Isayikholoji yezemfundo igatsha lepsychology elizinikele ocwaningweni lokuziphatha komuntu kumongo wemfundo. Inhloso yayo enkulu ukuqonda ukuthi abantu bafunda kanjani nokuthi le nqubo ingenziwa kanjani ngokugcwele. Kuze kube manje, isayense yezemfundo isebenzisa amathiyori nemiqondo evela kungqondongqondo ukuze ihlaziye ukuthuthuka kwengqondo, imizwa, nenhlalo yabantu endaweni yemfundo. Ngakho-ke, i-psychology yezemfundo ifuna ukufaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni inqubo yokufunda nokufundisa, ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele kwabafundi.
Imiqondo eyinhloko yokusebenza kwengqondo esetshenziswa emfundweni: funda ngokubaluleka kwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo.
A i-psychology yezemfundo Isayikholoji yezemfundo igatsha lepsychology elizinikele ekutadisheni inqubo yokufunda nokufunda, okuhloswe ngayo ukuqonda ukuthi abantu bathola kanjani ulwazi namakhono. Ngalo mqondo, isayense yezemfundo ifuna ukuhlonza izici ezithonya ukuqonda kwabafundi, imizwa, nentuthuko yenhlalo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zemfundo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezibandakanyayo.
Omunye wemiqondo esemqoka ye-psychology esetshenziswa kwezemfundo ngu ithiyori yokufunda, okubhekiselwa ezindleleni zethiyori ezehlukene ezichaza ukuthi inqubo yokuthola ulwazi yenzeka kanjani. Phakathi kwemibono eyaziwa kakhulu i-behaviourism, i-cognitivism, ne-constructivism, ngayinye inokugcizelela kwayo kanye nokucabangela ukuthi abafundi bafunda kanjani.
Ngaphezu kwalokho i-psychology yezemfundo futhi unentshisekelo ku ugqozi yabafundi, okungukuthi, izici ezithonya intshisekelo, ukuphikelela, nokusebenza kwezemfundo. Ukuqonda ukuthi yini ekhuthaza abafundi kubalulekile ekudaleni indawo yokufunda evuselelayo nehehayo ekhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile komuntu ngamunye.
Esinye isici esibalulekile se-psychology esetshenziswa kwezemfundo yi ukuhlolwa kwengqondo, okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi namasu okusebenza kwengqondo ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwezemfundo kwabafundi, amakhono okuqonda, namakhono angokomzwelo. Ukuhlola okungokwengqondo kusiza othisha babone ubunzima bokufunda, bahlele ukungenelela komuntu siqu, futhi kukhuthaze inhlalakahle yabafundi.
Ngokusebenzisa imiqondo kanye nethiyori yesayikholoji yezemfundo ekwenzeni ukufundisa, othisha bangathuthukisa inqubo yokufundisa nokufunda, bayenze ibe nenjongo futhi inothise kuwo wonke umuntu ohilelekile.
Funda mayelana nemibono eyinhloko ye-psychology esetshenziswa emfundweni kanye nomthelela wayo.
I-Educational Psychology igatsha lepsychology elizinikele ekutadisheni ukuthi abantu bafunda kanjani nokuthi lolu lwazi lungasetshenziswa kanjani ekusebenzeni kwezemfundo. Kuze kube manje, isebenzisa amathiyori ahlukene engqondo asiza ukuqonda izinqubo zokufundisa nokufunda.
Eminye yemibono eyinhloko ye-psychology esetshenziswa emfundweni yile I-Behaviorist Theory, a Ithiyori Yengqondo kanye I-Socioconstructivist TheoryIthiyori ye-Behaviorist, isibonelo, igcizelela ukubaluleka kwemvelo ekufundeni, kanti i-Cognitive Theory igqamisa indima yezinqubo zengqondo ekwakhiweni kolwazi. I-Social Constructivist Theory, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikwazisa ukuxhumana kwezenhlalo namasiko enqubweni yokufunda.
Umthelela wale mibono ekusebenzeni kwezemfundo ubalulekile. Isibonelo, i-Behaviorist Theory ibe nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kokuqinisa okuhle nokubi ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuthile ekilasini. Ithiyori yokuqonda iholele ekusungulweni kwamasu okufundisa akhuthaza ukuzindla nokuxazulula izinkinga. Futhi I-Social Constructivist Theory ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabafundi kanye nokwazisa kokuhlangenwe nakho komfundi ngamunye.
Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa le mibono, othisha bangathuthukisa ikhwalithi yokufundisa futhi babe neqhaza ekuthuthukisweni okuphelele kwabafundi.
Ama-theorists amakhulu we-psychology yezemfundo: thola ukuthi ubani owathonya imfundo yesimanje.
Isayikholoji yezemfundo igatsha lesayensi yengqondo elizinikele ekutadisheni inqubo yokufunda nokufunda, lifuna ukuqonda ukuthi abantu baluthola kanjani ulwazi futhi bathuthukise amakhono. Kuwo wonke umlando, osolwazi abahlukahlukene baye baba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwalo mkhakha, baba nomthelela emfundweni yangaleso sikhathi.
Omunye wemibono eyinhloko ye-psychology yezemfundo ngu UJean Piaget, ophakamise ithiyori yokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo, egqamisa ukubaluleka kokuxhumana kwesifundo nendawo ezungezile ukuze kwakhiwe ulwazi. Imibono yakhe yaba nomthelela ekufundiseni, okuholela ekwaziseni iqhaza elisebenzayo lomfundi enqubweni yokufunda.
Enye i-theorist ebalulekile Lev Vygotsky, owathuthukisa ithiyori ye-sociocultural, egcizelela umthelela wesimo senhlalo ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo. Ku-Vygotsky, ukusebenzisana nabanye kanye nokulamula kwamathuluzi amasiko kubalulekile ekufundeni. Imibono yakhe idale umqondo wezoni yentuthuko esondelene, egcizelela ukubaluleka kokuxhumana kontanga ekufundeni.
Ngaphezu kukaPiaget noVygotsky, abanye osolwazi abanjengo Burrhus Skinner, UJerome Bruner e Howard gardner futhi kwaba neqhaza elikhulu ekufundweni kwengqondo kwezemfundo. I-Skinner ihlongoze ithiyori yokuziphatha, egcizelela indima yemvelo ekubumbeni ukuziphatha, kuyilapho uBruner ethuthukisa ithiyori ye-constructivist, eyazisa ukwakhiwa okusebenzayo kolwazi ngumfundi. UGardner wenze isiphakamiso sethiyori yezobuhlakani eziningi, eqaphela ukuhlukahluka kwamakhono omuntu ngamunye namandla akhe.
Imiqondo eyisisekelo ye-psychology esetshenziswa emfundweni: izindlela eziyinhloko kanye nemibono.
I-Educational Psychology iwumkhakha wocwaningo ozinikele ekuqondeni inqubo yokufunda nokuthuthukiswa komuntu esimeni semfundo. Kulokhu, isebenzisa imiqondo eyahlukene kanye nethiyori esiza ekuqondeni izimo zengqondo ezikhona kwezemfundo.
Phakathi kwezindlela eziyinhloko zesayensi yezengqondo ezisetshenziswa kwezemfundo, isazi sokuziphatha, ingqondo, kanye ne-humanist ziyagqama. Ngayinye yalezi zindlela inethiyori nemiqondo ethize enomthelela ekuqondeni ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye kanye nenqubo yokufunda.
Indlela yokwenza Isazi sokuziphatha, isibonelo, igcizelela ukubaluleka kwemvelo ekufundeni, eqokomisa indima yezisusa kanye nezimpendulo ohlelweni lokulungisa ukuziphatha. Indlela yokwenza Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo (Cognitivist). igxile ekuqondeni izinqubo zengqondo ezihilelekile ekufundeni, njengenkumbulo, ukunaka, nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ekugcineni, indlela Umuntu ihlonipha ukuzimela nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye enqubweni yokufunda, igqamisa ukubaluleka kokuzazi nokuzazi.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zindlela ezishiwo, ezinye izinkolelo-mbono ze-Educational Psychology nazo zibalulekile, njenge-Sociocultural Theory kaVygotsky, egqamisa ithonya lesimo senhlalo namasiko ekufundeni, kanye neTheory of Moral Development ka-Kohlberg, ekhuluma ngokwakhiwa kokuziphatha ezigabeni ezihlukene zokuthuthuka komuntu.
Ngezindlela ezahlukene kanye nemibono, kungenzeka ukwandisa ulwazi mayelana nezimo zengqondo ezikhona kwezemfundo futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zemfundo eziphumelela kakhulu nezinenjongo.
I-psychology yezemfundo: incazelo, imiqondo kanye namathiyori
I-Psychology isifundo sesayensi sokuziphatha komuntu nezinqubo zengqondo. Imikhakha engaphansi eminingana ehlukene ngaphakathi kokusebenza kwengqondo igxile engxenyeni ethile yengqondo yomuntu ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuziphatha kwethu futhi unikeze amathuluzi okuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomuntu ngamunye.
