Ingxenyana yemvukuzane isilinganiso esisetshenziswa kukhemistri ukumela ingxenye yengxenye eyodwa kwingxube ehlobene nesamba sezingxenye ezikhona. Ibalwa ngokuhlukanisa inani lengxenye eyodwa ngesamba samanani azo zonke izingxenye zengxube.
Isibonelo, uma sinengxube yamanzi notshwala, futhi inani lamanzi liyi-100g futhi inani lotshwala lingu-50g, khona-ke ingxenye yemvukuzane yamanzi izoba ngu-0,66 (100g / (100g + 50g)) futhi ingxenye yemvukuzane yotshwala ingaba ngu-0,33 (50g / (100g + 50g).
Ukuzivocavoca okubandakanya izingxenyana zemvukuzane kungase kuhlanganise ukunquma ingxenye yemvukuzane yezingxenye ezihlukene engxubeninge, kusetshenziswa amafrakshini imvukuzane ukubala inani lengxenye edingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe ukugxiliswa okunikiwe, nokunye okwengeziwe. Ukuzijwayeza ngokuzivocavoca kubalulekile ukuze uqonde futhi usebenzise kahle umqondo wengxenyana yemvukuzane.
Indlela yokubala ingxenyana yemvukuzane ezintweni usebenzisa ifomula elula.
Ingxenyana yemvukuzane iyindlela yokuveza inani lento ethile exutshweni. Ukuze ubale ingxenyenamba yemvukuzane yento eyingxube, mane uhlukanise inani lento ngenani eliphelele lengxube. Ifomula yokubala ingxenyana ye-mole:
Ingxenye yemvukuzane = inani lento / inani eliphelele lengxube
Isibonelo, uma sinengxube yamanzi nosawoti, futhi inani lamanzi lingama-50g futhi inani likasawoti lingu-30g, ingxenye yemvukuzane yamanzi ingaba:
Ingxenye yemvukuzane yamanzi = 50g / (50g + 30g) = 50g / 80g = 0,625
Ukuze ubale ingxenyana yemvukuzane kasawoti, vele ukhiphe ingxenye yemvukuzane yamanzi ku-1, njengoba isamba sezingxenyana zemvukuzane yazo zonke izinto ezixubile zihlala zilingana no-1.
Manje njengoba usuqonda ukuthi ubalwa kanjani ingxenye yemvukuzane ezintweni, zama ukuxazulula izivivinyo ezithile ukuze uzilolonge futhi uqinise ulwazi lwakho ngalesi sihloko.
Ukuqonda izilinganiso zezinto ezixazululweni ngokusebenzisa izingxenyana ze-molar.
Ingxenyana yemvukuzane iyindlela yokuveza ukuhlangana kwento esixazululweni, kucatshangelwa ingxenye yama-molecule aleyo nto uma kuqhathaniswa nengqikithi yama-molecule akhona. Ukuze ubale ingxenyenamba yemvukuzane yento, vele uhlukanise inani lama-moles wento ngenani eliphelele lama-moles esixazululweni.
Isibonelo, uma sinesixazululo esinama-moles angu-2 e-solute A kanye nama-moles angu-3 e-solute B, ukubala kwengxenye yemvukuzane ye-solute A kungaba ngu-2 / (2 + 3) = 0,4. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaphesenti angu-40 ama-molecule esixazululo ayi-solute A.
Ukuzijwayeza ukubala izingxenyana zemvukuzane, singakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile. Isibonelo, uma sinesixazululo esinama-moles angu-0,5 we-solute C kanye nama-moles angu-1,5 we-solute D, iyini ingxenye yemvukuzane ye-solute D? Ingxenye yemvukuzane ye-solute D ingaba ngu-1,5 / (0,5 + 1,5) = 0,75, okusho ukuthi u-75% wama-molecule esixazululo ayi-solute D.
Ukuqonda ubukhulu bezinto ezixazululweni ngokusebenzisa izingxenyana zemvukuzane kubalulekile ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, njengokulungisa izixazululo, ukubala ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, nokuthola izici ze-physicochemical zezinto. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuzijwayeza ukubala izingxenyana zemvukuzane ukuze ujulise ukuqonda kwakho lesi sihloko.
Thola ifomula yokubala ukuhlushwa kwe-Molar kwesisombululo ngendlela elula.
