Ukubhala eMesophothamiya kwakuphawuleka ngobunkimbinkimbi nokuhlukahluka kwakho. Lesi sifunda sasiyikhaya lempucuko eminingi yasendulo, njengamaSumer, ama-Akkad, abaseBhabhiloni, nabase-Asiriya, abasungula izindlela eziyingqayizivele zokubhala zokuqopha ulwazi nokuxhumana. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyinhloko zemibhalo yaseMesophothamiya kukhona i-cuneiform, eyakhiwe ngezimpawu ezimise okwensephe eziqoshwe ezibhebheni zobumba, nemibhalo yamaHeti, eyayisetshenziswa uMbuso WamaHeti. Lezi zindlela zokubhala zazibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasiko, inkolo, umnotho kanye nohulumeni wale miphakathi yasendulo.
Iyiphi indlela yokubhala eyayisetshenziswa empucukweni yasendulo yaseMesophothamiya?
Impucuko yasendulo yaseMesophothamiya yayisebenzisa indlela yokubhala eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cuneiform. Lolu hlobo lokubhala lwenziwa ezibhebheni zobumba, kusetshenziswa usiba olumise okwe-wedge ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlamvu. I-Cuneiform yayinezinkulungwane zezimpawu ezimelela amagama, amalunga nemisindo.
Lolu hlobo lokubhala lwalusetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukurekhoda ukuthengiselana kwezentengiselwano, imithetho, izivumelwano, izinkondlo, namarekhodi omlando. Ababhali baseMesophothamiya babeyizingcweti ze-cuneiform futhi babaziswa kakhulu emphakathini.
Amaphutha esipelingi ayevamile embhalweni we-cuneiform ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bezinhlamvu kanye nemvelo yezinto ezibhalwe kuzo. Nokho, ababhali babeqeqeshelwa ukunciphisa la maphutha futhi baqinisekise ukunemba kwamarekhodi abo.
Kafushane, ukubhala nge-cuneiform kwakuyindlela yokubhala eyayisetshenziswa empucukweni yasendulo yaseMesophothamiya, okwakubalulekile ekukhulumisaneni nasekuqopheni ukwaziswa ngaleso sikhathi.
Indawo yokubhalwa kwamaMesopotamiya e-Antiquity: izibhebhe zobumba namabhodi okhuni.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baseMesophothamiya babesebenzisa izibhebhe zobumba nezinsimbi zokhuni njengezinto zabo eziyinhloko zokubhala. Izibhebhe zobumba zaziyizindengezi ezincane ezenziwe ngobumba, ababhali baseMesophothamiya ababeqopha kuzo ukwaziswa okubalulekile, njengokuthengiselana kwezebhizinisi, izivumelwano namarekhodi okuphatha. Lezi zibhebhe zazisebenziseka kalula, njengoba umbhalo wawususulwa futhi ubumba lulolongwe kabusha.
Izibhebhe zokhuni zazisetshenziselwa imibhalo ehlala njalo, njengemithetho, izinganekwane, nezinkondlo ezidumile. Ukubhala kulezi zibhebhe kwenziwa ngothi lwensimbi, okushiya amamaki ahlala njalo okhunini. Izibhebhe zokhuni kwakunzima kakhulu ukuphinda zisetshenziswe futhi ngokuvamile zazigcinwa emitatsheni yezincwadi noma emathempelini.
EMesophothamiya kwakubhalwe ngokuyinhloko nge-cuneiform, isimiso sokubhala esimise okwensephe esiqoshwe ezibhebheni zobumba nasezidwebeni zokhuni. Lesi simiso sokubhala sasihlanganisa amakhulukhulu ezimpawu ezimelela amagama, amalunga ezinhlamvu, noma imisindo, okwenza ukufunda nokubhala kube inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi nedla isikhathi.
Indlela yokubhala ebhaliwe eyayisetshenziswa abaseMesophothamiya ezikhathini zasendulo.
