Impikiswano ye-ontological ingenye yemizamo emidala nedume kakhulu yokufakazela ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu ngesizathu esimsulwa, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubufakazi obunamandla noma isipiliyoni sezinzwa. Umsuka wale mpikiswano uhlehlela emuva kusazi sefilosofi esingumKristu sekhulu le-11 u-Anselm waseCanterbury, owayefuna ukubonisa ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu ngokusekelwe kuyo kanye incazelo yomuntu ophakeme. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ongqondongqondo abahlukahlukene kuwo wonke umlando, njengoDescartes, uLeibniz, noKant, baye bahlakulela izinguqulo ezihlukene zempikiswano yesayensi yezesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ngayinye enama-nuances ayo kanye nokugxeka. Le mpikiswano iyaqhubeka nokuba yindaba yenkulumo-mpikiswano nokucabangisisa kuze kube yilolu suku, inselele izazi ukuba zicabange ngesimo sikaNkulunkulu kanye nokufaneleka kokucabanga njengendlela yokubonisa ukuba khona kwakhe.
Inhloso enkulu evikelwe nguSaint Anselm: ukufuna ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu.
Impikiswano ye-ontological yobukhona bukaNkulunkulu, ehlongozwe nguSaint Anselm, inomgomo wayo oyinhloko khombisa ngendlela ephusile nephusile ubukhona be Mdali. Ku-Anselm, ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu a iqiniso lokho kungazuzwa ngesizathu kanye ukuzindla. Uphikisa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu ungumuntu ophakeme, the okukhudlwana okungacatshangwa, nokuthi ngakho-ke kufanele abe khona ngokoqobo, hhayi nje engqondweni yomuntu.
U-Anselmo uphikisa ngokuthi ingqikithi kaNkulunkulu uhlanganisa ubukhona, okungukuthi, akanakucatshangwa njengomqondo nje ongaqondakali, kodwa kunalokho njengomuntu ngempela ikhona. Ngakho-ke, ngokwempikiswano ye-ontological, elula umqondo kaNkulunkulu kusikisela ukuba khona kwakhe, ngoba isidalwa esikhona ngokoqobo sikhulu kunesidalwa esikhona engqondweni kuphela.
Ngakho-ke, inhloso enkulu kaSaint Anselm ekuphakamiseni impikiswano ye-ontological ithi ukusungula ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu njenge iqiniso ngokuphelele futhi akunakuphikiswa, ngokusekelwe esicathulweni kanye logic. Uyafuna khombisa ukuthi ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu akuyona nje indaba yokholo, kodwa isiphetho ukuqonda lokho kungafezwa ngomcabango kwefilosofi.
Ukuqonda ubunjalo bokuba khona: isingeniso somqondo we-ontology.
Ukuze uqonde ubunjalo bomuntu, kubalulekile ukuba nesingeniso somqondo we-ontology. I-Ontology igatsha lefilosofi elifunda ubukhona, ubukhona, kanye neqiniso. Ifuna ukuqonda ukuthi kuyini nokuthi izinto zikhona kanjani. Esinye sezici okuxoxwa ngazo kakhulu ku-ontology ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu, futhi impikiswano yakudala esetshenziswa ukuyivikela impikiswano ye-ontology.
Impikiswano ye-ontological yobukhona bukaNkulunkulu yasungulwa izazi zefilosofi ezifana noSaint Anselm noRené Descartes. Isekelwe embonweni wokuthi uNkulunkulu ungumuntu ophelele kakhulu nokuthi wona kanye umqondo kaNkulunkulu usikisela ukuba khona kwakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, uma sicabanga ngomqondo womuntu ophelele, ukuthi ubukhona bebungeke bube khona ezingqondweni zethu kuphela, ngoba ubukhona buwuphawu oluphelele nakakhulu kunokungabi khona.
Ngakho-ke, impikiswano ye-ontological ithi ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu kungenzeka kusikisela ukuba khona kwakhe kwangempela. Ngakho-ke, uma samukela umqondo womuntu ophelele, nakanjani kuyodingeka sivume ukuthi umuntu onjalo ukhona. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi impikiswano ye-ontological iyisihloko sokugxekwa okukhulu nenkulumompikiswano ngaphakathi kwefilosofi, kodwa isengenye yezimpikiswano ezihehayo neziyinkimbinkimbi zokuxoxa ngobukhona bukaNkulunkulu.
Ithini incazelo yempikiswano ye-cosmological?
Impikiswano yecosmological iwubufakazi befilosofi bokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu obusekelwe embonweni wokuthi yonke into ekhona inembangela. Ngakho, uma sicabanga ukuthi indawo yonke yaba nesiqalo, khona-ke kumelwe ukuba yayinesizathu esayenza yanyakaza. Lesi sizathu, ngokwempikiswano ye-cosmological, nguNkulunkulu.
