UJose Luis Sampedro (1917 - 2013) wayeyisazi sefilosofi, umnotho kanye nombhali owazalelwa eBarcelona. Umbono wakhe wobuntu weqiniso lenhlalo wamholela ekubeni abe yisithenjwa sobuhlakani besobunxele baseSpain.
Ukugxeka kwakhe umnotho wonxiwankulu kwakusekelwe embonweni wokuthi lolu hlelo lwezomnotho lululaza abantu futhi lubenza izigqila zokuthengwa kwempahla. I-anarchist kanye nesishoshovu se-leftist, izincwadi zakhe zichaza ngokujulile lokho esingakwenza emiphakathini yaseNtshonalanga ukuze sithuthukise izinga lethu lempilo ngokusekelwe kumodeli yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle ezinobuntu.
- Isihloko esinconyiwe: "Imisho yefilosofi engu-75 ekhulunywa ongqondongqondo abakhulu"
Imishwana nemicabango ka-José Luis Sampedro
Wakhulela eTangier, eMorocco, kwaze kwaba yilapho eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, ukuphila kukaSampedro kwakukude kodwa kushubile. Phakathi kwemiklomelo eminingi ayitholile, iNational Prize for Spanish Literature igqamile, udumo aluthola ngo-2011.
Esihlokweni sanamuhla, Sizokwazi ngokujulile lo muntu wesintu ngezingcaphuno ezinhle kakhulu ezingu-70 zika-José Luis Sampedro .
1. Zisibusa ngokwesaba.
Ekhonweni lamandla ukufaka ukwesaba izinguquko zezombangazwe nezenhlalo.
2. Siyimvelo. Ukubeka imali njengento enhle kakhulu kusiholela enhlekeleleni.
Umphakathi ohamba nje ufuna imali ngumphakathi onesimilo esikhohlakele.
3. May 15 kumele kube ngaphezu kwe-oasis ogwadule; kufanele kube yisiqalo somzabalazo onzima kuze kube yilapho, eqinisweni, singasaholwa noma siholwa "impahla esezandleni zosopolitiki nabamabhange." Ake sithi "cha" ekucindezelekeni kwezezimali kanye nemiphumela yako elimazayo.
Phezu kwe 15-M ukunyakaza kanye nezinjongo zayo.
4. Indlela yokuphila yaseNtshonalanga isiphelile.
Emagalelo akamuva okuthi, ngokombono kaJosé Luis Sampedro, ubunxiwankulu bamanje busebenza.
5. Ukukhulekela kwenkolo yamaSpanishi kwangena esikhundleni sokholo olusha, lapho abapristi bephuma emgodini ongaphansi komhlaba futhi bakhonze ngezinyawo zabo.
Ukugxeka okuhlabayo nokugxeka kwamavesi enkolo eSpain.
6. Ngifunde ukuthi amabhasi e-Barcelona ngeke avunyelwe ukukhangisa amakhondomu ngesikhathi uPapa evakashele eSpain. Asikwazi yini ukwenza uthando ngesikhathi uPapa evakashele eSpain?
Okunye okuhlekisayo mayelana nekhono leSonto LamaKatolika lokuhlola zonke izinhlobo zezinkulumo ezingahambelani nezimfundiso zalo.
7. Uma ngithi isintu esiyihaba, ngikholwa ukuthi abukho ubuntu; kukhona abantu. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili eyedlule, iGreece Yasendulo yenza inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe emangalisayo, cishe engenakwenzeka, kodwa siyaqhubeka sibulalana sodwa, singaqiniseki ngokuthi singahlala kanjani ndawonye kule planethi. Isintu asikavuthwa ngokwanele.
Ukubonakaliswa okuhle kukaSampedro ngobuqaba obushiwo yizimpi.
8. Kunamasiko aseduze lapho ukuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunokuba nokuthile. Ngenkathi ulapha, akungaphezu kwalokho onakho, futhi ongenakho akukho.
Ku-egocentrism kanye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo komphakathi waseYurophu.
9. Umuntu ubhala esekelwe ekubeni ngumayini yena.
Umcabango othakazelisayo mayelana nokuveza imibono yakho.
