I-Psychopathy isifo sobuntu esibonakala ngephethini yokuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi, ukungabi naluzwela nokuzisola, ukukhohlisa, nokuthatheka. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-psychopathy inesisekelo sofuzo kanye nemvelo, okusho ukuthi abanye abantu bangase babe nezakhi zofuzo ezikhulisa amathuba abo okuba nalesi sifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwembule umehluko we-neurobiological kubantu abathile be-psychopathic, njengokungasebenzi kahle kwe-prefrontal cortex kanye nesistimu ye-limbic, izindawo zobuchopho ezinesibopho sokulawula umfutho, ukwenza izinqumo, nokulawulwa kwemizwelo. Ukuqonda isisekelo sofuzo kanye nebhayoloji ye-psychopathy kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo namasu okungenelela okuvimbela.
Zitholele ufuzo olusemuva kokuziphatha kwe-psychopathic kanye nomthelela wako kubuntu.
I-Psychopathy isifo sobuntu esibonakala ngokuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi, ukungabi naluzwela, nokukhohlisa. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi i-psychopathy inesisekelo sofuzo kanye nemvelo, okungaba nomthelela omkhulu kubuntu bomuntu.
Izazi zengqondo zinomkhuba wofuzo wezimpawu ezithile, njengokungazisoli , ukungabi nozwela , kanye nokuziphatha okungenangqondo . Lezi zimpawu zingabangelwa ukungafani kwesakhiwo sobuchopho kanye nokulawulwa kwama-neurotransmitter athile, njenge-serotonin ne-dopamine.
Izifundo zamawele zikhombisile ukuthi i-psychopathy inesisekelo esiqinile sezakhi zofuzo, kanye nokuvumelana okukhulu kumawele afanayo kunakumawele azalwa ndawonye. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-psychopathy ingase izuzwe njengefa ngokwezakhi zofuzo, okuchaza ukuthi kungani ingasebenza emindenini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi indawo ekhulayo yomuntu ngamunye ingasebenzisana ne-genetic predisposition ukuze ibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-psychopathy. Isibonelo, indawo yomndeni engasebenzi kahle noma ehlukumezayo ingabhebhethekisa izici zomuntu ezithinta ingqondo.
Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo nokuziphatha kwengqondo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okuvimbela nokwelapha asebenza kahle kakhulu alesi sifo sobuntu esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Ithonya lezakhi zofuzo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-psychopathology: ukuhlaziywa okujulile nokuphelele.
I-Psychopathology iwumkhakha wokufunda ofuna ukuqonda izimbangela kanye nezindlela ezibangela ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nemizwelo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukubaluleka kwezakhi zofuzo kanye ne-biology ekuthuthukisweni kwe-psychopathy kuye kwacaca kakhulu. Izifundo eziningana zibonise ukuthi izici zofuzo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthambekeleni ezinkingeni zengqondo, njenge-psychopathy.
Izifundo ezihilela amawele zibe yisisekelo salokhu kuqonda, njengoba zisivumela ukuthi sikwazi ukuhlukanisa ithonya lezakhi zofuzo endaweni ezungezile ekubonakalisweni kwezifo ezithile. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izingane zabazali abanomlando we-psychopathic cishe zizoba nalesi simo, okuphakamisa ukuthi kunesici esinamandla sezakhi zofuzo esihilelekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko ku-neuroscience iveze umehluko wesakhiwo nokusebenza ebuchosheni babantu abane-psychopathy. Lezi zinguquko zingase zibe nemvelaphi yofuzo, zingathinti nje kuphela ukuziphatha kodwa futhi namandla okuzwela nokulawula imizwelo.
Ukuqonda ithonya lezakhi zofuzo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-psychopathology kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokwelapha nokukhuthaza ikhwalithi engcono yokuphila kwabantu abathintekile.
Izinto ezifaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwe-psychopathy kubantu impilo yonke.
I-Psychopathy yisifo sobuntu esibonakala ngokuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi, ukungabi nozwela, nokukhohlisa. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-psychopathy ingase ibe nesisekelo sofuzo kanye nemvelo, okusho ukuthi abanye abantu bangase babe nokuthambekela okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni lesi sifo kamuva ekuphileni.
Esinye sezici ezinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-psychopathy yi-genetic predisposition. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi i-psychopathy ingazuzwa njengefa, okusho ukuthi abantu abanamalungu omndeni abonisa izici ze-psychopathic kungenzeka ukuthi bahlakulele lesi sifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kuhlotshaniswa nengozi enkulu ye-psychopathy.
