitshalo, izilwane, kanye nezinambuzane ezincane, enikeza isibonelo esiyinkimbinkimbi sendlela yokukhiqiza ukudla ezindaweni ezibonakala zingenabo ubungane, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanzeka kanye nezolimo, ukwazisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokuqinisa izibopho zomphakathi emhlabeni namanzi.