- Impucuko yaseGibhithe yachuma ngenxa yokulawulwa kwezikhukhula zoMfula iNayile, okuvumela ukuzinza kwezolimo kanye nomphakathi.
- Isakhiwo sezombusazwe sasigxile kuFaro, inkosi ephelele neyaphezulu eyayiqondisa inkolo kanye nombuso.
- Ifa lamasiko lisukela ohlelweni lokubhala oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-hieroglyphic kuya kumaphiramidi amakhulu kanye nentuthuko kwezokwelapha kanye nezibalo.
Uma sicabanga ngemiphakathi eshiye uphawu lwayo emhlabeni, akunakwenzeka ukungakhulumi ngeGibhithe Lasendulo . Leli siko elingavamile lalingelona nje isikhathi senhlanhla emlandweni, kodwa kwakuyiphrojekthi yomphakathi eyahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu, ichuma ogwini loMfula iNayile ngokuhambisana okushiya noma ubani engenamazwi. Kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kweGibhithe Eliphezulu neLiphansi kuya ekuweni kweCleopatra, abaseGibhithe bakha umbuso owahlanganisa ukholo olujulile, ubunjiniyela obumangalisayo, kanye nenhlangano yezepolitiki eyayicishe iphelele ngesikhathi sayo.
Okwenza konke lokhu kube mnandi nakakhulu ukuthi bakwazile kanjani ukuguqula ugwadule olunzima lwaba yindawo yokuchuma. Ukuphila kwakuzungeza isigqi somfula, kwakha ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwemvelo, ubuNkulunkulu, kanye nohulumeni . Uma ufuna ukuqonda ukuthi basuka kanjani emaqenjini amancane abazingeli nabaqoqi bezinto eziyigugu baya kubanikazi bezikhumbuzo ezisaphikisana nomqondo nanamuhla, udinga ukuhlolisisa imininingwane yesakhiwo sabo senhlalo, izinkolelo zabo ngokuphila ngemva kokufa, kanye necebo lezempi elandisa imingcele yabo eMfuleni i-Ewufrathe.
Inhliziyo Yempucuko: ISigodi saseNayile
UHerodotus wayeseshilo kakade ukuthi iGibhithe liyisipho seNayile, futhi wayengeke abe neqiniso elingcono. Ngaphandle kwezikhukhula zaminyaka yonke, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Akhet , lesi sifunda besiyoba yisihlabathi kuphela. Lo mjikelezo waletha udaka, umanyolo wemvelo owenza umhlaba ukhiqize kakhulu. AbaseGibhithe babengabachwepheshe bokunisela, bedala imisele nemisele yokuthwala amanzi lapho kudingeka khona, behlukanisa unyaka ngezinkathi ezintathu: uzamcolo, ukutshala (iPeret), kanye nokuvuna (iShemu). Lokhu kudla okuningi kwavumela abantu ukuba bangachithi isikhathi sabo sonke betshala, bevula indawo yokuvela kwabaculi, ababhali, kanye nabakhi bezakhiwo.
Ngokwendawo, izwe lalihlukaniswe phakathi kwe-Upper Egypt (eningizimu, esigodini esincane) kanye ne -Lower Egypt (enyakatho, e-Delta). Lokhu kuhlukana kwakukhona kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kobukhosi, kodwa cishe ngo-3100 BC, abantu abanjengoNarmer bakhuthaza ubumbano, kwakha umbuso ophakathi. Indawo yayivikelwe yizithiyo zemvelo, njenge-Libyan Desert kanye ne-Eastern Desert, okwaqinisekisa ukuthi isiko laseGibhithe lathuthuka ngobuntu obuhlukile nobangempela , lihlupheka kancane ngaphandle isikhathi eside.
Ubukhosi Bamandla Nomfanekiso KaFaro
Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakukhona uFaro, owayengeyena nje inkosi, kodwa eyisidalwa esingaphansi konkulunkulu . Wayebhekwa njengomuntu kaHorus eMhlabeni, futhi ngemva kokufa, wahlangana no-Osiris. Uhulumeni wawuyinkosi ephelele nengokwenkolo , lapho uFaro ayebusa khona konke: kusukela ebulungiseni nasemithethoni kuya emasu ezempi kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kokudla . Ukuze asize kulo msebenzi omkhulu, kwakukhona iVizier (Tjati), owayeyisandla sokunene senkosi futhi enakekela izikhulu, izintela, kanye nobulungiswa.
