I-Michoacán, isifunda esisentshonalanga yeMexico, saziwa ngesiko laso elicebile lemisebenzi yezandla. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemisebenzi yezandla ekhiqizwa esifundeni, ezinhlanu zigqama njengezibaluleke kakhulu: izitsha zobumba ze-Capula, imaski yokhuni ye-Tocuaro, izindwangu zoboya ze-Patzcuaro, izithombe zobumba ze-Ocumicho, nezingcezu zethusi zikaSanta Clara del Cobre. Ngayinye yalezi zingcweti ibonisa isiko kanye nobuciko bezingcweti zendawo futhi ithathwa njengomsebenzi wobuciko wangempela.
Umqondo nokubaluleka kobuciko bendawo ekulondolozeni isiko namasiko esifunda.
Imisebenzi yezandla yendawo idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni isiko namasiko esifunda. Bamele ubunjalo nomlando wabantu, bedlulisela ulwazi namasu okhokho ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yezandla inomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wendawo, idala amathuba omsebenzi kanye nemali engenayo emiphakathini yendabuko.
Esifundeni sase-Mexico sase-Michoacán, imisebenzi yezandla iyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko nesiko lesifunda. Ngokuhlukahluka okucebile kwamasu nezinto zokwakha, i-Michoacán yaziwa ngokukhiqiza kwayo imisebenzi yezandla esezingeni eliphezulu nenhle. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yezandla ebaluleke kakhulu esifundeni yilezi:
1. I-Ceramics: I-Michoacán pottery yaziwa ngemibala yayo egqamile kanye nemiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi, ebonisa amagugu acebile amasiko akulesi sifunda.
2. Ukwaluka: Abeluki baseMichoacán bakhiqiza omata, izingubo zokulala, nezingubo zomdabu ezinhle besebenzisa amasu asendulo adluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
3. Ukubaza ukhuni: Izingcweti zika-Michoacán zingochwepheshe ekuqopheni ukhuni, benza izingcezu ezihlukile nezinemininingwane emele izilwane nezitshalo zendawo.
4. Ubuciko bethusi: Ubuciko bethusi bukaMichoacán budume ngobuhle kanye nekhwalithi, futhi busetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izitsha zasendlini nezingcezu zokuhlobisa.
5. Izitsha zobumba: Ababumbi baseMichoacán bakhiqiza izitsha zobumba ezisetshenziswayo nezokuhlobisa besebenzisa amasu endabuko adluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Ngamafuphi, imisebenzi yezandla yendawo idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni isiko namasiko esifunda, ukugcina izimpande zabantu ziphila futhi zifaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni komnotho nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. E-Michoacán, imisebenzi yezandla emihlanu eshiwo ngenhla iyizibonelo zamagugu acebile amasiko nobuciko besifunda, asaqhubeka nokuba yigugu futhi aziswa kuze kube namuhla.
Imisebenzi yezandla yase-Brazilian eyinhloko: thola amasiko namasu esifunda aziwa kakhulu ezweni.
Imisebenzi yezandla yaseBrazil iwukubonakaliswa okucebile kwesiko nesiko lezwe, okubonisa ukuhlukahluka kwamasu nezinto ezisetshenziswa ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene. Ukufunda mayelana nemisebenzi yezandla eyinhloko ejwayelekile yesifunda ngasinye kuyindlela yokwazisa ubuciko bendawo nokugcina amasiko okhokho.
Esifundeni saseMichoacán, eMexico, sithola izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yezandla yendabuko ebonisa amagugu acebile alesi sifunda. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yezandla emihlanu ebaluleke kakhulu yaseMichoacán kukhona izitsha zobumba, ukuluka, ukuqopha ukhuni, ukukhanda igolide nokudweba kwephepha okungajwayelekile.
Izitsha zobumba zaseMichoacán zidume ngekhwalithi nobuhle bazo, ezikhiqizwa ngokuyinhloko emadolobheni asePátzcuaro naseTzintzuntzan. Izingcweti zendawo zisebenzisa amasu asendulo ukuze zilolonge ubumba futhi zenze izingcezu eziyingqayizivele, njengezitsha, izingcwecwe, nemifanekiso eqoshiwe.
Ukweluka futhi kuyisiko elibalulekile e-Michoacán, ikakhulukazi amabhande ebhande asetshenziswa imiphakathi yendabuko ukukhiqiza omata, izingubo zokulala, nezingubo zomdabu. Imibala egqamile nemiklamo yejiyomethri iwuphawu lomsebenzi wabaluki bendawo, abalondoloza izindlela zasendulo zokudaya nokuluka.
