Ukuhlaziya okujulile kuwukuhlaziya okujulile, okucabangisisayo kwesihloko esithile, umsebenzi, noma umbhalo, okuhloswe ukukuhlola nokuwuhumusha ngokunembayo nangendlela enengqondo. Kulolu hlobo lombhalo, umbhali kufanele ethule izimpikiswano eziqinile, ezinesisekelo esihle, abonise ngokucacile nangokuhambisanayo umbono wabo. Ukubhala ikhwalithi yokuhlaziya ebucayi, kubalulekile ukulandela isakhiwo esifanele, okuhlanganisa isingeniso, umzimba, nesiphetho, kanye nokusebenzisa ulimi olusemthethweni nolunembayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokuthi ungabhala kanjani ukuphawula okubucayi ngendlela efanele nokuthi ungawahlela kanjani ngendlela efanele.
Isakhiwo sokuphawula okubucayi: okudingeka ukwazi ukuze ukuhlaziye kahle.
Ukuhlaziya okujulile kuwukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe nokunesisekelo esihle sesihloko esithile, kungaba ifilimu, incwadi, umsebenzi wobuciko, noma esinye isihloko. Ukuze ulethe ukuphawula okubucayi ngendlela efanele, kubalulekile ukulandela isakhiwo esiyisisekelo esizoqondisa ukuhlaziya kwakho ngendlela ecacile nehlelekile.
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuthi ube nokuqonda okujulile ngesihloko ozokhuluma ngaso. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwazi umongo lapho umsebenzi wakhiqizwa khona, izinhloso zombhali, amasu asetshenzisiwe, kanye nezinye izici ezifanele. Ulwazi lwangaphambilini ngesihloko luyisisekelo sokuhlaziywa okuhambisanayo.
Okulandelayo, kubalulekile ukuthi unikeze isingeniso esichaza isihloko futhi siveze umbono wakho ngokucacile nangokungakhethi. Ukwethula isitatimende sethisisi kubalulekile ekuqondiseni ukuhlaziywa kwakho kanye nempikiswano kulo lonke umbhalo.
Ekuthuthukiseni ukuphawula okubucayi, kubalulekile ukuthi wenze ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe komsebenzi, uqokomise amaphuzu awo amahle nangalungile. Sebenzisa izimpikiswano eziqinile nezibonelo eziqondile ukusekela imibono yakho. Ukuveza ubufakazi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuhlaziywa kwakho.
Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukuthi ufinyelele esiphethweni esiphinda amaphuzu ayinhloko okuxoxwe ngawo kulo lonke umbhalo futhi siqinise umbono wakho wokugcina ngale ndaba. Ukuqinisekisa kabusha ingqikithi yakho kubalulekile ukuze uvale ukuphawula okubucayi ngendlela ehambisanayo.
Ngokulandela lesi sakhiwo esiyisisekelo, uzokwazi ukubeka amazwana abucayi ngendlela efanele futhi ejulile, unikele ekuhlaziyweni okungaguquki nokunesisekelo esiqinile sesihloko okukhulunywa ngaso.
Ukuqala umbhalo obalulekile: izinyathelo namathiphu endlela ephumelelayo.
Lapho ubhala isibuyekezo esibucayi, kubalulekile ukulandela izinyathelo ezimbalwa namathiphu ukuze uqinisekise indlela ephumelelayo. Phela, ukugxeka okwakhayo kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokukhuthaza inkulumo-mpikiswano nokuzindla ngesihloko esithile.
Ukuze uqale, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuphawula okugxekayo kufanele kusekelwe ezimpikiswano eziqinile, ezakhiwe kahle. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukubhala, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ngokucophelela indaba okufanele igxekwe, uhlonze amaphuzu ayo amahle namabi ngokungakhethi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukukhetha ithoni efanelekile yombhalo wakho obalulekile. Gwema ukuba nolaka noma ukucasula, ukukhetha indlela enenhlonipho neyakhayo. Khumbula ukuthi inhloso yokugxeka ukukhuthaza inkhulumomphendvulwano nokuzindla, hhayi ukuhlasela noma ukubukela phansi umsebenzi womunye.
