I-Brain plasticity, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-neuroplasticity, ikhono lobuchopho lokuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi lishintshe kukho konke ukuphila ngokusabela kokuhlangenwe nakho okusha, ukufunda, nokulimala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingqondo ingahlela kabusha ukuxhumana kwayo kwemizwa, idale ama-synapse amasha, futhi iphinde ikhiqize kabusha amaseli alimele, ivumele ukutholwa kwemisebenzi ngemva kokulimala kwemizwa noma izifo. Ipulasitiki yobuchopho ibalulekile ekukhuleni kobuchopho okunempilo namandla okufunda impilo yonke.
Qonda umqondo we-neuroplasticity nokubaluleka kwawo ekusebenzeni kobuchopho.
I-Neuroplasticity, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-plasticity yobuchopho, ikhono lobuchopho lokuzivumelanisa nokuzihlela kabusha kuyo yonke impilo ngokusabela kokuhlangenwe nakho okusha, ukulimala, noma izinguquko zemvelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neurons kungaqiniswa, kwenziwe buthaka, noma kudalwe ngisho nokusabela ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle. La mandla okushintsha ayisisekelo ekusebenzeni kobuchopho nokufunda impilo yonke.
Lapho sifunda okuthile okusha noma senza ikhono, izinguquko zomzimba zenzeka ebuchosheni. Ama-Synapses, awukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neuron, aqinisa futhi aphindaphindeke, akhe ama-neural circuits amasha. Lokhu kuvumela ubuchopho ukuthi buzivumelanise futhi buthuthukise ukusebenza kwabo emisebenzini ethile. Isibonelo, lapho sifunda ukudlala insimbi yomculo, izindawo zobuchopho ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuxhumana kwemoto nokuzwa kokuzwa zihlela kabusha ukuze kube lula ukusebenza komculo.
I-Neuroplasticity ibalulekile hhayi kuphela ekufundeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono kodwa nasekululameni ekulimaleni kwengqondo. Ngemva kokushaywa unhlangothi, ngokwesibonelo, ubuchopho bungahlela kabusha ukuxhumana kwabo kwemizwa ukuze kunxephezele izindawo ezilimele futhi kubuyisele imisebenzi elahlekile. Lokhu kubonisa ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kobuchopho kanye nokubaluleka kokuvuselela ubuchopho bepulasitiki ezimeni zokulimala noma ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
La mandla okushintsha ayisisekelo ekusebenzeni kobuchopho kanye nekhono lethu lokufunda, ukuthuthukisa amakhono, kanye nokululama ekulimaleni kwengqondo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda nokuvuselela ipulasitiki yobuchopho kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ubuchopho obunempilo nobuqinile kukho konke ukuphila.
I-Neuroplasticity: ukhiye obalulekile wokufunda nokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho.
I-Neuroplasticity, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-plasticity yobuchopho, ikhono lobuchopho lokuzivumelanisa nokuzihlela kabusha kuyo yonke impilo ngokusabela kokuhlangenwe nakho okusha, ukufunda, noma ukulimala. Lesi sici sobuchopho esiyisisekelo yisona esisivumela ukuthi sifunde, sithuthukise amakhono amasha, futhi silulame ekulimaleni kwengqondo.
Uma sifunda okuthile okusha, njengokudlala insimbi yomculo noma ukufunda ulimi olusha, ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neuron ebuchosheni kuyaqina futhi kwakheka ukuxhumana okusha. Lokhu kwenzeka ngezinqubo ezifana ne-synaptogenesis, lapho ama-synapses amasha enziwa khona, kanye ne-synaptization, lapho ama-synapses akhona aqiniswa khona.
La mandla okuhlelwa kabusha kwezinzwa ayisisekelo ekukhuleni kobuchopho kukho konke ukuphila. Kusivumela ukuthi sizivumelanise nezimo ezintsha, sinqobe izinselele, futhi siqhubeke nokufunda kukho konke ukuphila kwethu. Kungakho i-neuroplasticity ithathwa njengokhiye obalulekile wokufunda nokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuvuselela ubuchopho ngokusebenzisa izinselele, ukufunda okuqhubekayo, nokuzijwayeza okuvamile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ipulasitiki yobuchopho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-neuroplasticity futhi iyisisekelo sezindlela zokwelapha ezimbalwa zokubuyisela esimweni sokulimala kobuchopho, njengokushaywa unhlangothi noma ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu.
Ingakanani i-brain neuroplasticity isitatimende esinembile?
