UGaspar Núñez de Arce (1832-1903) wayengumbhali waseSpain, isazi semfundo, kanye nesombusazwe owaphila ngekhulu le-19. Njengombhali, wayevelele kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zedrama kanye nezinkondlo ezikhuluma ngezingoma, ngesitayela esasihlanganisa i-Romanticism kanye ne-Literary Realism. Wayengumlobi wezindaba okhaliphile kanye nentatheli ngawo-1860.
Uzuze ubuhle obukhulu ngezindlela zokubhala kwakhe. Izindikimba ayezikhonzile emidlalweni kwakuyimidlalo yokuziphatha, amadrama ezepolitiki kanye namadrama omlando. Izinkondlo zakhe zibonakala ngokunakekelwa okusemthethweni, inala yencazelo, nokuthuthukiswa kwezwi elingaphakathi.
Emkhakheni wezombangazwe, wayeyilungu eliqavile leqembu leSagasta eliqhubekayo lenkululeko ngesikhathi sikahulumeni wesikhashana owalandela ukuketulwa kuka-Isabel II.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumbhali we- Manifesto to the Nation eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Gazeta ngemva kweNguquko kaSepthemba. Wayenezikhundla eziningana ezibalulekile kuhulumeni phakathi nawo-1870 no-1880.
I-Biografia
Ukuzalwa, imfundo nobusha
UGazpar Núñez de Arce wazalelwa eValladolid, eSpain, ngo-August 4, 1832. Ngenxa yephutha esitifiketini sakhe sokuzalwa, ezinye izazi-mlando zibeka lesi senzakalo ngo-September 4 esikhundleni sika-August 4. Lokhu kungavumelani kwacaciswa isazi-mlando saseValladolid uNarciso Alonso Manuel Cortés.
Uyise kwakunguDon Manuel Núñez, owathuthela nomkhaya wakhe eToledo lapho uGaspar esemncane kakhulu ukuba angasebenza eposini lapho. Umama wakhe kwakunguNkk. Eladia de Arce.
EToledo, uGaspar waba umfundi oshisekayo futhi wanikela ingxenye enkulu yobuntwana bakhe efunda emtatsheni wezincwadi weKhathedrali, efundiswa umpristi uRamón Fernández de Loaysa.
Ngesikhathi esemusha, abazali bakhe bazama ukumfaka eyunivesithi yesifunda ukuze aphishekele umsebenzi wesonto, kodwa uNúñez de Arce wenqaba. Eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, idrama yakhe yokuqala yaseshashalazini, enesihloko esithi Uthando Nokuziqhenya , yaqala ukukhonjiswa eToledo, lapho yamukelwa kahle kakhulu yizilaleli zaseToledo futhi yamtholela igama lesidlaliso lendodana yokutholwa yedolobha.
Ngemva nje kwalokho, ngo-Agasti 25, 1850, izingcezu zendaba ethi UDeveli Nombongi zanyatheliswa ephephandabeni laseMadrid i-El Popular . Lo msebenzi, kanye noThando Nokuziqhenya , kwakuyizincwadi zokuqala zikaNúñez de Arce ezadalulwa emphakathini.
Ngemva kokwenqaba ukungena ebufundisini, wathuthela eMadrid, lapho abhalisa khona kwamanye amakilasi. Waya emsebenzini njengomhleli wephephandaba elithanda inkululeko i-El Observador , lapho aqala khona ukusayina izihloko zakhe kanye nezindaba zakhe ngegama elithi "El Bachelor Honduras" . Kamuva, wasungula iphephandaba elinegama lakhe elithi "El Bachelor Honduras".
Impilo yezepolitiki kwiLiberal Party
Phakathi kuka-1859 no-1860, wabamba iqhaza njengomlobi we-African Campaign, ingxabano eyahlukanisa iSpain ne-Sultanate yaseMorocco. Eziningi zalezi zindaba zanyatheliswa ephephandabeni le-liberal i-La Iberia.
Ngemva kwalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, washicilela umkhankaso wakhe we-Memories of Africa , uhlobo lwephephabhuku lapho imininingwane yalokhu kubhekana ihlobene khona.
Lokhu kungena ebuntathelini bepolitiki kwamlungiselela izinsolo azobhekana nazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngo-1860, wajoyina iqembu le-Liberal Union, elisanda kusungulwa nguLeopoldo O'Donnell.
Umshado
Ngemva kokuphela komkhankaso wase-Afrika, ngo-February 8, 1861, washada noNkk. Isidora Franco. Eminyakeni eyalandela, wamiswa njengombusi we-Logroño kanye nephini lombusi wesifundazwe saseValladolid.