I-molar concentration yesisombululo iyisilinganiso esibalulekile kukhemistri, emelela inani le-solute elikhona ngokuphathelene nenani eliphelele lesixazululo. Ukuze ubale ukugxila kwe-molar, sisebenzisa ifomula elula:
I-Molar Concentration (M) = Inani le-solute (mol) / Umthamo wesixazululo (L)
Isibonelo, uma sinama-moles angu-2 e-solute encibilikisiwe ku-1 ilitha yesisombululo, ukugxila kwe-molar kungaba ngu-2 M.
Ingxenyana yemvukuzane, yona, ingesinye isilinganiso esibalulekile esimelela ingxenye yengxenye ngokuphathelene nesixazululo esiphelele. Ukuze ubale ingxenyenamba yemvukuzane yengxenye A, sisebenzisa ifomula:
Ingxenye yemvukuzane ka-A = I-Mol ye-A / Isamba semvukuzane
Isibonelo, uma sinama-moles angu-2 wento A kanye nama-moles angu-3 wento B esixazululweni, ingxenyenamba yemvukuzane ka-A ingaba ngu-2/5.
Manje njengoba usuqonda ukuthi kubalwa kanjani ukugxila kwe-molar kanye nengxenye ye-molecule, kuthiwani ngokuzijwayeza ngokuzivocavoca okuthile?
Ukuthola inani lama-moles entweni ngokusebenzisa izibalo ezilula.
Ukuze uthole inani lama-moles entweni, udinga ukusebenzisa ifomula yezibalo efanele. Inombolo yama-moles wento ingabalwa kusukela kusisindo sento kanye nesisindo sayo se-molar. I-Molar mass isisindo semvukuzane eyodwa yama-athomu, ama-ion, noma ama-molecule ento futhi ivezwa nge-g/mol.
Ukuze ubale inani lama-moles, mane uhlukanise inqwaba yento nge-molar mass yayo. Isibonelo, uma sinamagremu angu-10 amanzi (H2O), isisindo sawo se-molar singu-18 g/mol, singabala inani lama-moles ngendlela elandelayo:
Inani lama-moles = Ubuningi bezinto / I-Molar mass
Inani lama-moles = 10 g / 18 g/mol
Inani lama-moles = 0,555 mol
Ngakho-ke, sinama-moles angu-0,555 wamanzi ngamagremu angu-10 wento.
Ingxenye yemvukuzane yento esengxubeni iyisilinganiso senani lama-moles aleyo nto nenani eliphelele lama-moles enhlanganisweni. Ingxenye yemvukuzane ingabalwa ngokuhlukanisa inani lama-moles wento ngenani eliphelele lama-moles enhlanganisweni.
Isibonelo, uma sinengxube yama-moles angu-2 amanzi kanye nama-moles angu-3 otshwala, ingxenye yemvukuzane yamanzi ingaba:
Ingxenye yemvukuzane yamanzi = Imvukuzane yamanzi / Isamba semvukuzane
Ingxenye yemvukuzane yamanzi = 2 mol / (2 mol + 3 mol)
Ingxenye yemvukuzane yamanzi = 2/5
Ngakho, ingxenye yemvukuzane yamanzi kule ngxube ingaba ngu-2/5.
Ukuze uzijwayeze futhi uqinise umqondo wengxenyana yemvukuzane, kubalulekile ukwenza izivivinyo ezibandakanya ukubala inani lama-moles nama-fractions e-moles ezintweni ezahlukene nezingxube. Ngokuzijwayeza, kuba lula ukuqonda nokusebenzisa le mibono ekuxazululeni izinkinga zamakhemikhali.
Ingxenye ye-Mole: ibalwa kanjani, izibonelo, izivivinyo
A ingxenye yemvukuzane iyindlela yokuveza ukuhlangana kwezakhi ezikhona kwinhlanganisela noma ukuhlangana kwenhlanganisela kwingxube.
Ingxenye yemvukuzane yezakhi zenhlanganisela ichazwa njenge-quotient phakathi kwenani lama-moles we-elementi ngayinye ehlukene ekhona ku-compound kanye nenani eliphelele lama-moles awo.
Isibonelo: uma inhlanganisela ine-elementi A kanye ne-elementi B, ingxenyana yemvukuzane ka-A iyinombolo yama-moles ka-A ehlukaniswa ngenani lama-moles ka-A kanye nenani lama-moles ka-B. Ngokufanayo, engxenyeni yemvukuzane engu-B kwenziwa umsebenzi ofanayo, kodwa ubeka ama-moles ka-B enombolweni.
