I-Psychobiology iwumkhakha wocwaningo ozinikele ekuphenyeni ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinqubo zebhayoloji nokuziphatha, efuna ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi wobuchopho ukuthonya kanjani ukuziphatha komuntu. Le sayensi yezinhlanga ezahlukene ihlanganisa ulwazi oluvela kusayensi yezengqondo kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi izinqubo ze-physiological, neurochemical, kanye nezakhi zofuzo zithonya kanjani ukuqonda komuntu, imizwa, nokuziphatha. I-Psychobiology ifunda izinhlobonhlobo zezimo, ezifana nokusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa, izinqubo zobuchopho ezihilelekile ekufundeni nasekukhumbuleni, isisekelo sebhayoloji semizwa nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, phakathi kokunye.
Isifundo sobudlelwano phakathi kwezinqubo zebhayoloji nezokuziphatha: i-psychobiology in focus.
I-Psychobiology inkambu yezinhlanga ezahlukene efunda ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinqubo zebhayoloji nezokuziphatha. Ifuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa kuthonya kanjani ukuziphatha komuntu, ukuphenya yonke into kusukela ezinqubweni ze-neurochemical kuya kusisekelo sofuzo semizwelo nemisebenzi yokuqonda. Ngamanye amazwi, i-psychobiology ifuna ukwembula ukuthi izici zebhayoloji zomzimba womuntu zinethonya kanjani ezenzweni zethu, imicabango, kanye nemizwa.
Le sayensi isebenzisa indlela ehlanganisayo, ehlanganisa ulwazi olusuka kungqondongqondo, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, isayensi yezinzwa, neminye imikhakha ehlobene. Lokhu kuyivumela ukuthi ihlaziye ukusebenzisana phakathi kobuchopho, umzimba, nokuziphatha ngokuningilizayo nangokujulile. Isibonelo, izifundo ze-psychobiology zingaphenya ukuthi ukukhishwa kwama-neurotransmitters afana ne-dopamine kuthonya kanjani ugqozi nomvuzo, noma ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kungahlotshaniswa kanjani nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Kusisiza ukuba siqaphele ukuthi izenzo zethu nemicabango akuhlukani nezinqubo zebhayoloji ezenzeka emizimbeni yethu, kodwa kunalokho kuwumphumela wokusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuthakazelisayo phakathi kofuzo, izinzwa, nokuziphatha.
Labo abanokuqeqeshwa ku-biology kanye ne-psychology bangasebenza emkhakheni we-psychobiology.
Njengamanje, i-psychobiology iwumkhakha wocwaningo ohlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene osethole ukuvelela okwandayo endaweni yesayensi. Labo abanokuqeqeshwa kubhayoloji nesayikholoji bakufanelekele ukusebenza kulo mkhakha, baphenya ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinqubo zebhayoloji nezengqondo ezenzeka emzimbeni womuntu.
I-Psychobiology, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-neuroscience yokuziphatha, ifuna ukuqonda ukuthi ubuchopho nohlelo lwezinzwa luyithonya kanjani indlela yokuziphatha, imizwelo, nezinqubo zokuqonda. Ngezindlela zocwaningo lwesayensi, izazi ze-psychobiologists zihlola ukusebenza kobuchopho, ama-neurotransmitters, amahomoni, nezinye izici zomzimba ezihlobene nengqondo yomuntu nokuziphatha.
Ezinye zezihloko ezifundwe yi-psychobiology zifaka i-neuroplasticity, ukulala, ingcindezi, inkumbulo, imizwa, kanye nezifo zemizwa. Ngendlela ehlanganisayo, le sayensi ifuna ukuxhuma ulwazi oluvela kubhayoloji nesayikholoji ukuze kuqondwe kabanzi futhi ngokujulile ukuthi ubuchopho busebenza kanjani kanye nobudlelwano babo nokuziphatha komuntu.
Ngakho-ke, labo abanokuqeqeshwa kubhayoloji nesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo banethuba lokufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwe-psychobiology ngokuphenya imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nengqondo nobuchopho. Ngombono ophelele kanye nemikhakha eminingi, laba basebenzi bangabambisana ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha, ukwelashwa, nokungenelela okukhuthaza impilo yengqondo nokuphila kahle.
Qonda ukuthi iyini i-neuroscience nokuthi iyini into efundwayo.
I-Psychobiology, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-neuroscience yokuziphatha, iwumkhakha wocwaningo ohlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene efuna ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwesimiso sezinzwa nokuziphatha komuntu. I-Psychobiology ifunda ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinqubo zebhayoloji nezengqondo ezithonya izenzo zethu, imicabango, kanye nemizwa.