Vimbela
Ngo-1865, wadingiswa futhi waboshwa eCáceres ngenxa yemibhalo yakhe emelene noRamón María Narváez, i-radical conservative futhi ngaleso sikhathi umongameli wekhabhinethi ngaphansi kweNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II.
Ngemva kokuphela kokuxoshwa kwakhe, futhi ehlushwa izinkinga zempilo, wathuthela eBarcelona nomkakhe. Lapho, wabhala enye yezinkondlo zakhe ezidumile kakhulu, i-The Doubt , eyasayinwa ngo-Ephreli 20, 1868. Kamuva yahlanganiswa ezinkondlweni i- Gritos de Combat (1875).
I-Revolution kaSeptemba
Ngenkathi uNúñez de Arce eseseBarcelona, kuqubuka iNguquko kaSepthemba, lapho abamba khona iqhaza njengonobhala woMkhandlu Wezinguquko wedolobha. Umphumela walokhu kuvukela kwaba ukuhoxiswa kuka-Isabel II kanye nokusungulwa kukahulumeni wesikhashana.
Dlulisela eMadrid
Ngemva kwezehlakalo zangoSepthemba, wathuthela eMadrid, lapho anikwa khona umsebenzi wokubhala iManifesto for the Nation , eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Gazeta ngo-Okthoba 26 walowo nyaka. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, waba ngumhleli kanye nomhloli wemibhalo eyahlukene yeqembu lakhe.
Ukuzihlanganisa neqembu leliberal eliqhubekayo
Ngo-1871, lapho i-Liberal Union isihlakazekile, wajoyina iqembu eliqhubekayo lenkululeko ka-Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, ayeyingxenye yalo kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.
Lapho, kulowo mcimbi, wasebenza ezikhundleni ezihlukahlukene. Wayeyikhansela lesifundazwe phakathi kuka-1871 no-1874; Unobhala Jikelele weHhovisi likaMongameli ngowe-1872; UNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle, Izwe Langaphakathi, Nezemfundo ngo-1883; uSenator impilo yonke ngo-1886; kanye nombusi we-Mortgage Bank ngo-1887.
Ukubamba iqhaza ku-RAL
Njengombhali nesifundiswa, waqokwa njengelungu leRoyal Academy of Language ngoJanuwari 8, 1874, kanye nomongameli we-Association of Spanish Writers and Artists phakathi kuka-1882 no-1903.
Ukuhoxiswa nokufa
Kusukela ngo-1890 kuya phambili, wathatha umhlalaphansi ezikhundleni zezombusazwe ngenxa yempilo yakhe ebucayi. Washonela lapho ehlala khona eMadrid ngoJuni 9, 1903, ngenxa yomdlavuza wesisu. Izinsalela zakhe zadluliselwa kuPantheon of Illustrious Men of the XNUMXth Century.
I-biography yokuqala yomlobi, uNúñez de Arce: amanothi e-biography yakhe , yanyatheliswa ngo-1901 eMadrid, yabhalwa umngane wakhe uJosé del Castillo y Soriano.
Umsebenzi wakhe wasakazwa futhi wafundwa emazweni akhuluma iSpanishi ngabasekeli ababalulekile balolo limi, njengezimbongi uMiguel Antonio Caro noRubén Darío.
Iyasebenza
Imisebenzi yaseshashalazini
Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe njengombhali wemidlalo, singabala: I-Bundle of Firewood (1872), Izikweletu Zokuhlonipha (1863), I-Laurel of the Zubia (1865), I-Aragonese Jota (1866), Inxeba Elisemthunzini (1866), Lowo Okufanele Akhokhe (1867) kanye ne -Providental Justice (1872).
I-Bundle of Firewood ngumsebenzi wakhe omuhle kakhulu, ngokusho kwezazi zemidlalo yeshashalazi. Iqukethe idrama yomlando elandisa ngokuboshwa nokufa kweNkosana uDon Carlos, indodana yeNkosi uPhilip II. Lo msebenzi uhlelwe ngekhulu le-16, ucophelela kakhulu maqondana nokunemba komlando, futhi ugxile ezingxabanweni zengqondo zomlingiswa wayo oyinhloko.
I-laurel kaZubia, i-La jota aragonesa kanye ne-Hurt emthunzini kwakuyidrama ebhalwe ngokubambisana nombhali wemidlalo u-Antonio Hurtado, umngane kaNúñez de Arce, futhi cishe yabhalwa ngesikhathi edingisiwe eCáceres.