Lo msebenzi umelwe esithombeni esingenhla. Isamba seziqephu zemvukuzane silingana no-1 (eyodwa). Ingxenye yemvukuzane iyinombolo engena-Dimensionless. Imithetho eminingi ingavezwa ngokwemibandela yayo, njengoMthetho kaDalton.
Izici nophawu
Inani lengxenye yemvukuzane lizimele ekushiseni futhi, ekuxubeni kwegesi ekahle, lingasetshenziswa ukubala ukucindezela okuyingxenye yegesi ngayinye ekhona kungxube yegesi; njengoba kushiwo umthetho kaDalton.
Ingxenye yemvukuzane ivame ukumelwa noma ifanekiselwa ngosonhlamvukazi X (X), ngakwesokudla, njengombhalo obhaliwe, uphawu lwesakhi noma ifomula yenhlanganisela ifakwa uma unengxube yezinhlanganisela.
Ibalwa kanjani
Uma inani lama-moles we-elementi ngayinye eyakha inhlanganisela enikeziwe laziwa, ukwengeza ama-moles wezakhi kungathola inani eliphelele lama-moles akhona ku-compound.
Ngakho-ke, ukuthola ingxenye yemvukuzane yento ngayinye, inani lama-moles alo lihlukaniswa nenani eliphelele lama-moles akhona ku-compound. Isamba samanani engxenye yemvukuzane yezinto ezihlukene silingana nobunye (1).
Izibonelo
Okulandelayo yizibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwengxenyana yemvukuzane.
Isibonelo 1
I-molality yesisombululo, evezwa kuma-moles we-solute ngekhilogremu ngayinye yamanzi, ingaguqulelwa engxenyeni yemvukuzane ye-solute. Ukuze wenze lokhu, guqula i-1.000 g yamanzi ibe ama-moles amanzi ngokumane uhlukanise isisindo se-1.000 g yamanzi ngesisindo se-molecule yamanzi (18 g/mol).
Bese, kuhlukaniswa inani lama-moles we-solute ngenani lama-moles amanzi kanye nalawo e-solute, ingxenye yemvukuzane ye-solute izotholakala.
Isibonelo, into A ine-molality engu-0,03 m. Lokhu kusho ukuthi unemvukuzane engu-0,3 ka-A encibilike kukhilogremu eyodwa yamanzi. Ikhilogremu eyodwa yamanzi ihambisana nama-moles angu-55,55 amanzi (1.000 g ± 18 g/mol). Ngakho-ke, ingxenye yemvukuzane ka-A iba:
X (A) noma X A = 0,03 ÷ (55,55 + 0,03)
= 0,0005398 noma 5,39810 -4
Isibonelo 2
Ukubalwa kwezicindezelo eziyingxenye zamagesi ngokusekelwe kumafrakshini awo emvukuzane. Umthetho Wokucindezela Okuyingxenye washiwo uDalton futhi uthi engxubeni yamagesi, igesi ngayinye icindezela njengokungathi ithathe wonke umthamo wengxube.
Ingqikithi yokucindezela kwengxube yegesi isamba sezingcindezi ezenziwa, ngokuhlukana, yilowo nalowo wamagesi akha ingxube yegesi.
Umkhathi wakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ingxube yamagesi amane: i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, isikhutha, nomhwamuko wamanzi, ngalinye linezingcindezi ezilandelayo ngokwehlukana:
I-nitrogen: 596 mmHg
Umoya-mpilo: 158 mmHg
I-Carbon dioxide: 0,3 mmHg
Umhwamuko wamanzi: 5,7 mmHg.
Okuletha inani lokucindezela komkhathi okungu-760 mmHg. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zingcindezi zegesi, amanani alandelayo ezingxenyana zawo zemvukuzane angabalwa:
isishayo
X N2 = 596 mmHg / 760 mmHg
= 0,7842
Oxygen
X O2 = 158 mmHg / 760 mmHg
= 0,2079
I-Carbon dioxide
X CO2 = 0,3 mmHg / 760 mmHg
= 0,00039
I-Steam
X H2O = 5,7 mmHg / 760 mmHg
= 0,075
Ngokuphambene, ukucindezela okuyingxenye yegesi ngayinye ekhona engxubeni kungase kubalwe ngokuphindaphinda inani lengxenye yalo yemvukuzane ngenani eliphelele lokucindezela okukhishwa ingxube yegesi.
