U-Aristotle, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki sangekhulu lesine BC, waphakamisa imithetho eyisishiyagalolunye eyisisekelo yentando yeningi encwadini yakhe ethi "Politics." Ngokusho kwakhe, intando yeningi efanelekile yileyo lapho amandla asetshenziswa abantu ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu. Imithetho yakhe eyisishiyagalolunye ihlanganisa ukulingana phambi komthetho, ukubamba iqhaza kwazo zonke izakhamuzi ekuthatheni izinqumo zezombangazwe, nenkululeko yokukhuluma nokucabanga, phakathi kokunye. Le mithetho ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza nokusebenza ngendlela efanele kohlelo lwentando yeningi, ukukhuthaza inhlalakahle kanye nobulungiswa kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.
Umbono ka-Aristotle ngentando yeningi: lokho okwacatshangwa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki ngale ndaba.
U-Aristotle, omunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu zaseGreece Yasendulo, wayenombono obucayi kakhulu ngentando yeningi. Kuye, intando yeningi yayiwuhlobo lukahulumeni lapho amandla ebekwe phezu kwabantu, kodwa wayekholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lukahulumeni lungangena kalula ekucindezelekeni uma imithetho ethile eyisisekelo ingalandelwa.
U-Aristotle uhlongoze 9 imithetho yentando yeningi, lokho, ngokusho kwakhe, okwakubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni uzinzo nobulungisa kuhulumeni wabantu. Le mithetho yayihlanganisa isidingo somthethosisekelo omiswe kahle, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla, nokulingana phambi komthetho, phakathi kokunye.
Ku-Aristotle, intando yeningi ibingasebenza kuphela uma bekunokulingana phakathi kwezigaba zomphakathi ezihlukene futhi uma izakhamuzi bezifundiswa ukusebenzisa indima yazo emphakathini ngokuqaphela nangokuzibophezela. Ubuye wakholwa wukuthi ukubamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki kumele kugcine kulabo abakwazi ukukusebenzisa ngendlela efanele.
Kuye, intando yeningi ingaba uhlobo lukahulumeni olusemthethweni, inqobo nje uma kulandelwa imithetho. 9 imithetho ebalulekile iziphakamiso zakhe zokuqinisekisa uzinzo nobulungiswa ekusebenziseni amandla abantu.
Ukubaluleka koMthethosisekelo kuthiyori yezepolitiki ye-Aristotelian.
Akungabazeki ukuthi uMthethosisekelo udlala indima ebalulekile kumbono wepolitiki ka-Aristotelian. Kusazi sefilosofi esingumGreki, uMthethosisekelo uyisisekelo somphakathi onobulungiswa novumelanayo, njengoba ubeka imithetho nemingcele okufanele ilawule ukuphila komphakathi. UMthethosisekelo uchaza amalungelo nemisebenzi yezakhamizi, kanye nezikhungo ezizoqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezepolitiki nezenhlalo.
U-Aristotle uphakamise imithetho eyisishiyagalolunye yentando yeningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthethosisekelo uyayifeza indima yawo ngempumelelo. Phakathi kwale mithetho, okulandelayo kuyagqama: ukulingana phambi komthetho, ukubamba iqhaza okubonakalayo kwezakhamuzi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezombusazwe, kanye nokushintshana kwamandla ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sefilosofi sagcizelela ukubaluleka kwemfundo yomphakathi ekuthuthukiseni izakhamuzi ezazi ngamalungelo azo kanye nezibopho zazo.
Ku-Aristotle, uMthethosisekelo awuwona nje umbhalo ongokomthetho, kodwa kunalokho isethi yemigomo eqondisa inhlangano yomphakathi futhi eqinisekisa okuhle kubo bonke. Ngaphandle koMthethosisekelo oqinile futhi ohlonishwayo, intando yeningi isengozini yokuwohloka ibe ukucindezela noma i-oligarchy, njengoba ingenazo izindlela ezidingekayo zokuvikela amalungelo ezakhamizi kanye nokuvimbela ukuqoqwa kwamandla.
Ukulandela imithetho eyi-9 yentando yeningi ehlongozwe u-Aristotle kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uMthethosisekelo uyayifeza indima yawo ngempumelelo futhi ukhuthaza umphakathi wentando yeningi ngempela nonobulungisa.
Umbono ka-Aristotelian kwezepolitiki: imibono nemiqondo yayo eyisisekelo.
U-Aristotle, esinye sezazi zefilosofi ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseGreece Yasendulo, waba nombono oyingqayizivele ngezombangazwe owathonya umcabango wezombangazwe waseNtshonalanga amakhulu eminyaka. Ku-Aristotle, ezombangazwe kwakuyisayensi eyayifuna ukuzuzisa umphakathi, hhayi nje izithakazelo zomuntu noma iqembu. Imibono nemibono yakhe eyisisekelo ngepolitiki ikhona emsebenzini wakhe othi "Politics," lapho exoxa khona ngezimiso zentando yeningi nobulungiswa.