Isayensi yezinzwa ihlola isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wesimiso sezinzwa, kusukela kuma-molecule kuya ezingeni lokuziphatha, ngenhloso yokucacisa izindlela eziyisisekelo zezinqubo zengqondo. Ngale ndlela, izinzwa zifuna ukuqonda ukuthi ubuchopho bucubungula kanjani ulwazi, bulawula imizwa, bulawula ukunyakaza, futhi buthonya kanjani izinqumo zethu.
Ngamasu ahlukahlukene okuphenya, njenge-magnetic resonance imaging, i-electroencephalography, kanye nezifundo zezilwane, abacwaningi be-Psychobiology bafuna ukuxazulula izimfihlakalo zengqondo yomuntu. Ngale ndlela , i-Psychobiology ayinikeli nje kuphela ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi lwesayensi, kodwa futhi nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokwelapha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zezifo zezinzwa nezengqondo.
Ngakho-ke , ukufunda i-Psychobiology kubalulekile kulabo abafisa ukuqonda kangcono imvelo yomuntu nokufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi.
Imvelaphi yebhayoloji yokuziphatha: qonda ukuthi imizimba yethu ithonya kanjani izenzo nezinqumo zethu.
I-Psychobiology iwumkhakha wesayensi ofunda ubudlelwano phakathi kokuziphatha komuntu nezinqubo zebhayoloji zomzimba. Nge-psychobiology, kungenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi izenzo nezinqumo zethu zithonywa kanjani yizici zomzimba nezemizwa.
Ngamanye amazwi, i-Psychobiology ifuna ukuphenya ukuthi umzimba nobuchopho kuhlobene kanjani nokuthi lokhu kuxhumana kuthinta kanjani ukuziphatha kwethu emhlabeni. Ngezifundo nocwaningo, izazi ze-psychobiology zifuna ukuhlonza amaphethini okuziphatha ahlobene nezinqubo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo.
Esinye isibonelo salokhu ithonya lama-neurotransmitter esimweni sethu sengqondo nasemizweni. Izinto ezifana ne-serotonin ne-dopamine zidlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni isimo sethu sengqondo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, zithonya izinqumo nezenzo zethu zansuku zonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Psychobiology ifunda nokuthi izici zofuzo zingathonya kanjani ukuziphatha kwethu. Izici ezithile zofuzo zingase zenze abantu bacabange ngezindlela ezithile ezimweni ezithile.
Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda imvelaphi yokuziphatha kwezinto eziphilayo kubalulekile ukuze kube nombono ophelele nophelele ngabantu. I-Psychobiology isisiza siqonde ukuthi siyizidalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezithonywa uchungechunge lwezinto eziphilayo ezibumba izenzo nezinqumo zethu nsuku zonke.
I-Psychobiology: iyini futhi ifundani le sayensi?
Lapho i-psychology kanye ne-biology kuhlangana ndawonye ukuze kutholwe izimpendulo zemibuzo ephakanyiswe ukuziphatha komuntu, i-psychobiology iyavela, isiyalo sesayensi esihlose ukuqonda ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu kusebenza kanjani ngokusekelwe kumibandela yezinto eziphilayo.
Kulesi sihloko, sichaza ukuthi iyini i-psychobiology nokuthi yavela kanjani , yiziphi izindawo zayo zokutadisha, izinhlobo zocwaningo ezivame ukusetshenziswa, kanye nobudlelwano bayo nezinye izazi ze-neuroscience.
Iyini i-psychobiology futhi ivela kanjani?
I-Psychobiology noma i-biopsychology iyisifundo sesayensi esihlola izimo zengqondo kanye nokuziphatha kwabantu ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo . Ububanzi balesi sayensi buhlanganisa izihloko ezifana nokuvela kobuchopho, ukusebenza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sezinzwa, ukuqonda izinqubo zezinzwa nezokuqonda, kanye nokufunda ukuziphatha okuyisisekelo njengobulili noma ukuzala, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi.
Ucwaningo lokuziphatha lunomlando omude, kodwa i-psychobiology ayizange ibe yisifundo esikhulu sesayensi yezinzwa kwaze kwaba yikhulu lama-20. Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukucacisa usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kwale sayensi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukushicilelwa kwencwadi kaDonald Hebb ethi *The Behavior of Organization* kwadlala indima ebalulekile ekuveleni kwayo.
Encwadini yakhe, uHebb wasungula inkolelo-mbono yokuqala ebanzi yokuthi ezinye izimo zengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengemizwa, imicabango, noma izinkumbulo, zingakhiqizwa kanjani umsebenzi wobuchopho . Inkolelo-mbono yakhe yenza lukhulu ekuhlaziseni imfundiso yokuthi ukusebenza kwengqondo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuba kube umphumela womsebenzi wobuchopho wezinto eziphilayo kanye nowamakhemikhali.
