UJean-Jacques Rousseau wayeyisazi sefilosofi saseSwitzerland sangekhulu le-70, umbhali, nomqambi wezingoma ezaziwa ngemibono yakhe yoguquko kwezombusazwe, imfundo nomphakathi. Imisebenzi yakhe yaba nomthelela ekukhanyeni nasekuVukeleni KwaseFrance, futhi izingcaphuno zakhe zisacashunwa futhi zifunda namuhla izazi emikhakheni eyahlukene. Kulesi sihloko, sihlanganise izingcaphuno ezingu-XNUMX zikaJean-Jacques Rousseau ezidume kakhulu, ezikhuluma ngezindikimba ezifana nenkululeko, ukulingana, imvelo yomuntu, kanye nobulungiswa bomphakathi.
Isiphi isisho esidume kakhulu sikaRousseau esiphawule umlando?
Enye yezingcaphuno zikaJean-Jacques Rousseau ezidume kakhulu nezibalulekile emlandweni yilezi: "Umuntu uzalwa ekhululekile, futhi yonke indawo uboshwe ngamaketanga." Lesi sisho, esitholakala encwadini yakhe ethi "The Social Contract," sibonisa umqondo oyinhloko wokuthi abantu bahle ngokwemvelo kodwa bonakaliswe umphakathi abahlala kuwo.
U-Rousseau wayekholelwa ukuthi inkululeko ibalulekile enjabulweni nasekuthuthukisweni okuphelele komuntu ngamunye, nokuthi izikhungo zezenhlalakahle ngokuvamile ziyibekela imingcele le nkululeko. Ukugxeka kwakhe inkontileka yezenhlalakahle ekhona kanye nokuvikela kwakhe inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kwaba nomthelela emikhankasweni yezombangazwe nefilosofi kuwo wonke umlando.
Ngalé kwalo musho oyisakhiwo sodumo, u-Rousseau ushiye ifa lemicabango nemicabango eqhubeka nokugqugquzela nokuvusa ingxoxo kuze kube namuhla. Imibono yakhe ngemvelo yomuntu, imfundo, ezombangazwe, kanye nomphakathi ihlala ibalulekile futhi ivuselela izazi kanye nalabo abathanda ifilosofi nesayensi yezenhlalo.
Imuphi umsebenzi kaJean-Jacques Rousseau owaziwa kakhulu?
Phakathi kwezingcaphuno zikaJean-Jacques Rousseau ezingu-70 ezidumile, umuntu angathola ukucabanga okujulile ngesimo somuntu, umphakathi, kanye nenkululeko. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu yi- "The Social Contract ," eyanyatheliswa ngo-1762. Kule ncwadi, uRousseau uxoxa ngemvelaphi yokungalingani phakathi kwamadoda futhi uphakamisa uhlobo lwenhlangano yezepolitiki esekelwe entandweni evamile, ephikisana nobukhosi obuphelele.
Ezingcaphunweni zakhe ezidumile, uRousseau ukhuluma ngezihloko ezifana nemfundo, ukuziphatha, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Umbono wakhe womphakathi njengenkontileka phakathi kwezakhamizi kanye nombuso waba nomthelela omkhulu emcabangweni wezombangazwe nefilosofi yangaleso sikhathi futhi usaqhubeka ucwaningwa futhi kuxoxwe ngawo kuze kube namuhla.
Imiqondo eyinhloko kaRousseau: isifinyezo semibono ebaluleke kakhulu yesazi sefilosofi.
URousseau wayengumfilosofi waseSwitzerland wekhulu le-18 owaziwa ngemibono yakhe emisha neyimpikiswano ngomphakathi, ezombusazwe kanye nemfundo. Eminye yemibono ebalulekile kaRousseau ihlanganisa isivumelwano sezenhlalo , inkululeko yemvelo yomuntu, ukulingana , kanye nemfundo njengendlela yokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye kanye nokwezenhlalo.
KuRousseau, isivumelwano senhlalo kwakuyisivumelwano lapho abantu ngabanye badela ingxenye yenkululeko yabo yemvelo ukuze bathole ukuphepha nokuhleleka okuhlinzekwa ngumphakathi. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umphakathi wonakalisa umuntu, kodwa ukuthi okuhle okuvamile kungatholakala ngesivumelwano esihlonipha intando evamile.