10. Lokhu abakubiza ngokuthi “Umbono Womphakathi” kuwumbono wabezindaba: umbono owenziwe yimfundo nabezindaba.
Kunzima ukuba nemibandela yethu emphakathini olamule kanjalo, lapho imfundo ikhawulela uhla lwethu lwamathuba okucabanga nokucabanga kabusha indlela yethu yokuphila.
11. Ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokucabanga, inkululeko yokukhuluma ayinamsebenzi.
Eqinisweni, ziyizimiso ezimbili ezinesixhumanisi esiqinile.
12. Nakuba iVatican igcizelela ukuthi ubumsulwa buyinani eliphakeme kakhulu, kunoma yikuphi kimi kubonakala kuwukungalaleli okukhulu kunakho konke.
Njengezilwane, siyizo, kufanele sibe ngokocansi, okungenani uma sifuna ukuba.
13. Ubunxiwankulu buphelile.
Esinye isicaphuna esivela kuJosé Luis Sampedro maqondana nohlelo lonxiwankulu.
14. Kuyamangaza ukuthi isintu asikakwazi ukuphila ngokuthula, ukuthi amagama afana nokuncintisana yiwo abusa amazwi afana nokuhlalisana.
Umthetho wemakethe usenza singazweli kwabanye.
15. Iqiniso lokuthi abantu bayakwamukela ukusikeka futhi bakubheke cishe kudingekile libangelwa amandla abaluleke kakhulu ashukumisa isintu: ukwesaba. Ukubusa ngokwesaba kuphumelela kakhulu. Uma usongela abantu ngombono wokubabulala, bese ungababulali, kodwa ubaxhaphaze, babophe emotweni ... Bazocabanga, "Hhayi-ke, okungenani akazange asinqume."
Indima yokwesaba lapho ingekho imibhikisho yomphakathi iyisisekelo ngokuphelele.
16. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, siyafundiswa; okokuqala ukukholelwa lokho iziphathimandla ezisitshela khona, abapristi, abazali... Bese sibonisana ngalokho esikukholelwayo. Inkululeko yokucabanga iphambene: into yokuqala ukucabanga, futhi sizobe sikholelwa lokho ebesicabanga ukuthi kukuhle ngalokho esikucabangile.
Indlela enhle yokukhombisa ukuthi ukungafundi amanani afundiwe kanye nezinkambiso kuyisenzo esingezona ezemvelo.
17. Zimbili izinhlobo zosomnotho: labo abasebenzela ukucebisa abacebile nalabo abasebenzela ukwenza abampofu bangabi mpofu.
Omunye wemisho ekhunjulwa kakhulu ka-José Luis Sampedro.
18. Ngo-April 1939, ngaqonda ukuthi abazange bawine eyami. Akekho noyedwa owayengowami.
Kuyamangaza, kepha uSampedró walwela ohlangothini lukazwelonke.
19. Lapho ngineminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, ngazama ukuba umJesuit. Eminyakeni engu-19, i-anarchist.
Ukushintsha kwenhliziyo yakhe kwakukhulu.
20. Sisenkingeni engiyibiza ngamaqaba, ngoba iwubuqaba.
Inkinga yezomnotho yayinzima kakhulu eSpain. Ngakho-ke ukuphawula kukaSampedro.
21. Uhlelo luphukile futhi lulahlekile, ngakho-ke unekusasa.
Impela ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka kuqalwe inkathi entsha.
22. Ekulambeni kwakho uyathumela.
Ukuzindla.
23 Kumelwe sithukuthele ngokuphindwe kayinkulungwane.
Ngokwemvelo, isimo sezombangazwe eSpain kufanele sithukuthelele uhlelo.
24. Ukulinda ukuthi: ngenkathi umfula wesintu uqhubeka ngokomlando ukuya phambili, ngihlala emseleni ngibabukele bedlula. Ngenxa yokuthi anginaso isidingo sobubi, ngigcina yonke into eyenziwe isintu kuze kube manje, iminyaka eminingi ezayo.
Isimo sengqondo sefilosofi esitusekayo.
25. I-Austerity ibuhlungu kakhulu uma ibekwa kithi, kodwa ayibizi umsebenzi uma unayo.
Iziqu ezinhle kakhulu kumqondo we-austerity, osetshenziswa kabi amandla ezomnotho.