EMesophothamiya, enye yemiphakathi yokuqala eyaziwayo emlandweni, ukubhala kwaba nendima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni nasekuqopheni ukwaziswa. Abantu baseMesophothamiya benza uhlelo lokubhala lwe-cuneiform, olwalubhalwe ezibhebheni zobumba ngothi lokuloba lomhlanga olucijile. Lolu hlelo lwaluhlanganisa izimpawu ezimelela amagama noma imisindo futhi lwalusetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukurekhoda ukuthengiselana, imithetho, izivumelwano, izinkondlo, nezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana.
Kubantu baseMesophothamiya, ukubhala kwakuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokugcina amarekhodi anembile nokulondoloza ulwazi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Babekholelwa ukuthi ukubhala kwakungcwele futhi kuwuhlobo lokuxhumana nonkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, ababhali babaziswa kakhulu emphakathini waseMesophothamiya, benomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqopha nokuhumusha imibhalo ye-cuneiform.
Nakuba kwakuyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, ukubhala nge-cuneiform kwenza abantu baseMesophothamiya bakwazi ukurekhoda ukwaziswa ngendlela ehlala njalo nefinyeleleka kalula. Ngenxa yale nqubo ebhaliwe yokugcina amarekhodi, namuhla singafunda futhi siqonde isiko elicebile nomlando walaba bantu basendulo.
Ukuqonda incazelo nokubaluleka kombhalo we-cuneiform emlandweni wokubhala.
EMesophothamiya, ukubhala kwakwenziwa kakhulu nge-cuneiform. Lolu hlobo lokubhala lwaluhlanganisa izimpawu eziqoshwe ezibhebheni zobumba kusetshenziswa ukuloba lomhlanga. Igama elithi "cuneiform" lisuselwa kwelesiLatini elithi "cuneus," okusho ukuthi inkaba, ngenxa yokuma kwezimpawu.
Ukubhalwa kwe-Cuneiform kwathuthukiswa amaSumer cishe ngo-3200 BC futhi kwamukelwa izimpucuko ezimbalwa esifundeni, njengabaseBhabhiloni nabase-Asiriya. Lolu hlobo lokubhala lwalusetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko amarekhodi e-accounting, imithetho, izivumelwano, nemibhalo yezenkolo.
Ukuqonda incazelo nokubaluleka kwe-cuneiform emlandweni wokubhala kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuvela kokuxhumana kwabantu. Lolu hlobo lokubhala lwaba isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izimiso zokubhala, njengezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zaseFenike nesiGreki.
Ukulondolozwa kombhalo we-cuneiform phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kusivumela namuhla ukuba sifinyelele ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngeMesophothamiya yasendulo. Lawa marekhodi abhaliwe asinikeza ukuqonda mayelana nenhlangano yezenhlalo, yezombangazwe, neyamasiko yempucuko yangaleso sikhathi.
Ngakho-ke, umbhalo we-cuneiform waba nendima ebalulekile emlandweni wokuloba nasekulondolozeni ulwazi lwempucuko yasendulo yaseMesophothamiya. Iyingxenye ebalulekile yamagugu ethu amasiko futhi ifanele ukufundwa nokwaziswa.
Iluphi uhlobo lombhalo olwalukhona eMesophothamiya?
Uhlobo lokubhala olwalusetshenziswa eMesopotamiya lwaziwa ngokuthi umbhalo we-cuneiform. Lwadalwa ngesikhathi seNguquko YamaNeolithic (4.000 kuya ku-18.000 BC), lapho umnotho cishe wawuphethwe abaholi bethempeli lenkolo.
Lolu hlobo lokubhala lwavela ngenxa yesidingo esikhulayo sokugcina ukuthengiselana kwezomnotho kurekhodiwe ukuze kubhalwe kahle futhi kusatshalaliswe.
Umsuka wombhalo we-cuneiform owawusetshenziswa eMesopotamiya
Umsuka wokubhalwa kwe-cuneiform usukela ekudalweni kwedolobha lokuqala elaziwayo emlandweni womhlaba njenge-Uruk, esifundeni saseSumerian.
Lo muzi wawunesimiso esinqunyiwe sezombangazwe nesezenhlalo, esasiholwa inkosi engubupristi.