Okokugcina, khumbula ukuthi ukwakheka kombhalo wakho obucayi nakho kubalulekile. Qala ngesingeniso esethula isihloko kanye nesimo sakho kuso. Ngemva kwalokho, thuthukisa izimpikiswano zakho ngokucacile nangokuhlangene, usebenzisa izibonelo nobufakazi ukuze usekele ukugxeka kwakho.
Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo namathiphu, uzobe ulungele ukwethula indaba ebucayi ngempumelelo nangempumelelo. Khumbula ukuhlola ngokucophelela indaba yakho ngaphambi kokuyishicilela ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umlayezo wakho udluliswa ngokucacile nangokugculisayo.
Umhlahlandlela wesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokwenza ukuphawula ngendlela efanele nangendlela efanele.
Ukuze ulethe isibuyekezo esisebenzayo nesifanelekile, kubalulekile ukulandela izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Nawa amanye amathiphu angakusiza ukuthi ulethe isibuyekezo esibalulekile sekhwalithi:
1. Funda isihloko ngokucophelela: Ngaphambi kokuphawula, qiniseka ukuthi usifunde ngokucophelela isihloko ukuze uqonde okuqukethwe kwaso kanye nomyalezo odluliselwe ngumbhali.
2. Hlaziya okuqukethwe: Yenza ukuhlaziywa okubucayi kombhalo, uhlonze amandla nobuthakathaka, izimpikiswano eziyinhloko, kanye namaphutha angaba khona empikiswaneni.
3. Yiba nombono oqondile: Uma uphawula, cacisa futhi uqonde okushiwoyo. Gwema ukuphambuka futhi uhlale ugxile esihlokweni esiyinhloko sesihloko.
4. Sekela imibono yakho: Noma nini lapho kungenzeka, sekela imibono yakho ngobufakazi noma izibonelo eziqondile. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukuphawula kwakho kube okukholisayo futhi okunesisekelo esihle.
5. Yiba nenhlonipho: Khumbula ukuthi umgomo wokuphawula okugxekayo ukufaka isandla engxoxweni ngendlela eyakhayo. Ngakho-ke, gwema ukuhlaselwa komuntu siqu futhi ugcine ithoni yenhlonipho ekugxekeni kwakho.
Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo, uzokwazi ukuphawula ngempumelelo nangendlela efanele, ube neqhaza engxoxweni ngendlela eyakhayo neyakhayo.
Umhlahlandlela wesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokwakha impikiswano ebucayi ngempumelelo.
Ukuze uthuthukise ngempumelelo impikiswano ebucayi esihlokweni, kubalulekile ukulandela izinyathelo ezibalulekile ezimbalwa. Ukulandela inqubo ehlelekile kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi umbono wakho ucacile, uhlangene, futhi uyaphoqa. Nansi inkomba yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukukusiza ukuthi uthuthukise ukungqubuzana okubalulekile okusebenzayo:
1. Qonda umbhalo: Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukubhala ukuphawula kwakho okubucayi, kubalulekile ukuthi uwuqonde ngokugcwele umbhalo owuhlaziyayo. Funda ngokucophelela, ubhale amanothi, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi uyaqonda kahle okuqukethwe.
2. Thola isihloko esiyinhloko: Thola isihloko esiyinhloko sombhalo nokuthi umbhali ukhuluma kanjani ngaso. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuqondisa impikiswano yakho ebucayi futhi kukugcine ugxile ezindabeni ezifanele.
3. Hlaziya izimpikiswano zombhali: Hlola izimpikiswano ezethulwe ngumbhali bese ukhomba amandla nobuthakathaka bazo. Funa ubufakazi, izibonelo, kanye nezizathu ezisetshenziswa ukusekela izimangalo ezenziwe.
4. Yakha umbono wakho: Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni kwakho umbhalo, yakha umbono wakho wokugxeka. Veza izimpikiswano eziqinile nezisekelwe kahle ezisekela umbono wakho futhi ubhekane namaphuzu aphakanyisiwe ngumbhali.