26. Siphila esikhathini esibuhlungu. Ungqongqoshe wamanje uyingozi emfundweni yaseSpain. Uyindoda imigomo yayo okufanele ichazwe ngokuthi "I-Counter-Reformation." Emlandweni waseSpain, kunesikhathi ekhulwini le-16, lapho amaProthestani, uLuther, nabanye baqala eYurophu, lapho kumiswa i-Counter-Reformation, ngokumelene nentuthuko. U-Wert umele i-Counter-Reformation, futhi ngayo, akunakwenzeka ukufundisa izakhamuzi ezikhululekile.
Mayelana no-Juan Ignacio Wert, uNgqongqoshe Wezamasiko Weqembu Elidumile.
27. Angisho ukuthi okwedlule kungcono. Ngithi ubunxiwankulu babuqala ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa manje abusasimami. UBush ukuchaze kangcono ukwehla kwawo. Uthe, "Ngimise imithetho yemakethe ukuze ngisindise imakethe." Ngamanye amazwi, imakethe ayihambisani nemithetho yayo.
Isiphetho esibulalayo mayelana nokukhathala kwesistimu.
28. Okungishaye kakhulu ngaleli khulunyaka lama-XNUMX eliphelayo ubulima nonya lwabantu.
Ikhulu leminyaka eligcwele izikhathi ezimbi.
29. I-Europe ifana nomphathi ongalokothi ashaye ucingo.
Ikhona, kodwa ayilokothi ixazulule izingxabano lapho ziphakama.
30. Ngihlale nginebhukwana elivuliwe lapho ngibhala khona lokho engikucabangayo, kodwa angikwenzi nsuku zonke. Akuzona zonke izinsuku eziletha izinto ezifanele ukuqoshwa. Uma uphoqa lo msebenzi futhi uwenza nsuku zonke, uzifaka engozini yokubhala imibhalo engabalulekile.
Kubuciko bokubeka phambili imibono noma izehlakalo ezifanele ngempela.
31. Ngemva kwalesi simo esibucayi, isikhathi esifushane esilandelayo kuzoba enye inkinga.
Lona umqondo wemakethe yamanje.
32. Anginandaba nenjabulo, futhi angicabangi ukuthi kuncike ekuhlakanipheni okukhulu noma okuncane. Kodwa ngokuqinisekile ukungafuni okuningi kakhulu kwenza kube lula ukuhlala nawe, okuyinto ethatha indawo yami yenjabulo.
Impilo enzima iwumuthi ongcono kakhulu wenjabulo.
33. Bayahlanya abantu? Cha, abantu bayasetshenziswa.
Sivumela ukuthonywa kalula kakhulu.
34. [IRiphabhulikhi] yasakaza ithemba, inkohliso (ngaphandle kwalabo ababefuna amalungelo angafanele), futhi ngangiphila njengemvelo. Yingakho uFranco ayengeyona eyemvelo, emelene nomuntu! [Empini] inyakatho yawa ngo-1937… futhi ngabuthwa njengesosha likaFranco: ukubona ababhishobhi bebusisa izimbangi kwangiqinisekisa ukuthi lolu hlangothi lwaluvikela amalungelo kanye nama-pesetas. (NgeMpi Yombango).
Ukukhuluma mayelana nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 eSpain.
35. Lomhlaba ukhaphela ukuphila.
Omunye wale mishwana kaJosé Luis Sampedro uluhlaza njengoba uyiqiniso.
36 Ngosuku esizalwa ngalo, siqala ukufa kancane. Sesikujwayele ukubona ukufa njengento embi, futhi ngisondelene kakhulu kangangokuthi angikwazi ukuyeka ukucabanga ngakho. Kodwa ngicabanga ngenjabulo ebalulekile. Abangasifundiseni khona ukuthi mhla sizalwa siqala ukufa, ukufa kusiphelezela zonke izinsuku.
Mayelana nokufa nendlela esikubona ngayo emphakathini wethu.
37. Ingabe sinesikhathi esiningi esikhululekile sokuphila, noma ingabe sihlala sicela ukuba siphile? Asifundanga ukuphila!
Lena yindlela uSampedro angenathemba ngayo mayelana nendlela esibubheka ngayo ubukhona.
38. Inkululeko ifana nekhayithi. Indiza ngoba iboshiwe.
Indida abanye ababhali abayichaze ngaphambilini.