I-Brain plasticity, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-neuroplasticity, ibhekisela emandleni obuchopho okuzivumelanisa nokuzihlela kabusha kukho konke ukuphila ngokusabela kokuhlangenwe nakho okusha, ukufunda, noma ukulimala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuchopho bungakha ukuxhumana okusha phakathi kwama-neurons, kuqinise ukuxhumana okukhona, futhi kuhlele kabusha imisebenzi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zobuchopho.
Ingakanani i-brain neuroplasticity isitatimende esinembile? I-Neuroplasticity yinto yangempela futhi yamukelwa kabanzi umphakathi wesayensi. Ucwaningo lwesayensi luye lwabonisa ngokungaguquki ikhono lobuchopho lokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokushintsha impilo yonke. Lokhu kubalulekile ekufundeni, ukululama ekulimaleni kobuchopho, kanye nokuvuselelwa ngemva kokushaywa unhlangothi noma ukuhlukumezeka.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-neuroplasticity inemikhawulo. Isibonelo, ngenkathi ubuchopho bukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi bushintshe ekuphenduleni kokuhlangenwe nakho okusha, amaphethini athile okuxhumana kwe-neural anzima kakhulu ukuwashintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimeni zokulimala kanzima kwengqondo, ikhono lokuhlela kabusha lingase libe nomkhawulo.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi leli khono linemikhawulo futhi liyahlukahluka kuye ngezinto ezimbalwa, njengeminyaka yobudala, ubunzima bokulimala, nomlando wempilo yobuchopho.
Ukuqonda ipulasitiki ekuthuthukisweni komuntu: umqondo nokubaluleka ekuziphendukeleni kwamakhono.
I-Brain plasticity, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-neuroplasticity, ibhekisela emandleni obuchopho okuzivumelanisa nokuzihlela kabusha kukho konke ukuphila ngokusabela kokuhlangenwe nakho okusha nokufunda. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuchopho bungashintsha ukwakheka nokusebenza kwabo ngokuphendula izisusa zangaphandle nezangaphakathi, kwakheka ukuxhumana okusha kwe-neural nokuqinisa okukhona.
Lo mthamo we-plasticity uyisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni komuntu, njengoba uvumela abantu ukuba bathole amakhono amasha, bafunde ulwazi olusha, futhi balulame ekulimaleni kwengqondo. Isibonelo, lapho umuntu efunda ukudlala insimbi yomculo, ubuchopho bakhe buba nezinguquko zesakhiwo ezenza kube lula ukusebenza kwalo msebenzi. Ngokufanayo, lapho othile ehlaselwa isifo sohlangothi, ukwakheka kwepulasitiki kobuchopho kuvumela ezinye izindawo zobuchopho ukuthi zithathe imisebenzi elahlekile.
Ukubaluleka kwepulasitiki ekuthuthukisweni komuntu kuhlobene nekhono lobuchopho lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, okubalulekile ekufundeni okuqhubekayo nokuthuthukisa amakhono kukho konke ukuphila. É Kungokwakhiwa kwepulasitiki lapho izingane zifunda khona ukukhuluma, ukufunda, nokubhala, futhi abantu abadala bathuthukisa amakhono amasha ochwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ipulasitiki yobuchopho nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekululameni kwabantu abalimele ebuchosheni noma abanokuphazamiseka kwemizwa.
Ukuqondisisa futhi ukuhlola lo mthamo kungavula amathuba amasha okuthuthukisa amakhono kanye nokubuyisela ukusebenza kobuchopho, kube nesandla kukhwalithi engcono yokuphila nokuphila kahle kwabantu.
Ipulasitiki yobuchopho (noma i-neuroplasticity): kuyini?
Nakuba bonke ubuchopho bungase bubonakale bucishe bufane, empeleni, abufani. Nakuba zingase zibonakale zabelana ngesakhiwo nesimo esiyisisekelo, ukubhekisisa kuveza ukuthi zihluke ngendlela emangalisayo; ngayinye iqukethe ama-neural circuits anomumo nokusabalalisa okuhluke kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mehluko awuchazwa ngezakhi zofuzo—okungukuthi, asizalwa nazo futhi sizigcina zisesimweni esizinzile. Eqinisweni, lezi zici ezenza ubuchopho bethu buhluke zihlobene neqiniso eliyiqiniso kuzo zonke izimo: yonke impilo ihlukile, futhi isipiliyoni esisiphilayo senza ubuchopho bethu bushintshe ngokomzimba. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi ipulasitiki yobuchopho noma i-neuroplasticity .
Iyini ipulasitiki yobuchopho?