Umsebenzi wezinkondlo neminye imibhalo
Izazi zomsebenzi wakhe ziyavuma ukuthi kukhona ukunotha okukhulu kwemibhalo ezinkondlweni kunasedramaturgy kaNúñez de Arce.
Phakathi kwezinkondlo zakhe ezishicilelwe yilezi: Raymond Lulio (1875) , Impi iyakhala (1875), I-Elegy eya ku-Alexander Herculaneum (1877), Ihlathi Elimnyama (1879), Isililo Sokugcina SeNkosi Byron (1879), I-idyll (1879), I-Vertigo (1879), Umbono kaFray Martín (1880) , ukudoba (1884), UMaruja (1886), izinkondlo ezimfishane (1895), I-Sursum corda (1900) no ILuzbel , ezasala zingaqediwe.
Imisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu yiRaimundo Lulio kanye neGritos de combate (Battle Cries) , ebhalwe ngama-tercets futhi yanyatheliswa ngo-1875. IGritos de combate ihlanganisa imisebenzi yakhe emihle kakhulu yezinkondlo eyabhalwa phakathi kuka-1868 no-1875. Iqukethe izinkondlo ezidumile ezifana neLa tristeza (Usizi) , La duda (Ukungabaza) , A Voltaire ( To Voltaire) , Para Darwin (For Darwin) , kanye ne-El miserere (Miserère ).
Wabhala ngefomu le-virtuoso, futhi eziningi zezinkondlo zakhe zikhuluma ngezingxabano zezombangazwe ze-September Revolution nezenzakalo ezalandela, ngezinga elithile lokungabi nathemba nokudumazeka, kanye nesifiso sokuzola, ukuhleleka nokuzwana. Indlela ecophelelayo inqoba ukuzenzekela kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe wobunkondlo.
Rayford Lulio (1875)
URayford Lulio naye wabhekana nezinkanuko kanye nezingxabano zangaphakathi zikaRaymond Llull waseCatalan, umuntu womlando wekhulu le-13 uJesu Kristu abonakala kuye futhi owaguqula impilo yakhe waya kwifilosofi nokubhala.
Ihlathi Elimnyama (1879)
I-Dark Forest yaphefumulelwa yi- Divine Comedy futhi yabhalwa njengodumo kuDante Alighieri. Kokubili lokhu kanye ne -Vertigo , inkondlo yokuziphatha, kwabhalwa ngezindinyana eziyishumi.
Isililo Sokugcina SeNkosi Byron (1879)
Incwadi ethi Last Lament kaLord Byron , eyabhalwa ngezingoma zasebukhosini ngendlela yeRenaissance, ikhuluma ngezinganekwane, ezepolitiki, kanye nefilosofi ezisebenzisa izwi lembongi edumile yaseBrithani.
Umbono kaFray Martín (1880)
Ngokuphathelene nombono kaFray Martin , umbhali wasebenzisa indlela efanayo nencwadi kaLord Byron ethi The Last Lamentation ukuze anikeze izwi kuMartin Luther futhi ethule imicabango kanye nezingxabano zangaphakathi zalo muntu odumile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMaruja ukhuluma ngothando lomshado.
Ngaphezu kwemidlalo nezinkondlo, uNúñez de Arce washicilela eminye imibhalo efana nethi The Devil and the Poet (1850), indaba eqanjiwe, kanye nethi Memories of Africa Campaign (1860), ngendlela yejenali.
Iphinde igqamise i-Discourse on Poetry , okuwumfanekiso ofundwe ngumbhali wayo e-Ateneo de Madrid ngoDisemba 3, 1887. Lona wokugcina wafakwa ezinhlelweni zakamuva ze- Combat Cries.
Izinkomba
- Gaspar Núñez de Arce. (S.f.). Spain: Wikipedia. Itholiwe: en.wikipedia.org
- Gaspar Núñez de Arce. (S.f.). (N/a): I-Biographies and Lives, i-encyclopedia yomlando we-inthanethi. Kutholwe: biografiasyvidas.com
- Nuñez de Arce, Gaspar. (S.f.). (N/a): Escritores.org. Itholiwe: escritores.org
- Gaspar Núñez de Arce. (S.f.). (N/a): Illustrated Universal European-American Encyclopedia. Ibuyiselwe: filosofia.org
- Gaspar Núñez de Arce. (S.f.). ISpain: ISpain isiko. Okutholiwe: espaaescultura-tnb.es