Le mpikiswano ingafinyezwa kanje: 1) Konke okukhona kunesizathu. 2) Umkhathi ukhona. 3) Ngakho-ke, indawo yonke inesizathu. 4) Lesi sizathu nguNkulunkulu, uMuntu odingekayo nowaphakade owadala konke okukhona.
Nakuba impikiswano yesayensi yendawo yonke ingomunye wemizamo eminingi yokufakazela ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi akubona ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda. Kukhona ukugxeka nokuphikisa impikiswano, futhi izazi zefilosofi nezazi zenkolo ezahlukene zinezincazelo ezihlukene nezindlela zazo.
Isiphi isikhundla u-Anselm ayenaso esikhundleni sabefundisi beBandla?
U-Anselm ubambe isikhundla sokuba nguMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseCanterbury esikhundleni seBandla. Lesi sikhundla sibaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sesonto, esibhekele ukuhola iDiocese yaseCanterbury nokumela iBandla esifundeni.
U-Anselm wayeyisazi semfundiso yenkolo nesazi sefilosofi sangeNkathi Ephakathi, owaziwa ngokuthuthukisa impikiswano ye-ontological ngobukhona bukaNkulunkulu. Le mpikiswano, esekelwe embonweni wokuthi UNkulunkulu ungumuntu ophakeme futhi ophelele, uqinisekisa ukuthi wona kanye umqondo we UNkulunkulu kusho ukuba khona kwayo. Ngamanye amazwi, uma sikhulelwa UNkulunkulu njengomuntu ophelele kunabo bonke abangaba khona, khona-ke kufanele abe khona ngempela, njengoba ubukhona buyisici sokupheleliswa.
Le mpikiswano, nakuba yayiyimpikiswano futhi iphikisana phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, imelela omunye wemizamo ethakazelisa kakhulu yokufakazela ukuba khona UNkulunkulu ngesizathu esimsulwa. U-Anselm, esikhundleni sakhe njengoMbhishobhi Omkhulu, wasebenzisa ithonya nolwazi lwakhe ukuze akhuthaze lempikiswano futhi avikele ukholo lobuKristu.
Impikiswano Ye-Ontological Yokuba Khona KukaNkulunkulu
Umbuzo wemvelaphi yezwe nabantu wawuhambisana nochungechunge lwezimpikiswano zefilosofi ezithinta yonke inhlangano yamasiko. Kunezimpikiswano eziningi, ezivela emasikweni asendulo efilosofi, azama ukufakazela ubukhona bobunkulunkulu. Phakathi kokunye, lezi zimpikiswano zasungulwa embuzweni olandelayo: umuntu angakufakazela kanjani ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu , uma, ngokwencazelo, “uNkulunkulu” ezidala?
Okungenhla kukwazile ukuphendulwa kuphela ngezakhiwo ezizama ukuzibonakalisa. Okungukuthi, izimpikiswano ezingasebenzisi ezinye izindlela zokuziphendulela ngaphandle komqondo ophakathi ovikelwe.
Yilokhu igama elithi “impikiswano ye-ontological” libhekisela kukho. . Ngezansi, sizobuyekeza kafushane incazelo yayo kanye nezimpikiswano eziye zasetshenziswa ukuthethelela ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu emphakathini namasiko aseNtshonalanga.
Iyini impikiswano ye-ontological?
Ukuqala, kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukuthi sisho ukuthini "ngokuphikisana kwe-ontological." Igama elithi ontology lisho "ucwaningo lwenhlangano," okusho ukuthi umkhuba wefilosofi ofunda ingqikithi enkulu: lokho okulolonga inhlangano, umuntu, umuntu, udaba, into, isihloko, noma isidalwa esinqunyiwe. I-Ontology ibuza ukuthi kungani into oyifundayo ikhona nokuthi yini eyenza ibe ngokoqobo. Ngamanye amazwi, uyazibuza ngembangela yawo yokugcina kanye nezimpawu zawo eziyisisekelo .
Ngalo mqondo, impikiswano ye-ontological iwumugqa wokucabanga osetshenziselwa ukufakazela noma ukuthethelela ingqikithi yebhizinisi. Nakuba lokhu kwakamuva kungasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlangano, igama elithi "impikiswano ye-ontological" ngokuvamile libhekisela ngokuqondile emcabangweni osetshenziselwa ukufakazela ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngokwencazelo yalo, uNkulunkulu kumelwe ukuba wazidala. Ubukhona bakhe busekelwe empikiswaneni ye-ontological ngoba wona kanye umqondo kaNkulunkulu ubhekisela ezingeni eliphakeme abantu abangalicabanga, ngakho-ke, ayikho enye indlela yokuphila noma ulwazi olwandulelayo .