I-Neuroplasticity, eyaziwa nangokuthi ubuchopho noma i-neuronal plasticity, umqondo wokuthi ibhekisela endleleni isimiso sethu sezinzwa esishintsha ngayo njengoba sisebenzelana nemvelo Ngisho nasendabeni yamawele e-monozygotic, lokhu kusebenzisana kuyafana, okusho ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ubona umhlaba futhi enze kuwo ngendlela ehlukile, kuye ngokulandelana kwezimo ahlala kuzo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-neuronal plasticity akuyona into ethatha isikhathi eside ukwenzeka: kwenzeka njalo, ngesikhathi sangempela, ngisho nalapho silele. Sihlala sithola umfudlana wezisusa futhi sikhipha izenzo eziqhubekayo ezishintsha indawo ezungezile, futhi zonke lezi zinqubo zenza ingqondo yethu ishintshe.
Ukuze sikuqonde ngendlela elula, singacabanga ngalokho igama elithi "plasticity" libhekisela kuyo. Ubuchopho, njengepulasitiki, buyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yisiphi isikhunta. Nokho, kulesi siqhathaniso, kudingeka sicacise izinto ezimbili. Eyokuqala ukuthi i-neuroplasticity incike ekungeneni kobuhlakani bangaphandle obuqondisa inqubo yokumodela yezinkundla maqondana nomgomo othize (kulesi sibonelo, umenzi wezibalo zepulasitiki noma izingxenye), kanti okwesibili ukuthi, ngokungafani nepulasitiki, ukwakheka nokuma kwezingxenye zobuchopho bethu kungashintsha njalo: hhayi nje ngesikhathi "sesigaba sokukhiqiza."
I-Plastiki yobuchopho yenzeka kanjani?
I-Neuroplasticity isekelwe endleleni ama-neurons ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa axhumeka ngayo. Njengoba udokotela waseSpain u-Santiago Ramón y Cajal athola, ubuchopho abukhiwanga isiphithiphithi samaseli ahlangene akha isakhiwo esisodwa, kodwa kunalokho imizimba emincane ekwazi ukuzimela futhi ehlukene ngokomzimba komunye nomunye, ukuze ulwazi luthunyelwe ngaphandle kokuhlangana ngokuqondile. Ngamafuphi, bangabantu ngabanye be-morphological .
Uma iqembu lama-neurons lenziwa kusebenze kanyekanye, ajwayele ukuthumelana ulwazi. Uma le phethini yokwenza kusebenze iphindaphindwa kaningi ngokwanele, lawa ma-neuron awagcini nje ngokuthumela ulwazi kodwa futhi athambekele ekufuneni ukuxhumana okuqine kakhulu namanye okwenziwa kusebenze ngesikhathi esifanayo, abe athambekele kakhulu ekuthumeleni ulwazi phakathi kwawo. Lokhu kwanda kwamathuba okuba kusebenze ngokuhlanganyela kuvezwa ngokomzimba ekudalweni kwamagatsha e-neuronal azinzile axhuma la mangqamuzana ezinzwa futhi awasondeze ndawonye, okushintsha i-microstructure yesimiso sezinzwa.
Isibonelo, uma ama-neurons acushiwe lapho sibona amaphethini okubukwayo ebha kashokoledi "evula" ngenkathi lawo acushiwe lapho sizwa ukunambitheka kobumnandi, amaqembu womabili amaseli ezinzwa azoxhuma kancane phakathi kukaYebo, okuzokwenza ubuchopho bethu bushintshe kancane.
Okufanayo kuya kunoma yikuphi okunye okuhlangenwe nakho: nakuba singakuqapheli, sihlala sibhekana nesipiliyoni (noma kunalokho, izingxenye ezincane zokuhlangenwe nakho) okwenzeka cishe ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi ezibangela ukuthi amanye ama-neurons aqinise izibopho zawo futhi amanye enze buthakathaka awo. Lokhu kwenzeka kokubili ngemizwa kanye nokuvusa izinkumbulo kanye nemibono abstract; i-Halo Effect ingabhekwa njengesibonelo salokhu kwakamuva.
Inzuzo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ingabe leli khono lesimiso sethu sezinzwa linenhloso uma kuziwa ekulolongeni okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu?Akunjalo Empeleni; iwumkhiqizo olula wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuthe, eminyakeni engamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka, yaqopha ubuchopho bethu futhi yabunikeza izici ezithile.
Eqinisweni, ipulasitiki yobuchopho iphambene nepulani edalwe ukuze kuzuzwe imigomo ethile. Esikhundleni sokwenza ukuziphatha kwethu kube ngendlela engajwayelekile futhi kubikezelwe, kukwenza kube yinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo, kuxhumene nemininingwane ehlukahlukene yengqikithi esiphila kuyo futhi kuncike kulokho esiye sabhekana nakho esikhathini esidlule. Lokhu kunikeza i-neuroplasticity kokubili isici esibi (ukuvela kwe-phobias, ukuhlukumezeka, njll.) kanye nesici esihle (ikhono lethu lokufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu nokudala izindlela zokucabanga eziyinkimbinkimbi neziyinkimbinkimbi, isibonelo).