- Abapristi: Babephethe amathempeli, ayeyizikhungo zomnotho ezinamandla, futhi beqondisa amasiko okugcina iMaat (ukuhleleka kwendawo yonke).
- Ababhali: Iqembu elihlakaniphile elalikwazi kahle uhlelo lokubhala oluyinkimbinkimbi, liqopha konke kusukela ekubalweni kwabantu kuya ezingomeni zenkolo.
- Izingcweti Namasosha: Unesibopho sobuhle bezikhumbuzo kanye nokuvikela imingcele kubahlaseli abanjengoHyksos.
- Abalimi (Fellahin): Isisekelo salo mbhoshongo sasihlanganisa labo ababesebenza emasimini futhi babizelwa emisebenzini emikhulu yomphakathi ngesikhathi sezikhukhula.
Ubulungiswa babusekelwe ekuqondeni okuvamile kanye nokuphishekela izivumelwano, yize amacala amakhulu njengokuphanga amathuna ayejeziswa ngokufa ngokunqunywa ikhanda noma ukubethelwa. Umphakathi wawunobuzwe bobudoda, kodwa abesifazane baseGibhithe babenamalungelo amangalisayo ngaleso sikhathi, bekwazi ukuba nomhlaba, baqale isehlukaniso, futhi baze bathathe isihlalo sobukhosi, njengasendabeni kaHatshepsut odumile.
Umugqa Wesikhathi: Kusukela Ekuhlanganiseni Kuya Ekubuseni KwamaRoma
Umlando waseGibhithe uhlukaniswe waba imibuso emikhulu kanye nezinkathi zokungazinzi. EMbusweni Omdala , sibona inkathi yamaphiramidi amakhulu aseGiza, lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kufinyelela khona esicongweni sawo. Kwabe sekufika iNkathi Yokuqala Ephakathi, ephawulwe yizimpi zombango kanye nendlala, kwaze kwaba yilapho uMbuso Ophakathi ubuyisa ukuzinza, ugxile kakhulu ekwandiseni kwezentengiselwano kanye namaphrojekthi okunisela eFayum Valley.
Ingqopha-mlando yezizwe zonke yenzeka ngesikhathi soMbuso Omusha . Lesi kwakuyisikhathi samaFaro amaqhawe, njengoThutmose III, owahola iGibhithe ukuba libuse izindawo ezinkulu zase-Asia naseNubia. Kwakungalesi sikhathi futhi lapho kwavela khona ukuhlubuka kuka-Akhenaten, owazama ukuphoqelela ubuNkulunkulu bunye ngokukhulekelwa kwediski yelanga i-Aten , wathuthela inhloko-dolobha e-Akhetaten. Kamuva, uRamses II waqinisa amandla akhe ngezakhiwo ezinkulu futhi wasayina isivumelwano sokuqala sokuthula emlandweni ngemva kweMpi yaseKadesh.
Ukwehla kwaqala ngeSikhathi Sesithathu Esiphakathi, lapho izwe lalihlukene khona futhi libuswa amaLibya namaKushi. ISikhathi Sakamuva saletha ukuvuselelwa okufushane, kodwa saphela ngokuhlasela kwamaPheresiya. Ekugcineni, u-Alexander Omkhulu wanqoba lesi sifunda, waqala uMbuso wamaPtolemaic , lapho isiko lamaGreki lahlangana khona nesiko laseGibhithe, kwaphetha ngokubusa kukaCleopatra VII. Ngokunqotshwa kwayo, iGibhithe ngokusemthethweni laba yisifundazwe soMbuso WaseRoma ngo-30 BC.
Inkolo, Ukufa kanye Nobuphakade
KwabaseGibhithe, impilo yasemhlabeni yayimane nje iyisiqalo sento enkulu. Inkolo yabo yayinobunkulunkulu futhi ixhumene kakhulu nezinto zemvelo. Onkulunkulu abanjengoRa , u-Amun, no-Isis babekhulekelwa emathempelini amakhulu, kodwa into ababeyithanda kakhulu kwakuwukunqoba ukufa. Babekholelwa ukuthi abantu bakhiwa izingxenye ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa uBa (umphefumulo) noKa ( amandla abalulekile), okwakudinga umzimba wenyama ukuze usinde ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.