5. Hlela impikiswano yakho: Hlela ukuphawula kwakho okubucayi ngendlela enengqondo nehambisanayo. Yethula isihloko, wethule ingqikithi yakho, uthuthukise izimpikiswano zakho, bese uphetha kafushane.
6. Sebenzisa ubufakazi nezibonelo: Qinisa impikiswano yakho ebucayi ngobufakazi obuphathekayo nezibonelo ezifanele. Lokhu kuzosiza ukusekela izimangalo zakho futhi kwenze umbono wakho ukholiseke kakhudlwana.
7. Buyekeza bese uhlela: Ngemva kokubhala ukuphawula kwakho okubucayi, kubukeze ngokucophelela ukuze kutholakale amaphutha ohlelo lolimi, isipelingi, kanye nokuhambisana. Qinisekisa ukuthi impikiswano yakho icacile, ihlelwe kahle, futhi iyavumelana ngokunengqondo.
Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo, uzokwazi ukuthuthukisa ngempumelelo impikiswano ebucayi ku-athikili yakho, unikele ekuhlaziyweni okujulile nokucabangisisa okujulile ngombhalo okukhulunywa ngawo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi khumbula ukugcina ithoni yenhloso, esekelwe ebufakazini, nokuhlonipha imibono ephikisanayo.
Ukuphawula Okubalulekile: Isakhiwo kanye Nendlela Yokwenza
Ukuhlaziya okubucayi uhlobo lokubhala kwezemfundo olufingqa kafushane futhi luhlole ngokuhlolisisa umsebenzi noma umqondo. Lungasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya imisebenzi yokudala, amaphepha ocwaningo, noma ngisho nemibono. Ngalo mqondo, ububanzi bemisebenzi engase ibekwe ngaphansi kokuhlaziya okubucayi bubanzi.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa amanoveli, amafilimu, izinkondlo, ama-monographs, izindatshana zamajenali, ukubuyekezwa, nezinkolelo-mbono ezihlelekile, phakathi kokunye. Lolu hlobo lombhalo ngokuvamile lusebenzisa isitayela sokubhala esisemthethweni futhi linesakhiwo esicacile: isingeniso, umzimba, nesiphetho. Umzimba uhlanganisa isifinyezo somsebenzi kanye nokuhlola okuningiliziwe.
Ngakho-ke, ukubhala ukuhlaziya okugxekayo kuyafana ngezindlela eziningi zokubhala isifinyezo. Zombili zethula izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zomsebenzi futhi zibuyekeze okutholakele kanye nokubaluleka kwazo. Nokho, ngokungafani nezifinyezo, yethula ukuhlaziya nokuhlola kombhali kwesihloko.
Akukhona ukukhomba amaphutha noma amaphutha emisebenzini; kufanele kube ukuhlola okulinganiselayo. Inhloso yawo, ngokwawo, ukukala usizo noma umthelela womsebenzi endaweni ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isebenzela ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwendawo yesifundo somsebenzi noma imisebenzi ehlobene.
Isakhiwo
Kubalulekile ukuthi ukubuyekezwa kwakho kube nesakhiwo esichaziwe futhi kulula ukusilandela. Kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokuhlela isibuyekezo. Kodwa-ke, abaningi bakhetha ukwakheka kwe-classic, okuzoxoxwa ngakho ngezansi.
1. Isingeniso
Imvamisa, isingeniso senkulumo ehlaziyayo sifushane (ngaphansi kuka-10% wamagama esewonke embhalweni). Kufanele iqukathe ulwazi mayelana nomsebenzi ohlaziywayo: umbhali, usuku lokudalwa, isihloko, nokuningi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isingeniso sethula impikiswano eyinhloko, ingqikithi, noma inhloso yomsebenzi, kanye nomongo lapho owakhiwe khona. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ingqikithi yezenhlalo noma yezombusazwe noma indawo yokudalwa kwayo.