URousseau uphinde wavikela umbono wokuthi umuntu muhle ngokwemvelo nokuthi umphakathi uyamlimaza. Wayekholelwa ekulinganeni phakathi kwabantu futhi wagxeka ukungalingani komphakathi kanye nempahla yangasese njengemithombo yokungabi nabulungisa nosizi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uRousseau wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwemfundo ekwakheni umuntu nokwakha umphakathi onobulungiswa nobulinganayo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi imfundo kufanele igxile ekuthuthukiseni amandla emvelo omuntu ngamunye, ikhuthaze ubuhle kanye nokuzimela.
Umbono oyinhloko kaRousseau kufilosofi yakhe yezepolitiki: inkontileka yezenhlalo.
Omunye wezihlakaniphi ezinethonya elikhulu kufilosofi yezombangazwe, uJean-Jacques Rousseau waziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "The Social Contract." Kulo msebenzi, uthuthukisa umbono wokuthi umphakathi kufanele usekelwe esivumelwaneni phakathi kwabantu, eyaziwa ngokuthi inkontileka yomphakathi.
URousseau wayekholelwa ukuthi abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belungile, kodwa umphakathi owonakele uyawonakalisa. Kuye, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa inkululeko nokulingana phakathi kwabantu iwukwenza isivumelwano senhlalo, lapho umuntu ngamunye elahla ingxenye yenkululeko yakhe ukuze athole ukuvikeleka kanye nokuhle.
Ecashuni lakhe elidumile elithi, “Umuntu uzalwa ekhululekile, futhi yonke indawo lapho eboshwe khona,” uRousseau uzwakalisa inkolelo yakhe enkululekweni engokwemvelo yabantu, elinganiselwe umphakathi abahlala kuwo. Uthi inkululeko yangempela ingatholakala kuphela ngenkontileka yezenhlalakahle, ebeka imithetho nemingcele yokuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yabo bonke.
Ku-Rousseau, ubukhosi buhlala kubantu, futhi uhulumeni kufanele asekelwe emvumeni yababusi. Wayekhuthaza intando yeningi eqondile, lapho izakhamuzi zibamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ezinqumweni zezombangazwe, ngokuphambene nobukhosi obungaphelele bangaleso sikhathi.
Ukucabanga kwakhe kuyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela izimpikiswano nezingxoxo mayelana nenhlangano yomphakathi kanye nendima kahulumeni namuhla.
Imishwana engama-70 edume kakhulu kaJean-Jacques Rousseau
Izingcaphuno zikaJean-Jacques Rousseau esizozibona ngezansi zisiza ekuqondeni indlela yokucabanga yalesi sihlakaniphi saseSwitzerland.
Ukucabanga kwakhe njengongqondongqondo oguqula izinto kwabonakala kweminye yemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu, njenge- The Social Contract ; Emilio; kanye ne -Education.
Izingcaphuno zikaRousseau ezingu-70 ezidume kakhulu
UJean-Jacques Rousseau wazalelwa eSwitzerland ngoJuni 1712. Kuzo zonke izindawo zakhe zomsebenzi, waziveza njengesazi sefilosofi, umfundisi, nombhali , yize ayezinikele emculweni, kanye nasemhlabeni wezitshalo kanye nowemvelo.
Nakuba, njengomuntu ohlakaniphile, wayefakiwe enhlanganweni yokuKhanyiselwa , umcabango wakhe wawubonakala ngokuphikisana kwawo nowabameleli abakhulu balo mbutho, njengoVoltaire, ayenobutha obujulile naye.
Imibono kaRousseau yayimele uguquko emigudwini yokufundisa yesikhathi sakhe futhi imibono yakhe yezombangazwe yaba nethonya elikhulu ekuguquguqukeni kwemibono yeRiphabhulikhi ewuphawu lweNguquko YaseFrance.
Iminikelo yakhe eyinhloko kwifilosofi yezepolitiki , phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwakuyimibono "yokuhlukaniswa" kanye "nentando ejwayelekile." Lo mbono wokugcina waba yilokho uKant ngokwakhe akwamukela "njengesibopho sakhe esikhethekile."
Ngezansi, sizobona izingcaphuno ezikhethiwe ezivela ku-Jean-Jacques Rousseau, isazi sefilosofi esachaza kangcono ingqikithi ye-European Romanticism eyayizofika.
1. Umuntu uzalwa ekhululekile, kodwa yonke indawo uboshiwe
Umusho wekhulu le-18 osasebenza kakhulu ezikhathini zethu.
2. Umuntu muhle ngokwemvelo, wumphakathi omonakalisayo
Ekuzalweni, asiqapheli ngemibono yobuhle nokubi ; yindawo esihlala kuyo enquma leyo mibono.