39. Ngoba ekujuleni, nasebumunyu nasekwehliseni isithunzi, umuntu aze azazi ukuthi ungubani, aqale kuphi ukunyathela.
Uma sishaqeka kakhulu, yilapho siqonda khona ukuthi sikuphi nokuthi singayaphi.
40. Uhlelo lusungule ikhasino ukuthi luhlale lubashaya.
Isingathekiso mayelana nohlelo lwemakethe.
41. Sifundiswe ukuba ngabakhiqizi nabathengi, singabi ngamadoda akhululekile.
Ukugxekwa okuqondile kwesimiso semfundo sesikhathi sethu.
42. Sisesikhathini lapho kudingidwa izindaba eziningi. Obucayi kakhulu namuhla uMnyango Wezemfundo. Ngokusikeka nokungenzi lutho, izingane ezintulayo zincishwa amathuba, amahora okufunda, amakilasi, amakilasi, nothisha abasekelayo. Ubuhlakani balezi zingane buyacindezelwa, kuvalwe amasango ekusasa futhi kuthuthukiswe imfundo yezenkolo ngemali yezwe.
Gxila kakhulu uhlelo lwezemfundo eSpain.
43. Ungakwazi ukufundisa kuphela uma unezinsiza ezabiwe kahle ohlelweni lwezemfundo oluhle.
Omunye umusho onikeza ukubaluleka kwemfundo yezwe ngalinye.
44 Kumelwe siphile izikhathi eziningi njengezihlahla, okuthi ngemva konyaka omubi zikhiphe amaqabunga amasha futhi ziqale futhi.
Ukuqeda imilutha kufanele kube lula njengokuqeda amaqabunga omile.
45. Ukuthola umcabango okhululekile emphakathini wanamuhla kunzima ngoba intando yeningi ihlanekezelwe futhi idunwe.
Abezindaba banesibopho salokhu.
46. Ngokuphazima kweso, bangana, bangana, bangana. Becindezela omunye esifubeni baze baqabulane ngezinhliziyo. Bazwe ukushaya kwenhliziyo komunye nomunye, badedele, kungabe kusakhuluma ikhehla langena emotweni. Amehlo abo asavaleleke efasiteleni, njengoba uRenato eqala.
Isiqeshana esivela ku-"The Etruscan Smile".
47. Kufanele ngikholelwe kanjani esonweni, kulo mbono, enzalweni yokuziqhenya? Uma uNkulunkulu engumdali wendawo yonke, ingabe angacasulwa isinambuzane esincane esahamba kabi futhi saklwebha iplanethi encane? Kuyadingeka ukuba nombono oyihaba walokho umuntu okufanele akukholelwe ukuthi angakwazi ukucasula umdali ongapheli.
Omunye amazwibela afakiwe.
48. Umuntu uyisilinganiso sazo zonke izinto, njengoba kwasho isazi sefilosofi sasendulo. Kodwa manje uhlanya sekuwukumkhohlwa, ukumngcwaba ngaphansi kwesiphithiphithi sezinto. Kufanele uhambe nge-Kodak, ngoba imayelana nokubona ikhamera; uyakhathala ukwehluleka uma ungenawo amaphepha ebhange noma imoto ehlaba umxhwele; ukuphila kuphelile ekuqoqweni kwezihloko, ama-peseta, amaribhoni, ama-chirimbolos, ukuzibophezela emaphephandabeni... Njengokungathi okubalulekile kwakungekona okuphambene ngokuqondile: ukuzungeza umuntu ngezinto!
Ukucabangisisa kwefilosofi ku-narcissism okwandile ekhulwini lama-21.
49. Ezindebeni zobuthongo bekhehla kwabonakala ukumamatheka: umqondo owanyakaza enhliziyweni yalo lapho ligubuzelwa yiphupho: Kukhulu, kuphila!
UVitalist wacabanga ngeSampedro enkulu.
50. Anginandaba nenjabulo. Kwanele ukuthi ngilunge nami.
Ukusula okuthile kubalulekile ukuze ujabule futhi ungakhathazeki kakhulu.
51. Uhlelo lwamanje lubuswa ngamanye amagama amathathu omlingo: ukukhiqiza, ukuncintisana kanye nokusha, okumele kuthathelwe indawo ukusabalalisa, ukubambisana nokuzilibazisa.