Nokho, le plastikhi yobuchopho ayinayo injongo ethile; akusho ukuthi, ngebhalansi, eyokuqala yadlula eyakamuva. Ukudalwa kwemiphakathi emikhulu, exhumene kakhulu, ikhono lethu lokusungula ama-artifact nentuthuko entsha yezobuchwepheshe, futhi, kunjalo, kalula ukufunda ulimi yizigigaba esizijabulelayo ngenxa ye-plasticity yobuchopho futhi okuchaza impumelelo enkulu kakhulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uhlobo lwethu olube nayo njengamanje.
Ipulasitiki yobuchopho yenza ikhono lethu lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo libe phezulu kakhulu , ngoba singakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga eziningi ezintsha lapho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungazange kube nesikhathi sokukhiqiza indlela yokujwayela ngokukhethwa kwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ubhekene nenhlekelele yemvelo, akudingekile ukulinda kuze kufike ukucindezela kwemvelo ukuze kubangele abantu ukuba bazalane kakhulu kunabanye, okuholela ekutheni sonke isintu sibe nefa elifanele ukubhekana nenkinga ngemva kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka: abantu ezizukulwaneni ezimbalwa bamane bafunde ukwakha izixazululo zobuchwepheshe nezenhlalo ezingakaze zicatshangwe ngaphambili.
Imithelela yomuntu siqu
Ngale kwalokhu kuhlaziya okubandayo okusekelwe ekwandeni kwenani labantu, okungadingeki kuhambisane nenani lomuntu siqu esingalibalula ku-neuroplasticity, singasho futhi ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yekhono lethu lokujabula incike kulesi sici wesimiso sethu sezinzwa esimaphakathi.
Ngaphandle kwepulasitiki yobuchopho, besingeke sikwazi ukudala imibono engabonakali edingekayo ukuze sikhiqize inkumbulo ye-autobiographical esivumela ukuba sizazi, futhi ngeke sikwazi ukufunda emaphutheni ethu noma, ngokuvamile, silahle lokho esikubiza ngokuthi "impilo yengqondo." Ipulasitiki yobuchopho iyingxenye eyisisekelo yokusebenza kobuchopho obuvamile kangangokuthi, ngaphandle kwayo, besingaba into eseduze kakhulu nerobhothi lomugqa esingalicabanga.
Ukuqina kanye nenhlalakahle
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ipulasitiki yobuchopho isenza sibe bahle kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuqina, okuyikhono lethu lokunqoba izimo ezinzima kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyaziwa lokho umbono wenhlalakahle ye-subjective awunciphi ngokuphawulekayo njengoba siguga kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwethu, okubonisa ukuthi, naphezu kwawo wonke amagalelo impilo engabhekana nayo, "ayiqongeleli" noma ayibeke engcupheni injabulo yethu. Lokhu kugcinwa kwenhlalakahle kwenzeka ngenxa yekhono lama-neuron ethu lokuzihlela kabusha ngendlela elula kakhulu, noma ngabe ubudala bubangela ukuthi amaningi awo anyamalale.
Ngamafuphi, i-neuroplasticity isivumela ukuthi sihlale sintanta naphezu kobunzima obungokomzimba nobungokomzwelo. Nakuba ngokuvamile sivame ukunciphisa izici zomqondo womuntu ezibonakala zingapheli, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi ngamunye wethu njalo ukushintsha izidalwa , ngokwezwi nezwi; futhi lokhu kuyasebenza nasengqondweni yethu.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- U-Jäncke, L. (2009). Umculo uthuthukisa ipulasitiki yobuchopho. Ku: F1000 Biology Reports.
- Keller TA, Just MA (Januwari 2016). "I-neuroplasticity ehlelekile nesebenzayo ekufundeni komzila wendawo yomuntu". I-NeuroImage.
- Livingston RB (1966). "Izindlela zobuchopho ekulungiseni nasekufundeni". Umbiko woHlelo Locwaningo Lwesayensi Yezinzwa.
- Wayne NL; et al. (1998). "Ukushintshashintsha kwesizini ekuphenduleni okuyimfihlo kwamaseli e-Aplysia californica neuroendocrine ku-protein kinase A kanye ne-protein kinase C inhibitors". Gen. Comp. I-Endocrinol. 109 (3).