Phakathi kwamagalelo ka-Aristotle amaningi kwezombusazwe, isiphakamiso sakhe semithetho eyisishiyagalolunye yentando yeningi siyagqama, okuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunohulumeni olungile nonokulinganisela. Le mithetho yayihlanganisa ukubamba iqhaza okubonakalayo kwezakhamuzi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, ukushintshana kwamandla phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye. U-Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuthi intando yeningi yayingasebenza kahle kuphela uma kunokulingana phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukucindezela kweningi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Aristotle wakhuthaza ukubaluleka kwemfundo yezombangazwe ezakhamuzini, ezenza zikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi nezinomthwalo wemfanelo. Uphinde wagcizelela isidingo sokuthi kube nomthethosisekelo odwetshwe kahle ukuze kuqinisekiswe uzinzo nobulungiswa kuhulumeni. Ku-Aristotle, ezombangazwe zaziwukuphishekela okuhle, okuphishekelwa ngobuhle nangokuhlakanipha.
Imibono nemibono yakhe eyisisekelo isaqhubeka nokugqugquzela ongqondongqondo nosopolitiki kuze kube namuhla, ebonisa ukuhlobana okuhlala njalo komcabango ka-Aristotle wezombangazwe.
Izinhlobo zamandla ngokusho kuka-Aristotle: izincazelo kanye nezici zomunye nomunye.
Ngokuka-Aristotle, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamandla: amandla obukhosi, amandla okubusa, namandla entando yeningi. amandla obukhosi Ubonakala ngegunya lombusi oyedwa, onegunya eliphelele phezu kombuso. Lolu hlobo lwamandla luvame kakhulu emibusweni yobushiqela kanye necindezelayo, lapho umbusi elawula ngokuphelele inani labantu.
O amandla ombuso, yona isekelwe ebuholini beqembu elibusayo elibusayo, elakhiwa abantu abahlukaniswa ngokuhlakanipha, ubuhle nokufaneleka kwabo. Kulolu hlobo lwamandla, izinqumo zezombangazwe zenziwa yidlanzana elikhethiwe, elifuna okuhle emphakathini wonkana.
I- amandla entando yeningi Ibonakala ngokubamba iqhaza okudumile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezepolitiki. Kulolu hlobo lwamandla, ubukhosi bungobobantu, abakhetha abameleli babo futhi bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo ekwakhiweni kwemithetho nezinqubomgomo zoMbuso. Intando yeningi ibonwa ngu-Aristotle njengombuso wezombangazwe ongcono kakhulu, njengoba ikhuthaza ukulingana kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi empilweni yomphakathi.
Imithetho eyi-9 yentando yeningi ephakanyiswe ngu-Aristotle
U-Aristotle uhlongoze imithetho eyisishiyagalolunye yentando yeningi enempilo nesebenzayo. Phakathi kwazo, ukubaluleka kwemfundo yomphakathi, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla, ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokulingana ngaphambi komthetho kugqame. Ku-Aristotle, intando yeningi ehleleke kahle kufanele iqinisekise ukubamba iqhaza okubonakalayo kwezakhamuzi, ukuba sobala kwezinqumo zezombusazwe, kanye nokuhlonipha amalungelo ayisisekelo awo wonke amalungu omphakathi.
Imithetho eyi-9 yentando yeningi ephakanyiswe ngu-Aristotle
Ukungena kwefilosofi emkhakheni wezepolitiki kunomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili.
Uma u-Plato aziwa ngokuhlobanisa inkolelo yakhe yemibono nemodeli yenhlangano yezombangazwe esekelwe ebukhosini bensimbi, umfundi wakhe u-Aristotle akashiywanga emuva futhi wahlongoza uchungechunge lwezimiso zentando yeningi okuyinto, wathi, yayidingeka ukuze izwi labantu kanye nezithakazelo zabo zilolonge izinqumo ezibalulekile ezithathwayo.
Lolu chungechunge lweziphakamiso lwaziwa ngokuthi imithetho eyi-9 yentando yeningi, ngokusho kuka-Aristotle .
Umongo: intando yeningi yase-Athene
Impela, izindinganiso zentando yeningi zaseGreece Yasendulo azifani nalezo ezikhona namuhla emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga anezimboni. Nakuba abantu base-Athene bebhekwa njengoyise bentando yeningi, ngaleso sikhathi imikhaya ecebile kuphela eyayingaba nokumelela. Iningi labantu, elalihlanganisa izigqila, abesifazane nezingane, nabantu ababebhekwa njengabangaphandle, lalingenazwi noma ivoti.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le modeli yentando yeningi yayingasakazeki kulo lonke elaseGreece. Ngokwesibonelo, abaseSparta bagcizelela kakhulu isidingo sokusebenza njengekamu elikhulu lezempi kunasezimfanelo ezinhle zokumelela ezombangazwe.