U-Hebb wasekela umbono wakhe ekuhloleni okuhilela abantu nezilwane zaselabhorethri, izimo zomtholampilo, nezimpikiswano ezinengqondo azisungula ngokusekelwe ekuqapheleni kwakhe. Le ndlela ye-eclectic kamuva izoba uphawu locwaningo lwe-psychobiological.
Izindawo zokufunda
Ngokuvamile, ochwepheshe be-psychobiology bafunda izinkinga ezifanayo nezengqondo yezemfundo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi zinqunyelwe isidingo sokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezingezona ezomuntu. Ngenxa yalokho, izincwadi eziningi ze-psychobiology zigxile ezinqubweni zengqondo nokuziphatha okwabiwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ezinye zezibonelo zezindawo ezivame kakhulu zokufunda ku-psychobiology yilezi: izinqubo zokuzwa nokuqonda; ukuziphatha okubandakanya isisusa (indlala, ukoma, ucansi); ukufunda kanye nenkumbulo; ukulala kanye nezilinganiso zebhayoloji; noma imizwa kanye nokuziphatha okunolaka.
Ngokwanda kobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezinembile kakhulu ezingangenisi umthelela ezingasetshenziswa kubantu, i-psychobiology isiqala ukufaka isandla kwezinye izindawo ezijwayelekile ze-psychology , njengolimi, ukwenza izinqumo kanye nokucabanga, noma imiphumela yokwazi.
I-Psychobiology nayo inikele ngolwazi lwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ezinye iziyalo, ezifana nokuphazamiseka kwezokwelapha kanye ne-psychopathology. Nakuba zingekho izinhlobo zezilwane zazo zonke izifo zengqondo, i-psychobiology inikeze ukuqonda ezinkingeni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise, isibonelo:
1. Isifo sikaParkinson
Ukuphazamiseka okuwohlokayo kwesimiso sezinzwa esithinta amakhono emoto nokukhuluma.
- Ungase ube nentshisekelo: "I-Parkinson's: izimbangela, izimpawu, ukwelashwa kanye nokuvimbela"
2. Isifo sikaHuntington
Isifo sezinzwa esizuzwe njengefa esinezimpawu eziyinhloko ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile kanye nokuntuleka kokuxhumana.
3. Isifo i-Alzheimer's:
Lesi sifo esaziwayo se-neurodeergenerative sidala ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwengqondo okubandakanya izinguquko zokuziphatha kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
4. Ukucindezeleka komtholampilo
Isifo sengqondo esivamile esibonakala ngokuncipha kwemizwa okuqhubekayo, ukulahlekelwa intshisekelo emisebenzini evamile, kanye nokuncipha kwamandla okujabulela injabulo.
5. I-Schizophrenia
Ukugula kwengqondo okubonakala ngokukhubazeka ekuboneni noma ekuvezeni iqiniso , okuvame ukubonakala njengokubona izinto ezingekho, ukukhohliswa, inkulumo engahlelekile kanye nomcabango esimweni sokungasebenzi kahle okukhulu kwezenhlalo noma emsebenzini.
- Ungase ube nesithakazelo kokuthi: "Kuyini i-schizophrenia? Izimpawu nokwelashwa"
6. I-Autism
Isifo sokukhula kwezinzwa esiphazamisa ukuxhumana nabantu kanye nokuxhumana futhi sibangela ukuziphatha okulinganiselwe nokuphindaphindayo.
7. Ukukhathazeka
Isimo sokuphila esibonakala ngokuba khona kwezingxenye zengqondo, ze-somatic, zemizwa, nezokuziphatha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukudala imizwa yokwesaba, ukwesaba, noma ukukhathazeka.
Lesi siqondiso sinabuphi ubuhlobo namanye ama-neuroscience?
Isayensi efunda uhlelo lwezinzwa kanye nobudlelwano balo nokuqonda nokuziphatha kwabantu , noma lokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi i-neuroscience, yimikhakha lapho ukusebenza ngokubambisana kanye nokufundisana okuhlukahlukene kubaluleke kakhulu khona.
Ama-Biopsychologists ososayensi abanikela olwazini locwaningo mayelana nezindlela zocwaningo lokuziphatha. Yilokhu kugxila ekuphenyeni ukuziphatha komuntu okwenza iminikelo yabo kuyo yonke i-neuroscience ifaneleke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-psychobiology ngeke ibe yisifundo esihlanganisayo njengoba siyiso namuhla ngaphandle komnikelo wezinye izazi ze-neuroscience, njengalezo ezichazwe ngezansi:
- I-Neuroanatomy: funda ukwakheka kwesistimu yezinzwa.
- I-Neurochemistry: Lesi siyalo sifunda isisekelo samakhemikhali somsebenzi wezinzwa.