I-Woodcarving ingobunye ubuciko obudumile e-Michoacán, obunezingcweti ezakha abantu bezenkolo, izifihla-buso, nefenisha yokuhlobisa ngekhono nekhono lokusungula. Ukhuni olusetshenziswayo ngokuvamile luthathwa ezihlahleni zomdabu, ezinjengophayini nomsedari, okunikeza izingcezu ukubukeka kwe-rustic nokuyiqiniso.
Imboni yegolide kaMichoacán idume ngekhono layo lezingcweti ekusebenzeni ngegolide, isiliva, nethusi ukuze bakhe ubucwebe bekhwalithi ephezulu nezinto zokuhlobisa. Imiklamo igqugquzelwe imvelo namasiko endawo, ngemininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuqedwa okuhle.
Okokugcina, ukudweba kwephepha okungajwayelekile kuyisiko lasendulo labantu bomdabu baseMichoacán, abasebenzisa amagxolo esihlahla somkhiwane ukuze bakhiqize iphepha eliqinile, elivumelana nezimo. Amaciko endawo apenda izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke, izinganekwane, nezinganekwane ngemibala egqamile, ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwe umlando onothile wesifunda.
Ngamafuphi, imisebenzi yezandla yendabuko ka-Michoacán iwukuvezwa okuyiqiniso kwesiko namasiko endawo, okubonisa ikhono nobuciko bezingcweti ezilondoloza lezi zindlela zokhokho. Ukwazisa nokweseka umsebenzi wezingcweti zendawo kubalulekile ekugcineni leli gugu lamasiko elicebile liphila kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwalo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Zitholele ubuciko bendabuko be-São Paulo: isisho esicebile samasiko sedolobha.
I-Michoacán iyisifunda sase-Mexico esaziwa ngesiko laso elicebile lobuciko. Izingcweti zendawo zidala izingcezu ezihlukile ezibonisa isiko nomlando wendawo. Zitholele imisebenzi yezandla emihlanu ebaluleke kakhulu yendabuko yase-Michoacán.
1. Ubumba: I-Pottery ingelinye lamasiko amadala kaMichoacán. Abadwebi benza izinto zobumba njengamabhodwe, amapani, namavazi besebenzisa amasu okhokho adluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
2. Izindwangu: Izindwangu zikaMichoacán zaziwa ngobuhle bazo nekhwalithi. Izingcweti zeluka omata, izingubo zokulala, nezingubo ezimibalabala zisebenzisa izinhlaka zendabuko nodayi bemvelo.
3. Imisebenzi yezandla yezinkuni: Izinkuni yinto esetshenziswa kakhulu ngabadwebi bezandla baseMichoacán. Baqopha imifanekiso emihle yenkolo, izifihla-buso, nefenisha yokuhlobisa, ebonisa ikhono eliyingqayizivele.
4. Ubuciko bethusi: I-Copper ingenye into esetshenziswa kakhulu izingcweti ze-Michoacán. Bakha izingcezu zokuhlobisa ezinjengamapuleti, amavazi, nemifanekiso eqoshiwe besebenzisa amasu omdabu okusando nokuqopha.
5. Imisebenzi yezandla ye-Ceramic: I-Ceramics iyisiko eliqine kakhulu e-Michoacán. Izingcweti zidala izingcezu zokuhlobisa nezisetshenziswayo, njengamapuleti, izimbiza, nezithombe eziqoshiwe, zisebenzisa izindlela zasendulo zokubumba nezokudubula.
Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje zobungcweti bendabuko be-Michoacán, ukubonakaliswa kweqiniso kwesiko nomlando ocebile wesifunda. Uma unethuba, qiniseka ukuthi uvakashela izimakethe zendawo futhi ujabulele umsebenzi omangalisayo walezi zingcweti ezinekhono.
Imisebenzi yezandla eyi-5 ebaluleke kakhulu evela e-Michoacán
Phakathi kwe imisebenzi yezandla ejwayelekile evela eMichoacán, Enye yezinto ezivelele kakhulu yi-ceramics. Kulesi simo, isiko lokudala izinto ezinobumba libuyela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi.
Phakathi nekoloni, amasu athile omdabu ahlanganiswa nalawo e-peninsula, okwenza kube nokunotha nezinhlobonhlobo ezivezwa yilesi sifunda mayelana nezitsha zobumba.
Eziningi zalezi zidalwa zenziwa abantu baseP'urhépecha, abavame ukuhlukanisa isikhathi sabo phakathi kwezolimo nokusebenza kwalobu buciko.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasu ahlukene asetshenziswa yilezi zingcweti zaseMichoacan anikeza umbono wokuphatha kwawo ubumba. Lezi zihlanganisa ubumba oluphucuziwe, oluyi-polychrome, olune-vitrified, olushelelezi, nolunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
Ungase futhi ube nesithakazelo kumasiko namasiko aseMichoacán.