3. Isiko lokufundisa izingane kuphela ukungazithobi
Ukuzimela ebuntwaneni kubalulekile ekukhuleni okufanele kwengane.
4. Ilungelo lokuvota yilungelo elingephucwe izakhamizi.
Isisekelo okumele kusekelwe kuso imibuso yentando yeningi yesimanje.
5. Ukulahla inkululeko yethu kuwukulahla ikhwalithi yethu njengamadoda, kanye nayo, yonke imisebenzi yesintu.
Inkululeko yabantu kumele ibe yingxenye yesimo sabo njengabantu.
6. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nenhlonipho kunokuncoma abantu.
Ukutuswa kuvame ukukha phezulu, inhlonipho inesisekelo esihle.
7. Ubaba omuhle ulingana nothisha abayikhulu
Imfundo yasekhaya ibalulekile ekukhuliseni izingane.
- Ungase ube nentshisekelo ku: ” Ithiyori kaJean-Jacques Rousseau ye-noble savage “
8. Ukholo luyindaba yezwe
Nakuba izinkolelo, njengamasiko, zingangeniswa futhi zithunyelwe ngaphandle.
9. Kuyisibikezelo esidingekayo kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukubikezela konke
Umkhuleko onengqondo enkulu, kodwa esingawukhumbuli njalo.
10. Sinelukuluku lokwazi ngokulingana nesiko lethu
Lapho sazi okwengeziwe, kuba nolwazi oluningi esinalo.
11. Ukuba umuntu omdala kusho ukuba wedwa
Umbono othize ongenathemba ngempilo, kodwa kuyiqiniso ezikhathini eziningi.
12. Akekho ongajabula uma engazazisi.
Ukuzethemba okuphezulu kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuphila.
13. Akukho sitha somuntu engisaziyo esikhulu ukwedlula lowo ongumngane womhlaba wonke.
Amanga ayisitha esikhulu sobudlelwane obuhle.
14. Umuntu osephile isikhathi eside kakhulu akuyena osephile iminyaka eminingi, kodwa nguye oye wabhekana nokuningi ekuphileni.
Indlela yokuphila ngokujulile yonke imizuzu yezimpilo zethu.
15. Kukhona incwadi ehlala ivulekele wonke amehlo: imvelo
Ubuhle nokuhlakanipha kwemvelo kutholakala kunoma ubani.
16. Isizathu sivame ukusikhohlisa, unembeza awulokothi
Asikwazi njalo ukwethemba lokho okushiwo ingqondo yethu.
17. Amanga anenhlanganisela engapheli, kodwa iqiniso linendlela eyodwa kuphela
Nakuba amanga engavezwa ngezindlela eziyinkulungwane, iqiniso eliphelele linendlela eyodwa kuphela.
18. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuhle ukungenzi okubi
Nakuba kubonakala kusobala, ngezinye izikhathi siyakhohlwa. Enye yezingcaphuno zikaRousseau ezisuselwe kuma-aphorisms.
19. Ukubekezela kuyababa, kepha izithelo zakho zimnandi
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi okuhle kulindeleke.
20. Ukuzisola ngokulala empumelelweni nokuba kubi kakhulu ngezikhathi ezimbi
Ezikhathini ezinzima kakhulu, zonke izipoki zethu zivame ukuvela.
21. Wonke umuntu uwusizo esintwini ngeqiniso elilula lokukhona
Wonke umuntu emhlabeni ubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwawo.
22. Uma ususa uthando ezinhliziyweni, ususa yonke intelezi yokuphila.
Ubuhle bezinto bungenye yezinto ezijabulisa kakhulu empilweni.
23. Kufanele ube namahloni ngokwenza iphutha, hhayi ukulilungisa.
Akumelwe sikhohlwe: ukulungisa amaphutha ethu kuwukuhlakanipha.
24. Ubuntwana bunezindlela zabo zokubona, ukucabanga, nomuzwa; abukho ubuwula njengokwenza sengathi sifaka ezethu esikhundleni sabo.
Kuyadingeka ukuthi izingane ziphile ebuntwaneni babo kanjalo, ngaphandle kokuzama ukuphoqelela umbono noma amasiko abantu abadala.
25. Bengilokhu ngikholelwa ukuthi okuhle, uma kunjalo, ubuhle bufakwa esenzweni
Kunobuhle obukhulu emisebenzini emihle.
- Ungase ube nesithakazelo: "Kuyini ukuziphatha? Ukuthola ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha ebuntwaneni"
26. Lowo ongabuzondi kakhulu ububi, akakuthandi kakhulu ukulunga.
Nakuba isiphelelwe yisikhathi enkathini yanamuhla, kuyadingeka ukumisa imingcele ethile ezimpilweni zethu.