- I-Neuroendocrinology: inesibopho sokutadisha ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesistimu yezinzwa kanye nohlelo lwe-endocrine.
- I-Neuropathology: ihlola izifo zesistimu yezinzwa.
- I-Neuropharmacology: inesibopho sokutadisha umphumela wezidakamizwa emsebenzini wesimiso sezinzwa.
- I-Neurophysiology: isayensi efunda imisebenzi nemisebenzi yesistimu yezinzwa.
Izinhlobo zocwaningo ku-psychobiology
Ochwepheshe be-psychobiology banomthwalo wokufunda izinto eziningi ezahlukene zengqondo futhi babheka ucwaningo lwabo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ucwaningo lwe-psychobiology lungabandakanya abantu nezilwane; lungenziwa ngocwaningo lokuhlola noma lokubuka; futhi lungaba yinto eyisisekelo noma esetshenziswayo. Ake sibheke ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi ngayinye yalezi zinto iquketheni.
1. Ukuhlola abantu nezilwane
Ucwaningo lwe-Psychobiological lwenziwe kubantu nasezilwaneni, ikakhulukazi amagundane namagundane, nakuba amakati, izinja, nezinkawu nazo ziye zasetshenziswa. Inzuzo yokusebenza nabantu ukuthi bangakwazi ukulandela imiyalelo futhi babike okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okuzimele, futhi, kunjalo, banobuchopho bomuntu ukuze bafinyelele iziphetho ezinembe kakhulu kunezinye izilwane.
Kodwa-ke, umehluko phakathi kobuchopho bomuntu nobezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlobene nawo ungowenani elikhulu kune-qualitative . Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezingezona ezomuntu zinenzuzo yokuba nesimiso sezinzwa esilula, okwenza kube lula ukwembula ukusebenzisana phakathi kobuchopho nokuziphatha. Ngokufanayo, iqiniso lokuthi ucwaningo lwenziwa nezilwane lenza kube lula indlela yokuqhathanisa esifundweni sezinqubo zezinto eziphilayo.
2. Ucwaningo lokuhlola nokuhlola
Ucwaningo lwe-Psychobiology luhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwesayensi kanye nezifundo zokuqaphela; ekugcineni, akukho okuguquguqukayo okuguquguqukayo futhi idatha ebonwa ngokwemvelo kuphela eqoqwayo.
Izifundo zokuhlola zisetshenziselwa ukutadisha imbangela ; okungukuthi, ukuthola ukuthi yini ebangela isenzakalo esithile. Ukuze enze ucwaningo oluhilela abantu abaphilayo, umcwaningi kumele aklame izimo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu lapho bezohlolwa khona. Ngokuvamile, iqembu elihlukile labantu liyahlolwa ngaphansi kwesimo ngasinye sokuhlola (ukwakheka phakathi kwezihloko), nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka ukuhlola iqembu elifanayo ngaphansi kwesimo ngasinye (ngaphakathi kokwakheka kwezihloko).
Umhloli unikeza izihloko esimweni ngasinye, uphatha izivivinyo, futhi ulinganise umphumela, ukuze kube nomehluko owodwa kuphela ongaqhathaniswa phakathi kwezimo zokuhlola ezihlukene: okuhlukile okuzimele. Ukushintshashintsha okukalwa yisilingo sokuhlola umphumela wokuhluka okuzimele kubizwa ngokuthi i- dependent variable. Uma ukuhlolwa kuphumelela, noma yimuphi umehluko ekuhlukeni okuncikile phakathi kwezimo kufanele ukuthi udalwe ukuhluka okuzimele.
3. Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo nolusetshenziswayo
Ucwaningo lwe-psychobiology lungaba oluyisisekelo noma olusetshenziswayo. Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lushukunyiswa kakhulu yilukuluku lomcwaningi; lwenziwa kuphela ngenhloso yokuthola ulwazi olusha ngale ndaba.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ucwaningo olusetshenzisiwe luzofuna ukukhiqiza inzuzo ethile eqondile kubantu abanikiwe.
Yebo, akudingekile ukuthi iphrojekthi yocwaningo ibe eyisisekelo kuphela noma isetshenziswe kuphela, njengoba izinhlelo eziningi zinezakhi zazo zombili izindlela futhi zibuyiselwa emuva ngoba ulwazi olukhiqizwa ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo lusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ezisebenzayo zocwaningo olusetshenzisiwe.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- U-Escera, C. (2004). Indlela yomlando neyomqondo ku-cognitive neuroscience. Ingqondo, 16 (2), 141-61.
- Ripoll, D. R. (2010). Okuyisisekelo kwe-psychobiology (Umqulu 147). Ukuhlela kwe-UOC.
- Wickens, A. (2009). Isingeniso ku-Biopsychology. Imfundo yePearson