Ukuzivocavoca umzimba
Ukuzivocavoca 1
Iyini ingxenye yemvukuzane yengxube ye-methanol (CH 3 OH) kanye namanzi (H 2 O) isisombululo esiqukethe i-145 g ye-CH 3 OH kanye ne-120 g ye-H 2 Izisindo zamangqamuzana: CH 3 OH = 32 g/mol namanzi = 18 g/mol.
Okokuqala sibala ama-moles we-methanol namanzi:
Ama-moles we-CH 3 OH = 145 g · 1 mol C 3 OH ÷ 32 g we-CH 3 OH
= 4,53 imvukuzane ye-CH 3 OH
Ama-moles we-H 2 O = 120 g · imvukuzane engu-1 ka-H 2 O ÷ 18 g we-H 2 O
= 6,67 mol de H2O
Bese sibala ama-moles aphelele:
Isamba sama-moles we-CH 3 OH futhi H 2 O = 4,53 + 6,67
= 11,2 imvukuzane
Ngakho-ke sinquma izingxenyana zemvukuzane ye-methanol namanzi:
X (CH 3 OH) = 4,53 imvukuzane / 11,2 imvukuzane
= 0,404
X (H 2 O) = 6,67 imvukuzane / 11,2 imvukuzane
= 0,596
Ukuzivocavoca 2
Inhlanganisela yama-moles angu-1,56 e-nitrogen (N 2 ) kanye nama-moles angu-1,2 omoya-mpilo (O 2 ) inengcindezi engu-0,8 atmospheres (atm). Bala ingcindezi ingxenye ekhishwa amagesi ngayinye.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuxazululeni inkinga siwukubala izingxenyana zemvukuzane yamagesi. Esinyathelweni sesibili, ukucindezela okuyingxenye okwenziwa amagesi kutholakala ngokuphindaphinda ingxenye yawo yemvukuzane ngomfutho ophelele owenziwe ingxube yegesi.
Ingxenye yemvukuzane ye-nitrogen:
X N2 = 1,56 imvukuzane / (1,56 imvukuzane + 1,2 imvukuzane)
= 0,565
Ingxenye ye-molar yomoya-mpilo:
X O2 = 1,2 imvukuzane / (1,56 imvukuzane + 1,2 imvukuzane)
= 0,435
Futhi ekugcineni sibala ukucindezela kwengxenye yegesi ngayinye:
P N2 =X N2 ·P T
= 0,565 · 0,8 atm
= 0,452 atm
P O2 =X O2 ·P t
= 0,435 · 0,8 atm
= 0,348 atm
Ukuzivocavoca 3
Iyini ingxenye yemvukuzane ye-formaldehyde (CH 2 O) uma u-23 g wenhlanganisela encibilika kuma-moles ama-4 we-carbon tetrachloride (CCl) 4 )? Isisindo se-molecular C 2 O = 30,03 g/mol.
Okokuqala sibala ama-moles we-formaldehyde:
I-CH Moles 2 O = 23 g CH 2 O · 1 mol CH 2 O ÷ 30,03 g C 2 S
= 766 imvukuzane
Futhi okwesibili sibala ingxenyenamba yemvukuzane:
X I-CH2OH = 0,766 imvukuzane CH 2 OH / (0,766 imvukuzane CH 2 OH + 4 imvukuzane CCl 4 )
= 0,161
Izinkomba
- Whitten, Davis, Peck kanye noStanley. (2008). Chemistry . (Isiqephu sesi-8). CENGAGE Ukufunda.
- Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (Februwari 11, 2020). Iyini ingxenyana yemvukuzane? Ithathwe ku: thoughtco.com
- I-Wikipedia. (2020). Ingxenyana yemvukuzane. Ithathwe ku: en.wikipedia.org
- Isisekelo se-CK-12. (Okthoba 16, 2019). Ingxenyana yemvukuzane. I-Chemistry LibreTexts. Ithathwe ku: chem.libretexts.org
- Chris Deziel. (Novemba 12, 2018). Indlela Yokubala Ingxenye Yemvukuzane. Kubuyiswe ku: sciencing.com