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba khona kwayo kusekelwe ochungechungeni lwezakhiwo ukuthi zama ukuchaza “i-priori” ubukhona bobunkulunkulu "I-priori" ngoba iyimpikiswano esekelwe kumpikiswano ngokwayo, ingqikithi yalowo oshiwoyo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuphendukela ezimpikiswano zangaphambilini, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwesidingo sanoma iyiphi enye ingxabano yokuthethelela umqondo oyinhloko. Futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kuhlale kukhanga ukucabanga (hhayi ubufakazi obunamandla noma bemvelo). Ngakho-ke, lena impikiswano ye-ontological ngoba ayisekelwe ekuqapheliseni umhlaba, kodwa ekukhangiseni okunengqondo kanye nethiyori ocwaningweni lobukhona.
Okulandelayo, sizobheka ezinye zezimpikiswano eziye zasetshenziswa kusukela kufilosofi yasendulo yobuKristu ukuvikela ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu.
Ukusuka eSan Anselmo kuya eDescartes
U-Saint Anselm uyisazi sefilosofi esaziwayo sekhulu le-11 AD esaphikisana ngokunengqondo ngobukhona bukaNkulunkulu. Indlalifa yesiko lefilosofi kaSaint Augustine, u-Anselm uchaza ukuthi uNkulunkulu uyisidalwa esikhulu kunazo zonke, okungukuthi, akukho lutho olukhulu kunalokho olungacatshangwa. Into engcono kakhulu esingayicabanga kanye ne-intuit umbono kaNkulunkulu ngakho-ke ikhona. Ngamanye amazwi, ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu bufakazelwa yiyo kanye incazelo kaNkulunkulu.
Izimpikiswano zikaSaint Anselm zakhelwe ngaphakathi kwesiko lefilosofi nenkolo lenkathi ephakathi elifuna ukuphikisa ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu hhayi nje ngokususelwa okholweni lobuKristu, kodwa nasemicabangweni. Lesi sakamuva, sizama ukulwa nokuphika uNkulunkulu okuvela ekungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu nasekungabazeni. Kulo mongo, ukubonakaliswa nokuphikisana ngobukhona bukaNkulunkulu kuthathwa njengembangela edlula zonke eyenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu nomhlaba.
- Ungase ube nesithakazelo: "Iminikelo ebalulekile kaRené Descartes kupsychology"
Ukuzalwa kabusha nokuhlukaniswa kokholo nokucabanga
Phakathi nenkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi iRenaissance, isazi semfundiso yenkolo uDuns Scotus wayengomunye oqashelwa kakhulu empikiswaneni ye-ontological. Chaza ukuthi uNkulunkulu nezimfanelo zakhe kungakhulelwa ngokucabanga hhayi nje ngokholo .
Lokhu kubeka isisekelo sokucabanga ukuthi ukucabanga nokholo kungamazwe ahlukene (okuphambene nalokho okushiwo u-Saint Anselm); ngazo, isazi sefilosofi nesazi sezenkolo (futhi kamuva nososayensi) kanye nemisebenzi eyenziwa yilowo nalowo nayo ihlukile.
Akukhona lokho kuphela, kodwa isizathu siqala ukuqondwa njengokufinyeleleka ngokubonisa kanye nolwazi, lapho ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu bubonakaliswa ngokukholwa kuphela. Futhi kulo mqondo ofanayo, ngesikhathi seRenaissance, kwasungulwa isiko lokungabaza ezenkolo nezokuziphatha.
Impikiswano ye-Ontological kaDescartes
Efinyelela esikhathini samanje nangaphakathi kwesiko lobuKristu elifanayo, uDescartes ubonakala ezama ukuvuselela umqondo wokuthi ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu bungafakazelwa ngesizathu. Lokhu kanye nezinye izazi zefilosofi zihlala zingabaza indawo yesipiliyoni njengoba isiqalo sokwakhiwa kolwazi oluphusile Kusukela lapho, u-Descartes uphikisa ukuthi uma kukhona into esingenakungabaza, kungenxa yokuthi siyangabaza futhi sicabange, okungukuthi, sinezinto ezinengqondo ezisivumela ukuba siqonde izinto kanye nomhlaba jikelele.
Ngamanye amazwi, ikhombisa igunya lokucabanga, ukwakheka komcabango nokwandiswa kwawo, nokuthi lokhu kufana kanjani nokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu. Ku-Descartes, i- isizathu (ingqondo) iyafana noNkulunkulu , elungisa kabusha impikiswano ye-ontological ngokuba khona kwayo kuyilapho ibeka izisekelo ze-epistemological paradigms yesayensi yesimanje.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- González, V. (1950). Impikiswano ye-ontological ku-Descartes. I-Cuban Journal of Philosophy. 1 (6): 42-45.
- U-Isea, R. (2015). Impikiswano Ye-Ontological Yokuba Khona KukaNkulunkulu, Ingxenye I. Ijenali Yesizathu Nomcabango WamaKristu. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 18, 2018. Itholakala kokuthi http://www.revista-rypc.org/2015/03/el-argumento-ontologico-sobre-la.html.