Amaphuzu amathathu abalulekile okushintsha nokuthuthukisa imiphakathi yethu.
52. Noma ungangiqambela amanga, ngitshele ukuthi uyangithanda. Ngaphinda, nezinto eziningi ezimnandi… (…) Impela wayejabule, yebo, kunjalo… Bekukuhle, niyazi? ukujabula kuhle...
Isiqeshana lapho uSampedro ekhuluma ngothando.
53. Isikhathi asihlulwa lutho, ngoba sizibhubhisa ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Umcabango omkhulu ngesikhathi kanye nengqikithi yaso.
54. Ungakwazi njalo, noma nini lapho uthanda.
Uma ufuna, ungakwazi. Uma ungakwenzi, bheka izaba.
55. Ingane ihlezi ibheka. Ngakho uma ezizwa efunwa, ngokuqinisekile uyocabanga ukuthi izwe liyamehlula futhi liyamlahla.
Mayelana nokunakwa okufanele izingane.
56. Okuvala umlomo wami, nxa ucabanga ngomphefumulo wakho, bayakuzwa!
Konke kuyasakazwa, noma singakufuni.
57 Khumbula engikushoyo, ndodana yami; ungakhohlwa: abesifazane bayohlala bemangala. Ucabanga ukuthi wazi yonke indawo, kusukela kundlovukazi kuya kujackpot, bese uthola ikhadi elisha.
Mayelana nabesifazane kanye nokuziphatha kwabo okumangazayo.
58. Kuningi okukhulunywayo ngelungelo lokuphila, kodwa hhayi ngokubaluleka komsebenzi wokuliphila.
Umsuka wendaba yokuhushula isisu.
59. Ukufundisa kwami sekwehliselwe amagama amabili: uthando nokucasula.
Indlela yokuhlanganisa izindlela zabo zokufundisa.
60. Kudingekile ukuthi kwakhiwe umnotho onobuntu, owesekayo, ozokwazi ukufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwesithunzi sabantu.
Ngesidingo esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa umnotho.
61. Umbono womphakathi uthonywa yimithombo yezindaba, futhi abezindaba basezandleni zalabo abaphethe, futhi labo abaphethe bavuna labo abasho okuhambisana nabo futhi basule konke okungahambisani nabo. Ngakho-ke, umbono womphakathi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umbono wabezindaba.
Esinye isicaphuna esivela kuJosé Luis Sampedro, lapho egxeka khona umsebenzi wabezindaba.
62. Ukuphila kuwuhambo olunzima ngaphandle kwekhampasi enhle.
Sonke sidinga ukuba nenyakatho ezosihola.
63. Uma benamandla kakhulu, baya ngokuya bevunyelwa, basuke befuna kakhulu, abaneliseki.
Yingakho kulula ukuba nozakwabo abaqinile nabaqinile.
64. Intando yeningi ayikona ukubusa kwabantu noma kuphi. Uvotela ini? Yini eyenza sivote.
Ngeshwa, abantu bavota bengazi ukuthi kungani noma benzeni.
65. …Kulezi zikhathi, kulula ukusabalalisa ukuziphatha okubi kunokuziphatha okuhle.
Izimiso zokuziphatha zalahleka endleleni.
66. Isinyathelo sokugcina sesithathiwe, inkumbulo ayisenangqondo yenkululeko...
Isikhathi selapha konke.
67. Ngangingahlosile ukwenza umlando, kodwa ukuqonda kangcono uthando namandla, lezo zinkanuko ezimbili ezinkulu zesikhathi sonke.
Izinjongo zayo ezimbili eziyinhloko zobuhlakani.
68. Okubalulekile yintuthuko yomuntu yangaphakathi, hhayi intuthuko yangaphandle.
Ekuthuthukisweni komuntu siqu, isihluthulelo sempilo evumelanayo.
69. Isikhathi akusiyo imali; Isikhathi ukuphila
Ibinzana elikhuthazayo nelibalulekile elivela kuSampedro omkhulu.
70. Ngoba nguwena kuphela onamaphiko okundiza okubulala nokunikeza ukuphila.
Isisho esihle esisankondlo okufanele sisenze sicabange.