Isethulo siphinde sikhombise ukuhlolwa komhlaziyi komsebenzi. Isibonelo, ungakhombisa ukuthi isibuyekezo esihle, esibi, noma esixubile; noma ungakwazi ukwethula ithisisi noma umbono wakho ngomsebenzi.
isifinyezo
I-abstract ichaza kafushane amaphuzu ayinhloko omsebenzi. Iphinde iveze ngendlela efanele ukuthi umdali uwamela kanjani la maphuzu esebenzisa amasu, izitayela, imidiya, izinhlamvu, noma izimpawu.
Kodwa-ke, lesi sifinyezo akumele sibe ingqikithi yokuphawula okubucayi futhi ngokuvamile sifushane kunokuhlola okubucayi. Abanye ababhali batusa ukuthi akufanele ithathe ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yombhalo.
Ukuhlola okubalulekile
Lesi sigaba kufanele sinikeze ukuhlolwa okuhlelekile nokunemininingwane kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zomsebenzi, ukuhlola ukuthi umdali ukwazile kangakanani ukufeza umgomo ngalezi zakhi.
Isibonelo, uma kuyinoveli, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, ukuhlukaniswa kwabalingiswa, kanye nendikimba kungase kuhlolwe. Endabeni yomdwebo, ukwakheka, ama-brushstroke, imibala, nokukhanya kufanele kuhlolwe.
Isibuyekezo esibucayi asigcini nje ngokugqamisa imibono engemihle. Kufanele umise umsebenzi futhi ukhombe amandla nobuthakathaka, futhi uhlole umsebenzi futhi uhlole impumelelo yawo ngokuhambisana nenhloso yawo.
Ukusekela ukuhlolwa, ubufakazi kufanele bunikezwe ngaphakathi komsebenzi ngokwawo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nencazelo yokuthi lobu bufakazi busekela kanjani ukuhlolwa komsebenzi.
Isiphetho
Isiphetho sivame ukuba yisigaba esifushane kakhulu esihlanganisa ukuhlola okuphelele komsebenzi kanye nesifinyezo sezizathu eziyinhloko. Kwezinye izimo, izincomo zokuthuthukisa zingase zifaneleke.
Ungawenza kanjani umbono obalulekile? (Igxathu emvakwe gxathu)
Mayelana nezinto ezibhaliwe (izincwadi, izindatshana)
Ukulungiselela
- Funda yonke incwadi noma i-athikili ngokuphelele bese ugqamisa noma ubhale amanothi kulokho okuthola kuhlobene.
- Sungula amaphuzu asemqoka ombhali kanye nobufakazi obusekela lawo maphuzu.
- Phinda ufunde indaba ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi uyayiqonda imibono yombhali.
– Bhala isifinyezo. Ungakha futhi uhlaka oluchaza amaphuzu ayinhloko okufundwayo.
Hlaziya
- Sungula inhloso eyinhloko yencwadi yombhali noma isihloko.
- Xoxa ngezimpikiswano ezisetshenziselwa ukusekela iphuzu eliyinhloko kanye nobufakazi obusekelayo.
- Chaza iziphetho ezifinyelelwe umlobi nokuthi zifinyelelwe kanjani.
- Qhathanisa imibono yombhali neyabanye ababhali ngesihloko esifanayo.
Ukuhlola
- Hlola okuqukethwe umbhalo kanye nendlela okubhalwe ngayo.
– Bhala phansi izici ezinhle nezingezinhle.
– Hlola izimpikiswano, ubufakazi, ukuhleleka kombhalo kanye nokwethulwa kwamaqiniso, phakathi kwezinye izakhi.
- Qhathanisa imibono yombhali neyakho imibono, usekele okwakamuva ngezimpikiswano ezisebenzayo.
Kubhaliwe
– Bhala i-eseyi ejwayelekile: isingeniso, umzimba nesiphetho.
- Hlela umbhalo, ubuyekeze ukubhala nesipelingi.