Enye yalezi zigaba ezingaphansi yi i-psychology yezemfundo (ebizwa nangokuthi i-psychology yezemfundo ), enesibopho sokujulisa ukufunda kanye nezindlela zokufundisa ezifanele kakhulu zabafundi zokuthuthukisa amakhono abo okuqonda.
I-psychology yezemfundo: incazelo kanye nento yokufunda
I-psychology yezemfundo iyi-subdiscipline ye-psychology unesibopho sokutadisha izindlela ukufunda komuntu okwenzeka ngazo, ikakhulukazi kumongo wezikhungo zemfundo Isayikholoji yezemfundo ihlaziya izindlela esifunda ngazo nesizifundisayo futhi izame ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokungenelela kwezemfundo okuhlukahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo. Iphinde izame ukusebenzisa izimiso nemithetho yenhlalakahle yabantu ezikhungweni zemfundo nezinhlangano.
Ngamanye amazwi, inhloso yocwaningo lwesayensi yezengqondo yokufunda ukufunda kwabafundi kanye nezici ezihlukene ezilinganisa ukukhula kwabo kwengqondo.
I-psychology yezemfundo ukuthuthukisa ukufunda
Esimweni sesikole, i-psychology yezemfundo iphenya izindlela ezingcono kakhulu nezifundo ezivumela ukuthuthukisa imodeli yezemfundo nokuphathwa kwezikhungo .
Ukuze uqonde kangcono izici nezici ezithonya ukufunda ebuntwaneni, ebusheni, ebusheni nasebudaleni, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zemfundo zinesibopho ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa imibono ehlukene yokuthuthuka komuntu esiza ukuqonda izinqubo nezimo ezehlukene lapho ukufunda kwenzeka khona.
Ukufunda amathiyori
Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ababhali abaningana amamodeli ahlongozwayo kanye nethiyori ukuchaza ukuthi abantu bahlobana kanjani nolwazi . Le mibono isebenze ekuthonyeni izindlela nezindlela ezisetshenziswa yi-psychology yezemfundo.
Ithiyori yokufunda kaJean Piaget
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseSwitzerland UJean Piaget (1896-1980) waba nomthelela omkhulu kungqondongqondo yezemfundo. Ithiyori yakhe yaphenya izigaba izingane ezidlula kuzo ngamakhono azo okuqonda zize zibe nomcabango ophusile lapho zineminyaka eyishumi nanye. Ungumuntu ohamba phambili emkhakheni wezokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo.
Okuningi mayelana Ithiyori yokufunda kaPiaget, ukufunda lesi sihloko:
- "Ithiyori yokufunda kaJean Piaget"
Lev Vygostky's sociocultural theory
Isiko nomphakathi kunomthelela ongakanani ekukhuleni kwengqondo yezingane? Lowo ngumbuzo ovela kusazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseRussia Lev Vygostky (1896 - 1934). U-Vygostky uphenye umthelela wemikhakha ehlukene yomphakathi lapho ukusebenzelana kwenzeka khona okuholela ekutheni ingane ihlanganise futhi ifake ngaphakathi amaphethini athile okuziphatha.
Imiqondo yayo, njengokuthi ” indawo yokuthuthukiswa okuseduze "futhi" ukufundwa kwe-scaffold ” zisasebenza.
Konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nethiyori kaVygotsky, kulesi sifinyezo:
- "Ithiyori yezenhlalo kaLev Vygotsky"
I-Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura (owazalwa ngo-1925) futhi wasungula imiqondo esemqoka ye i-sociocognitivism kanye ne-psychology yezemfundo. I-Bandura ihlaziye ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo nezingokwenhlalo kanye nezinqubo zokufunda. Wabuye wabhala imiqondo enesithakazelo esikhulu, njenge ukuzicabangela .
Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nethiyori yakhe yokufunda lapha:
- "Ithiyori yokufunda ka-Albert Bandura"
Eminye imibono neminikelo
Kukhona nezinye izinto zokwakha ithiyori nazo ezinikele ngolwazi olubalulekile emkhakheni wezengqondo yezemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, ithiyori do ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha nguLawrence Kohlberg kanye no imodeli yokuthuthukiswa kwengane ehlongozwa ngu Rudolf Steiner .