Imisebenzi yezandla ephezulu engu-5 evela e-Michoacán
1- Uphayinaphu waseSan José de Gracia
Uphayinaphu we-ceramic owenziwe kumasipala wase-San José de Gracia ungomunye wemisebenzi yezandla emele kakhulu yase-Michoacán esifundazweni.
Kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi kulo mphakathi, lapho cishe wonke umuntu ekhuluma isiP'urhépecha (ulimi lwebele), ingxenye yezakhamuzi zakhona zingamangcweti azinikele ekwenzeni izinto zobumba.
Uphayinaphu, owenziwe ngobumba nemibala yemvelo, uthole ukuqashelwa hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa nakwamanye amazwe. Ingcezu ngayinye eyenziwe yilawa ma-ceramicists akhethekile ihlukile futhi isezingeni eliphakeme.
2- Capula Catrinas
Omunye wemisebenzi yezandla eyaziwa kakhulu, ejwayelekile yaseMichoacán, amakatina aseCapula, idolobha elikumasipala waseMorelia.
Lezi izingcezu zobumba ezimele enye yezingebhezi ezidume kakhulu zesizwe sama-Aztec: ugebhezi lukaCatrina.
Lo mlingisi udalwe umqophi wodumo waseMexico nomdwebi wekhathuni u-José Guadalupe Posada.
Eminyakeni yama-70, u-Juan Torres ingcweti wenza umlingiswa waphila ocezwini lobumba kamuva owaba ngumuntu ohlukile kaCapula.
Ngaphezu komsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokumodela wobumba, lezi zigebhezi zidlala izingubo zikanokusho ezinemiklamo eyingqayizivele nezigqoko ezinompheme obanzi, ezinezimpaphe.
Ukwengeza, banezinsiza ezahlukene ezifana namacici, imigexo yamaparele, amaphinifa, izambulela, nezikhwama.
3- I-Patamban glassware eluhlaza
I-Patamban iwumphakathi omncane kakhulu waseP'urhépecha, kodwa uwine imiklomelo ye-ceramics yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe.
Kulo mphakathi, izitsha zobumba ezicwebezelisiwe zenziwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene, enganemibala, nazo zonke izinhlobo.
Nokho, igqama ikakhulukazi ngobumba lwayo obucwebezelayo obuluhlaza. Enye yemiklamo eyaziwa kakhulu imibhoshongo enamasoso, okulenga kuyo amabhodwe namapani.
4- Amademoni ase-Ocumicho
Imvelaphi yezibalo ezifana nedemoni zobumba ezenziwe e-Ocumicho aziqiniseki. Nokho, okungashiwo ukuthi ziyizicucu eziyingqayizivele futhi zangempela kakhulu.
Amasu okulungiswa kwawo ashintshiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwenza akhange kakhulu ezimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe.
Namuhla laba bantu abadumile bajabulela ukuvelela emhlabeni wonke.
5- Izinti zamakhandlela ezingilazi ezimnyama e-Santa Fe de la Laguna
Izinti zamakhandlela ezingilazi ezimnyama zifanekisela ukulila. Zisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ekunikeleni ngomkhosi ofile, oyingxenye ebalulekile yemikhosi yoSuku Lwabafileyo.
E-Michoacán, izinto ezihlonishwa kakhulu zalolu hlobo yilezo ezivela e-Santa Fe de la Laguna.
Izinkomba
- Uphayinaphu, umsebenzi wezandla omele kakhulu wezwe. (Julayi 12, 2016). Esifundazweni Ibuyiswe ngomhla ka-09 Novemba 2017, ivela ku-Provincia.com.mx
- Pérez, K. (s/f). I-Capula, idolobha lapho i-catrina yobumba yazalelwa khona. Ibuyiswe ngoNovemba 9, 2017, isuka ku-mexicodesconocido.com.mx
- López Servín, E. (2013, Novemba 9). Izitsha zobumba ezicwebezelisiwe, umnikelo wobuciko bePatamban emhlabeni. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-09 Novemba 2017, kusukela ku-Cambiodemichoacan.com.mx
- E-Ocumicho, eMichoacán, lapho udeveli abunjwa khona. (s/f). EMexico Engaziwa. Ibuyiselwe ngoNovemba 9, 2017, kusukela ku-mexicodesconocido.com.mx
- González, A. (2016). I-Mexico Yendabuko: Izincwadi namasiko. I-Mexico City: Colegio de México AC.