Mayelana nomsebenzi wobuciko
Incazelo yokwenza
- Bhala phansi ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nomdwebi nomsebenzi wobuciko kanye nezici zawo: isihloko, izinto zokwakha, indawo, usuku lokudalwa.
- Chaza into yobuciko: imibala, izimo, ukuthungwa, phakathi kokunye.
- Bhala amanothi ezicini ezijwayelekile, njengokugqama kombala, ukuxhumana nokunyakaza, ukufiphaza, noma ukuphindaphinda, njengendlela yokunaka.
Hlaziya
- Hlola ukuthi izakhi zomsebenzi zidala usizi noma ukuzwana.
- Hlola ngokucophelela izimiso nezakhi zobuciko: ibhalansi, isilinganiso, ukufana, umehluko, ukugcizelela, phakathi kokunye.
- Hlaziya izakhi namasu asetshenziswe ingcweti.
- Gcoba ujule bese uzama ukuthola umlayezo ofihliwe umdwebi ebefuna ukuwudlulisa.
- Thola izisekelo zomlando ezaba yisisekelo somsebenzi wobuciko ohlaziywayo.
- Linganisa umsebenzi nge-engeli yobuhle.
Ukuhunyushwa
- Chaza eyakho imicabango nemizwa lapho ubuka umsebenzi wobuciko.
- Chaza ukuthi ngabe umsebenzi uphumelele futhi ungowokuqala, unikeze izimpikiswano zakho.
- Chaza ukuthi yiziphi izici zobuciko ozithola zithakazelisa kakhulu futhi iziphi ezingaphumeleli kangako.
- Nikeza incazelo yomsebenzi wobuciko, kusukela ekuphenduleni kwakho okuzenzakalelayo nokuvelayo kuze kube kuleli qophelo lenqubo.
Ukubhala okubalulekile kwamazwana
- Dala uhlaka olunesakhiwo sokuphawula okubucayi ofuna ukukubhala.
- Nikeza isitatimende se-thesis esicacile esibonisa umbono wakho wocezu lobuciko.
- Sebenzisa amanothi avela ezigabeni ezedlule ukuthuthukisa umzimba nesiphetho sezibuyekezo.
Mayelana nomsebenzi we-cinematographic
Ukulungiselela
- Buka ifilimu ngenkuthalo, hhayi njengesibukeli esijwayelekile.
- Qaphela yonke into edonsa ukunaka kwakho: lokho okuthandayo noma ongathandi, noma iyiphi inkhulumomphendvulwano efanele noma indlela umlingiswa agqoka ngayo, phakathi kwezinye izici.
Hlaziya
– Thola indikimba yefilimu. Isibonelo: uthando olungavunyelwe, impindiselo, ukusinda, isizungu, phakathi kwabanye.
- Chaza uhlobo lwefilimu, indawo nesikhathi, nendawo yokubuka (ubani umlandi?).
- Hlaziya abalingisi nezinjongo zabo, nokuthi indawo ezungezile inathonya kanjani izimo zabo zengqondo nokuziphatha.
- Cabangela indima yomqondisi nabakhiqizi, kanye nezinye izici ezifana nomculo, imiphumela yokubuka, phakathi kokunye.
Kubhaliwe
- Bhala isibuyekezo esibucayi, kuqala ubonise imininingwane yefilimu: isihloko, umqondisi, abadlali, nabanye.
- Beka amazwana ngombono oyinhloko wefilimu kanye nethisisi okufanele ivikelwe (umbono ngomsebenzi).
- Faka incazelo emfushane yendaba ngaphandle kokungena kuwo wonke ama-nuances nokusonta kwesakhiwo.
- Yethula ukuhlaziya kwezincazelo ezijulile, izimpawu kanye namathuluzi wesinema asetshenzisiwe.
- Nikeza iziphetho ezisekela ithisisi.
Isibonelo
Umbhalo olandelayo uqukethe izingxenye zokuphawula okubucayi ngencwadi ethi Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Biblical and Pagan Societies , ebhalwe ngu-MJ Geller (2004).