Ngaphezu kochwepheshe bezengqondo abanikele ngohlamvu lwazo lwesihlabathi kusayensi yezengqondo yezemfundo, kuyadingeka futhi ukubalula abanye ababhali nezibalo ezinesisindo esiwujuqu abahlohle lesi siqeshana ngolwazi nokuzindla.
U-María Montessori: i-paradigm shift
Isibonelo, icala lomfundisi wase-Italy kanye nodokotela wezengqondo liyaphawuleka UMaria Montessori , owakwazi ukusungula isisekelo esisha ngokuphelele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lokufundisa. U-Montessori ukhiphe izisekelo ze-classical pedagogy ngokuphakamisa indlela yokufundisa eyethula izinsika ezine eziyisisekelo zemfundo yabafundi.
Lezi zinsika ezine okusekelwe kuzo noma iyiphi inqubo yokufunda: umuntu omdala , ingqondo yomfundi , indawo yokufunda kanye ne-" izikhathi ezibucayi ” lapho ingane ikwazi ukufunda ulwazi noma amakhono amasha.
Iqhaza lochwepheshe bezengqondo bezemfundo
Ochwepheshe bezengqondo bezemfundo banesibopho sokuhlaziya izici ezihlukahlukene zomfundi ngamunye. Lokhu kuqaphela umehluko ngamunye usebenzela ukuzama ukwenza ngcono ukuthuthukiswa nokufunda kwalowo nalowo wabo , ukukhombisa ubuhlakani, ugqozi, ubuciko namakhono okuxhumana, phakathi kwezinye izici.
Esinye sezihluthulelo: ugqozi
Umfundi ogqugquzelekile ukwamukela kakhulu ukuzuza ulwazi namakhono amasha Kungakho ukugqugquzeleka kuwumkhakha oyintandokazi wokufunda kupsychology yezemfundo. Ukugqugquzeleka kuncike ezingeni lentshisekelo elenziwa ukufundiswa kwekilasi kanye nezinga lokuhlanganyela lomfundi emisebenzini ayenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokugqugquzela, abafundi baqala ukuthola ulwazi ngokufunda okunenjongo.
Ukugqugquzela akubhekiseli nje esifisweni sokufunda ekilasini, kodwa t Yen ithonya elibalulekile ezifisweni zabantu nasezinjongweni zabo ezimpilweni zabo .
Iziphazamiso nobunzima obuhambisana nokufunda
Ongoti bezengqondo kwezemfundo kumele babhekane nezinselelo abanye abafundi ababhekana nazo uma befunda ngesivinini esilingana nesontanga yabo. Izingane ezifunda isikole zingase zibe nezinkinga ezithile, njenge-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder noma I-dyslexia , ukuthi kuthinte kabi izici zengqondo ezixhumene nenqubo yokufunda . Kuzodingeka ukuthi isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sezemfundo, ngokubonisana nothisha, sihlele ikharikhulamu evumelaniswe nalawa macala, sizama ukunciphisa umthelela wezemfundo walezi ziphazamiso noma ukubambezeleka.
Kodwa-ke, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zemfundo nazo zinendima ebalulekile ukutholwa nokwelashwa kwezinye izinkinga zemvelo engaqondile Isibonelo, izimo zomtholampilo ezifana nabafundi abanokucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwesimo oludinga ukwelashwa komuntu ngamunye futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukuzivumelanisa nekharikhulamu. Ezinye izinkinga ezingokwengqondo nezenhlalo, njengabafundi abathintwe ubuxhwanguxhwangu, zingase futhi zidinge ukungenelela kukadokotela wezengqondo ofundisayo.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- UCastorina, JA noLenzi, AM (comps.) (2000). Ukwakhiwa kolwazi lwezenhlalakahle ezinganeni. Ucwaningo lwezengqondo kanye nemibono yezemfundo. Barcelona: Gedisa.
- Delval, J. (1994). Ukuthuthukiswa Kwabantu eMadrid: Abashicileli Bekhulu lama-XNUMX baseSpain.
- Dunn, J. (1993). Ukuqala Kokuqonda Komphakathi. I-Buenos Aires: Izinguqulo Ezintsha Zombono.
- Kimmel, D.C. kanye no-Weiner, I.B. (1998). Ubusha: Uguquko Oluthuthukayo. Barcelona: Ariel.
- U-Pérez Pereira, M. (1995). Imibono emisha kupsychology yokuthuthuka. Indlela yomlando ebalulekile. IMadrid: Umhleli we-Aliança.
- Pinker, S. (2001). Umzwelo wemvelo wolimi. IMadrid: Umhleli we-Aliança.