27. Amadolobha angulasha wezinhlobo zabantu
Inombolo yezakhamuzi edolobheni ilingana ngokuphambene nobudlelwano phakathi kwabo.
28. Unembeza yizwi lomphefumulo, izinkanuko ziyizwi lomzimba
Ubuhle busekwazini ukuthola ukulingana.
29. Kubhalwa izincwadi zothando kuqalwe kungaziwa ukuthi kuzothiwani kugcine kungaziwa ukuthi kuthiwani.
Uthando luvame ukufiphaza izingqondo zethu.
30. Ukulingana engcebweni kufanele kube ukuthi asikho isakhamuzi esicebile kangangokuthi singathenga komunye, noma yimuphi ompofu kangangokuthi kufanele azithengise.
Ibinzana okufanele lisetshenziswe kunoma yimuphi umongo, indawo noma isikhathi uhlobo lomuntu olusizwayo.
31. Inhlamba iyizisusa zokuthi ubani okufanele asole
Ukuzizwa unecala kusenza singabi naso isizathu esidingekayo sempikiswano.
32. Onamandla akahlali eqinile ngokwanele ukuba abe inkosi
Abaholi abakhiwe ngamandla, kodwa ngobuchule.
33. Ngiyazizonda izinkulumo ezimbi kunezenzo ezimbi.
Izimiso ezimbi zingaba zimbi kunokuziphatha okubi.
34. Awusoze waba i-friar uma ungeyena umfana wase-altare kuqala.
Ukuze ufike phezulu, kufanele uqale phansi njalo.
35. Ngincamela ukuba yindoda exakayo kunobandlululo.
Nakuba izinto eziphikisanayo zisenza sicabange, ubandlululo luyasiphuphuthekisa.
36. Uma isizathu simenza indoda, imizwa iyamqondisa
Ingabe imizwa iyinjini yezimpilo zethu?
37. Zonke izinkanuko zinhle kanti omunye anazo, futhi zonke zimbi uma zisigqilaza.
Abukho ubugqila obudlula lapho imizwa yomuntu iphoqelelwa kuye.
38. Ukwesaba, izinsolo, ukubanda, ukuqapha, inzondo, nokukhohlisa kuvame ukucasha ngaphansi kwalesi sigqoko kanye neveli elikhohlisayo lenhlonipho.
Izinhloso ezimbi kakhulu zingafihlwa ngaphansi kwe-facade yenhlonipho.
39. Umphefumulo umelana nobuhlungu obukhulu kunosizi oluhlala isikhathi eside.
Imizwa yokudabuka ehlala ngaphakathi kwethu ingaba yingozi kakhulu kunokuhlangenwe nakho okubi.
40. Ofisa ngempela lokho akwazi ukukwenza futhi owenza akuthandayo ukhululekile ngempela.
Isimiso esikhuthazayo ngempela.
41. Kunzima kakhulu ukucabanga kahle uma ucabanga ukuphila kuphela.
Uma sizicabangela thina, ngeke sibe abantu abalungile.
42. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kokuhambela amazwe nokubona imizi.
Into engcono kakhulu ngokuhamba ukuzifaka emasikweni owavakashelayo, kunokuba nje ube ngumvakashi.
43. Imibono evamile nengacacile iwumthombo wamaphutha amakhulu esintu.
Ukucabanga ngokuqondile kuyisiqinisekiso sempumelelo.
44. Umsebenzi uwumsebenzi obalulekile kumuntu wezenhlalakahle. Abacebile noma abampofu, abanamandla noma ababuthakathaka, sonke isakhamuzi esingenzi lutho siyisela.
Ukusebenza kusenza sibe wusizo emphakathini.
45. Umuntu ubhekana nobubi obumbalwa ngaphandle kwalabo yena ngokwakhe adonswa kukho ukuxhashazwa kwamakhono akhe.
Asikho isitha esibi ukwedlula wena.
46. Imali onayo iyithuluzi lenkululeko, into oyifunayo wubugqila
Asisoze sakhululeka ngokuphelele uma singayeki ngokuya ngendaba.
47. Ishwa lami elikhulu bekuwukuthi angikwazi ukumelana nokuthopha.
Ize lisenza izigqila.
48. Umuntu uyisimangaliso ngaphandle kwenzalo
Amandla omuntu ahambisana ngokuphambene nentshisekelo yakhe yokuwahlola.