AmaSumeriya ayengabokuqala ukubhala ngemiqondo engeyona eyinkimbinkimbi ezibhebheni. Kodwa-ke, umbhalo we-cuneiform kamuva wakopishwa ngezinye izilimi.
Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala ezibhaliwe sibala izikhulu ezingu-120 ezaziyingxenye yesakhiwo sezombangazwe sedolobha. Kukholakala ukuthi intuthuko yedolobha ibangelwa ukuzalwa kwemibhalo ye-cuneiform.
Umbhalo we-cuneiform wawubhalwe ezibhebheni. Lawa ayenziwe ngobumba, njengoba ayewumthombo wezomnotho futhi ochichimayo esifundeni. Ngemva kokukhiqizwa, amaphilisi ayemanziswa ukuze adwebe ama-pictograms ngomhlanga noma izinti ezicijile ezimise okwezingcezu.
Ekuqaleni, izimpawu zazidwetshwa ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi nakwesokudla kuye kwesokunxele.
Isakhiwo sigcine sishiywe siye kwesokudla ukugwema amabala obumba ophikweni.
Khona-ke izibhebhe zazibhakwa ekukhanyeni kwelanga, yingakho izibhebhe ngokuvamile zazintekenteke.
Ukuvela kokubhala kwe-cuneiform
Igama elithi cuneiform livela kwelesiLatini elithi “wedge”, ngenxa yokuma kwepayipi elicindezela ubumba ukuze lidwebe uphawu.
Amaphilisi okuqala, abizwa ngokuthi i-protocuneiform, ayenziwe ngama-pictogram. Lawa ma-pictograms ayeyimiqondo ephathekayo ngokusebenzisa izimpawu ezimele umqondo olula.
Lezi zibhebhe zakuqala zidlulisela izinto kuphela, njengenkunzi noma ingwe, futhi azibhekwa njengesimiso sokubhala.
Kancane kancane, ama-pictograms aguquke ukuze achaze ulwazi olungaphatheki. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kolimi kwaziwa ngokuthi isimiso se-Rebus, lapho izimpawu zaziguqulwa zibe amaginogram, noma izinhlamvu eziveza imibono ngonkamisa namalunga. Manje, ukubhala kwe-cuneiform kwase kusebenza ifonetiki nesemantic.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukubhala kwe-cuneiform kwakungameleli izinto ezilula nje kuphela, kodwa futhi kudlulisele incazelo enikezwe umbhali.
Umfundi angakwazi ukuqonda izizathu eziqondile nemizwelo ngokubhala, njengengwe egijimayo noma umuntu odangele. Le ntuthuko ye-cuneiform yenza izinhlamvu ezingu-600 zaba lula zaba ngu-400.
Ukubhalwa kwe-cuneiform kwaba nendima ebalulekile emlandweni waseMesophothamiya. Ababhali bangaleso sikhathi babekwazi ukubhala amagama, amazwi, ngisho nokuloba imilando nemithetho yenkosi.
Ngenxa yokubhala nge-cuneiform, kwavela izethulo zokuqala zezincwadi kanye nezinhlelo zomthetho, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Epic of Gilgamesh kanye ne -Code of Hammurabi.
Ukubhala kwe-Cuneiform kwakha isimiso sokubhala esaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho nezokuxhumana emhlabeni.
Izinkomba
- Spar, Ira. (2004). Umsuka Wokubhala. Kumugqa wesikhathi we-Heilbrunn, Umlando Wobuciko. ENew York: I-Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- Chuchiak, John. 2006. Ukubhala kweCuneiform. I-Michigan Technological University.
- Mark, Joshua J. 2011. Cuneiform. I-Encyclopedia Yomlando Wasendulo.
- Kriwaczek, P. (2012). IBhabhiloni: IMesopotamiya kanye nokuzalwa kwempucuko. ENew York: Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin's Press
- Imvelo Kazwelonke Yezabantu. 2017. Uhlelo lokubhala lwe-cuneiform eMesopotamiya yasendulo: ukuvela nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.