Lokhu kuchaza ubunzima bokubumba izidumbu . Le nqubo yayihilela ukususa izitho zomzimba (ezigcinwe ezitsheni ze-canopic), ukucwilisa umzimba nge-natron, nokuwusonga ngelineni. Umqondo wawuwukuthi inhliziyo, isihlalo sobuhlakani, yayizolinganiswa esikalini sika-Anubis ngokumelene nophaphe lweqiniso (Maat). Uma inhliziyo yayilula, umuntu wayengena ePharadesi lika-Osiris ; uma yayisindwa yizono, yayidliwa yisilo sasenganekwaneni.
Isayensi, Ubuciko kanye nolwazi lobuchwepheshe
AbaseGibhithe babengagcini nje ngokuthanda ukufa; babeyizihlakaniphi zokuphila okusebenzayo. Ezibalweni , basebenzisa uhlelo lwedesimali futhi bafunda i-geometry ukuze bakhe kabusha imingcele yomhlaba ngemva kwezikhukhula futhi bamise amaphiramidi ngokunemba kwamamilimitha. Kwezokwelapha , babeyinkomba eMpumalanga Eseduze, benza ukuhlinzwa, behlinza amanxeba, futhi bedala i-pharmacopoeia yokuqala eyaziwayo, bexuba amakhambi namaminerali.
Ubuciko babulandela umthetho wobungqabavu , lapho umzimba wawumelelwa ngendlela ehlelekile ukuze udlulisele ubunjalo kanye nohlelo, hhayi ubuqiniso. Imibala yayinezincazelo: omnyama wawufanekisela ukuvunda kweNayile, kanti igolide lalimele ubuphakade. Umbhalo we-hieroglyphic , onezimpawu zawo ezingamakhulu, wawusetshenziselwa izinjongo ezingcwele, kanti imibhalo ye-hieratic neye-demotic yayiyizinguqulo ezihambisanayo zokuphila kwansuku zonke kanye nokuphatha.
Impilo Yansuku Zonke kanye Nomnotho
Umnotho wawusekelwe ekushintshisaneni, njengoba babengasebenzisi izinhlamvu zemali kwaze kwaba yiNkathi Yokugcina. Indinganiso yenani kwakuyi- deben (isisindo sethusi noma isiliva). Babeqhuba imisebenzi eyinhloko yezomnotho yaseGibhithe , bethumela okusanhlamvu, i-papyrus, nelineni, futhi bengenisa ukhuni lomsedari oluvela eLebhanoni, igolide elivela eNubia, kanye ne-lapis lazuli elivela e-Afghanistan. I-Papyrus , eyasungulwa yibo, yashintsha indlela ulwazi olwalugcinwa ngayo ezweni lasendulo.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, izindlu zazakhiwe ngezitini zodaka ukuze kugcinwe ukupholisa. Ukuhlanzeka kwakuthathwa ngokungathi sína, kusetshenziswa amafutha anuka kamnandi, amakha, kanye nezimonyo (njenge-kohl emehlweni), okwakusebenza kokubili ngezinjongo zobuhle nokuvikela isikhumba elangeni elishisayo. Ukudla kwakucebile ngesinkwa sikakolweni nesebhali, ubhiya, imifino, kanye nenhlanzi yaseNayile, kanti inyama yayigcinelwe abantu abaphezulu noma amasiko.
Konke lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela ekuphathweni ngokucophelela kwamanzi aseNayile kuya ekwakhiweni kwamathuna adlule iminyaka eyizinkulungwane, kubonisa ukuthi iGibhithe lalingaphezu nje kweqoqo lamanxiwa. Kwakuwukuhlolwa kwezenhlalo nengokomoya okwahlanganisa ngokuhlukile ezombusazwe, inkolo, nesayensi, okushiya ifa elisakhuthaza ilukuluku lomuntu futhi libumba umbono wethu wokuthi kusho ukuthini ukufuna ukungafi ngamasiko nobuciko.