49. Iphimbo liwumphefumulo wenkulumo
Ibaluleke kakhulu indlela oyisho ngayo kunalokho okushoyo.
50. Indoda eqotho ayisoze yathola umngani ongcono kunonkosikazi wayo.
Ingabe umlingani wethu kufanele abe umngane wethu omkhulu?
51. Uma kuphuma iqiniso elifanayo emilonyeni ethile, liba nephunga elibi.
Iqiniso lihlale linezincazelo nezithakazelo eziningi njengabantu abalikhulumayo.
52. Uma bekukhona isizwe sonkulunkulu, ngabe sibuswa ngentando yeningi; kodwa lo hulumeni ophelele awubafanele abantu.
Ingabe umuntu uyakwazi ukuzuza intando yeningi yeqiniso?
- Ungase ube nentshisekelo kulokhu: "Izinhlobo eziyisi-6 zentando yeningi nezici zazo"
53. Uhulumeni wasungulwa ukuze athole uhlobo lwenhlangano ezovikela futhi ivikele umuntu nempahla yomuntu ngamunye ngamandla awo wonke umuntu.
Isicaphuna esivela kuRousseau okufanele sikhumbule osopolitiki abaningi bamanje.
54. Inkululeko iwukulalela umthetho owakhelwe wona
Siyizigqila zokuziphatha kwethu.
55. Inkululeko ayisona isithelo esikhula kuzo zonke izimo zezulu ngakho-ke asitholakali kubo bonke abantu.
Ngeshwa, kuyisizathu esivamile, nakuba akufanele kube ngaleyo ndlela.
56. I-Vice ayivamisile ukubonakala iphikisana nokwethembeka; kodwa cishe njalo ukugqoka ukuzifihla kwayo.
Ubuqotho noma isithunzi yisifihla-buso esingcono kakhulu sabakhohlakele.
57. Akwanele ukuthi umfazi athembeke, umyeni wakhe, abangani bakhe nomakhelwane kumele bakholwe ekuthembekeni kwakhe.
Wayezocabangani umkaKhesari?
58. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthobela labo abangafuni ukuthumela
Labo abangafisi ukuthumela, kungasaphathwa abafisa ukuthunyelwa.
- Ungase ube nentshisekelo kokuthi: "Abantu Abagunyaziwe Babelana Lezi Zici Eziyisi-7"
59. Ukuthula okuphelele kuholela osizini. Lesi isithombe sokufa.
Isicaphuna esihle esivela ku-Rousseau ongazindla ngaso.
60. Ikuphi ukuhlakanipha okungabhekwa njengokukhulu kunomusa?
Ingabe ukuba yindoda elungile yikhona ongase uthembele kukho?
61. Imvelo ayisikhohlisi; siyazikhohlisa.
Ingabe yiqiniso eliwumgomo noma yithi esilishintshayo?
62. Onamahloni usevele enecala; ubumsulwa beqiniso abunamahloni ngalutho.
Amanga awakwazi ukufihlakala isikhathi eside; ahlala ebonakala.
63. Umhlaba wamaqiniso unemikhawulo yawo; izwe lokucabanga alikwenzi.
Abantu abahlakaniphile banendawo yonke engapheli.
64. Injabulo: I-akhawunti enhle yasebhange, umpheki onekhono, nokugaya ukudla kahle
Ingabe imali nokudla kuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni?
65. Kungenzeka ngingabi ngcono, kodwa okungenani ngehlukile.
Ubuntu bangempela abukho umona ukuze buphelele.
66. Ubuntwana yiphupho lokucabanga
Ingabe iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwethu iyona lapho siphupha futhi sicabanga kancane?
67. Kuwukuhlanya okwahlanganyelwa yizazi zefilosofi ngezikhathi zonke ukuphika lokho okukhona nokuchaza okungekho.
Ifilosofi ibilokhu isekelwe ekungabazeni okuchazwe ngaphambilini nokuhlaziya lokho okungaziwa.
68. Ngiyazizonda izincwadi, zisifundisa nje ukukhuluma ngezinto esingazi lutho ngazo.
Imfundo engcono kakhulu ezincwadini noma kokuhlangenwe nakho?
69. Ubuhle yisimo sempi, futhi ukuhlala kuyo kufanele sihlale silwa nathi.
Izilingo zihlala zicashile.
70. Imali iyimbewu yemali kanti uhlamvu lwemali lokuqala kwesinye isikhathi kuba nzima ukuluthola kunesigidi sesibili
Ingabe kuyiqiniso ukuthi imali idonsa imali eyengeziwe?