1. Isingeniso
– Ababhali: Marie-Louise Thomsen kanye noFrederick H. Cryer.
Isihloko: Ubuthakathi Nomlingo eYurophu: Izinhlangano ZeBhayibheli Nezamaqaba , kusukela ochungechungeni lwe -Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic eYurophu.
- Indawo, umshicileli kanye nosuku: London, Athlone Press, 2001.
“Ithonya elingokwesiko laseMesophothamiya neBhayibheli eYurophu lalibalulekile, futhi eqinisweni, likhulu kakhulu kunelaseGibhithe, nakuba izimiso zemilingo zazikhona ngaleso sikhathi.
Le ncwadi iyisiqalo esiwusizo, inikeza ukubukezwa okuvamile kobuthakathi nomlingo ngezibonelo ezinhle zemibhalo yemilingo ehunyushiwe.”
isifinyezo
“Le ncwadi ihlanganisa izihloko eziningi ezibalulekile, ezinaka ngokukhethekile ubuciko bokuthakatha, kulandelwa izibonelo zemilingo evikelayo, iziphandla, ukuxosha amademoni nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe nezinye izinhlobo zemilingo.
Ubufakazi beBhayibheli abukho ubufakazi obuncane, obunezibonelo ezimbalwa zeTestamente Elidala zokuphulukisa noma zokuxosha umoya, kodwa lezi ziphathwa kahle ngokuqhathaniswa nokwaziswa kwaseMesophothamiya.”
Ukuhlola
“Kunenkinga evamile ngalo msebenzi ebangelwa ulwazi oluthile lwababhali ababili, ababhale izincwadi ezihlakaniphile ngezihloko ezihlobene (…).
Ngeshwa, le ncwadi iwumzamo wokumboza inkambu ebanzi “yomlingo” ngokwethula ingxoxo encane yobuchwepheshe nevamile kubabukeli abadumile, kodwa kuncike emisebenzini yabo yangaphambili (…).
Isibonelo, i-bibliography kaThomsen ayifaki nhlobo imisebenzi eyashicilelwa ngemuva kuka-1987, nakuba le ncwadi yanyatheliswa ngo-2001 futhi inika ukubaluleka okukhulu kubuthakathi endabeni yomlingo (…).
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uCryer udida ukubhula nomlingo futhi uthatha ukuthi ukubhula kuyingxenye yomlingo, ngaphandle kokucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi ukubhula ezikhathini zasendulo kwakubhekwa njengesiyalo esihlukile.
Ukubhula kwakuwumsebenzi wompristi we-barû eMesopotamiya, kuyilapho umlingo wawuqondiswa u-Åšipu noma umkhipheli wemimoya. Umlingo wawusetshenziselwa ukulwa namabika amabi (ngalokho okubizwa ngeziphonso zaseNamburbî).
Ngakho-ke, wawungekho umlingo ekubhuleni noma ekuprofetheni; izinqubo, inkolelo-mbono, nemikhuba yokubhula nomlingo kwakunokuncane okufana ngakho.
Ekugcineni, ingxoxo kaCryer yehluleka ukunaka umusho weBhayibheli othi, ‘ungaphili umthakathi’ ( Eksodusi 22:17 ), okuhunyushwe ngokuthi ukuhlasela okuvamile kokusetshenziswa kwemilingo kwa-Israyeli wasendulo (…)”.
Isiphetho
“Naphezu kwalokhu kugxeka, le ncwadi iwusizo kubafundi abangenalo ulwazi lwangaphambili lwemilingo yasendulo yaseMpumalanga Eseduze futhi bayothola le ncwadi ifundeka kalula futhi kujabulise.”
Izinkomba
- I-Queensland University of Technology. (n/a). Yini isibuyekezo? Kubuyiswe ku-citewrite.qut.edu.au.
- Beall, H. kanye no-Trimbur, J. (1998). Indlela yokufunda i-athikili yesayensi. Ku-E. Scanlon et al. (abahleli), Isayensi Yokuxhumana: Izimo Zochwepheshe. ENew York: UTaylor noFrancis.
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