AmaSophists
Lesi yisimo lapho u-Aristotle abhala khona imibhalo yakhe ngepolitiki; e-Athene, abanye abantu baya kakhulu ezindaweni zokumeleleka kwezombangazwe lapho abantu abambalwa bephikisana khona. Iqembu elikwazile ukukholisa abanye laqedwa, yingakho, emindenini ethile enekhono lefilosofi, lancishiswa laba umdlalo wokukhuluma, lapho indlela okwakukhulunywa ngayo yayibaluleke kakhulu kunokuqukethwe kwalowo mlayezo.
Kungakho ochwepheshe bezinkulumo banda e-Athens, labo ababebizwa ngokuthi osophiti, aba wayala labo ababakhokhelayo ngobuciko bokukholisa abanye , okuthile okwakubhekwa njengokutshalwa kwezimali ukuze uthole ithonya.
Bobabili uSocrates noPlato babonisa ukwenqaba kwabo ngokuphelele lo mbono wefilosofi owawusekelwe ekuzicabangeni, njengoba babeqonda ukuthi iqiniso alizange lishintshe kuye ngokuthi ubani owakhokhela ukuvikela izithakazelo ezithile.
Uhlelo lwezinqubomgomo olwakhiwe ngu-Aristotle
Ngemva kwalezi zazi zefilosofi ezimbili, u-Aristotle akazange agcizelele kakhulu isidingo sokufinyelela iqiniso eliphelele neliphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokhu kwaba namiphi imiphumela, kodwa wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakubalulekile. sungula uchungechunge lwemithetho ukuze intando yeningi iphelele ngangokunokwenzeka , ukugwema izingozi zenkohlakalo namaqhinga okukhuluma.
Lolu chungechunge lwemithetho yentando yeningi ka-Aristotle lwabhalwa encwadini yakhe Ipolitiki futhi zimi kanje:
1. Khetha bonke omantshi phakathi kwabo bonke
U-Aristotle wayeqonda ukuthi ipolitiki ithinta wonke umuntu ngakho-ke wonke umuntu kufanele abe nelungelo lokuthonya ezombusazwe.
2. Bonke mabathumele umuntu ngamunye futhi bavumele umuntu ukuthi athumele konke
Lokhu kulinganisa phakathi kwezithakazelo ezihlangene kanye nezomuntu ngamunye kwathathwa njengokuyisisekelo ukuze intando yeningi ingabi namachashaza.
3. Leli hhovisi lomphakathi liqokwe ilotho
Lesi sazi sefilosofi esingumGreki sasikholelwa ukuthi, noma nini lapho kungenzeka futhi lapho isidingo solwazi lobuchwepheshe singesona isithiyo, amanani kufanele akhethwe ilotho ukuze kugwenywe ithonya lokuthengisa.
4. Ukuthi umuntu akakwazi ukubamba isikhundla esisodwa kabili
U-Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuthi lo mthetho wentando yeningi wawuyisisekelo ukuze izikhundla ezithile ezigxilile zingahlali, okwakuyobangela ukuthi izithakazelo zomuntu siqu zixubane nezinhloso zezombangazwe aziphishekelayo.
5. Ukuthi umuntu ofanayo unesikhundla esisodwa kuphela ngesikhathi esisodwa
Lo mthetho, ngaphandle kwabantu abazinikele ekuvikeleni idolobha ngebutho, ungaba imodeli yakudala yokuhlukaniswa kwamandla.
6. Ukuthi imisebenzi yomphakathi ibe yesikhashana
Lokhu kwakudingeka, futhi, ukuze izithakazelo zomuntu siqu zosopolitiki zingaphazamisi kakhulu indima yabo yezombangazwe.
7. Ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziphethe ubulungiswa
Umqondo wobulungiswa kumele ube ngaphezu kwezinhloso zezepolitiki namasu aphathekayo, ukuze kuzuze umphakathi wonkana futhi ungabeki izibonelo zokungabi nabulungisa.
8. Ukuthi umhlangano odumile unamandla phezu kwezinto zonke
Izinqumo ezibalulekile kufanele ziqhamuke ebukhosini babantu, hhayi ezinqumweni zabambalwa.
9. Ukuthi asikho isikhundla somphakathi esizoba impilo yonke
Lokhu kwakudingeka ukuze kugwenywe igebe phakathi kwamandla ezikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nawo wonke umphakathi. Uma begwetshwa odilikajele, bangathatha izinyathelo ezingalungile, njengoba beqinisekiswa isikhathi esengeziwe empilweni yabo yonke ngakho-ke ngeke kudingeke ukuthi bakhokhe imiphumela.