Esinye isici esinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-psychopathy umsebenzi wobuchopho obungavamile. Ucwaningo lwe-Neuroscientific lubonise ukuthi abantu abane-psychopathy babonisa umehluko ekwakhiweni kobuchopho nokusebenza, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlobene nokucubungula imizwa nokulawula umfutho. Lo mehluko ungaba nomthelela ekuziphatheni kwesici se-psychopathy, njengokuntula uzwela nokufuna ukuvuselela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kwasebuntwaneni, njengokuxhashazwa ngokomzimba noma ukunganakwa ngokomzwelo, nakho kungaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-psychopathy. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu abahlangabezane nokuhlukumezeka kwasebuntwaneni banamathuba amaningi okuba nezinkinga zokuziphatha kanye nokuphazamiseka kobuntu, okuhlanganisa ne-psychopathy.
Ukuqonda lezi zici kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni amasu okuvimbela nokwelapha asebenza kahle kakhulu kubantu abane-psychopathy.
I-psychopathy ivelaphi?
I-Psychopathy isifo sobuntu esibonakala ngephethini yokuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi, ukungabi naluzwela, nokuxhaphaza abanye. Kodwa lesi simo sisukaphi? Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo kanye ne-biological underpinnings idlala indima ebalulekile ku-psychopathy.
Okokuqala, izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwe-psychopathy. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izingane zabazali abane-psychopathy maningi amathuba okuba zithole lesi sifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwezakhi zofuzo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezithile zingathonya izici ezinjengokuthatheka, ulaka, nokuntula ukuzisola—konke okuhlobene nesifo sengqondo.
Ngaphandle kwengxenye yofuzo, i-biology nayo idlala indima ku-psychopathy. Izinguquko ekusebenzeni kobuchopho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlobene nokucubungula imizwa nokulawula umfutho, ziye zabonwa kubantu abane-psychopathy. Isibonelo, ukuncipha komsebenzi ku-amygdala-isifunda sobuchopho esihilelekile ekuphenduleni ngokomzwelo-kungase kube nomthelela ekuntuleni uzwela nokuzisola kuma-psychopaths.
Ukuqonda lezi zisekelo kungase kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni amasu okuvimbela nokwelashwa kwalesi sifo esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Isisekelo sofuzo kanye nebhayoloji ye-psychopathy
Sivame ukukhuluma ngezenzo, izitayela zokuziphatha, nendlela yokuxhumana nabantu abangase bachazwe njengama-psychopaths. Kodwa-ke, kunombuzo okhathaza kakhulu kunawo wonke lawa: anjani ama-psychopaths ngemuva kweminyango evaliwe? Yiziphi izici ezingavamile zemizimba yabo siqu ezibabeka phambili ku-psychopathy?
Ukuzama ukuphendula le mibuzo ekugcineni kusho ukubhekana nocwaningo ngesisekelo sebhayoloji se-psychopathy.
Ake siqale ngokukhuluma ngalokho esikwaziyo ngofuzo lwakho.
Imiphumela yofuzo ku-psychopathy
Ubufakazi obuqine kakhulu obusekela izakhi zofuzo ngokuvamile buvela ezifundweni nasekuthathweni kwamawele. Ngokwalezi zifundo, ufuzo lokuziphatha okungekuhle ezinganeni noma entsheni lulinganiselwa ku-30-44%.
Ezigebengwini ezingabantu abadala, kukhona izinga lekhonkodensi elingu-69% lamawele e-monozygotic (iqanda elifanayo, ngakho-ke, umthwalo wofuzo ocishe ufane) kanye no-0,33% wamawele e-dizygotic (amaqanda amabili), okunikeza ubufakazi obuqand’ikhanda bokuthi i-genetics ithonya ukuziphatha kobugebengu phezu kwezici zemvelo. Ucwaningo oluningi lusekela lokhu okutholakele.
Kuye kwabonakala nokuthi i -chromosome Y ihilelekile ekuhlaselweni, njengoba kuthiwa ibangelwa ubudlova obukhulu kwabesilisa kunabesifazane bebonke.
I-MAO-A gene
Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ze- MAO -A kuze kube manje kuyisibonelo kuphela sendlela ukuguquka okuthile okungenzeka ngayo.
Lokhu kungashintsha ukuziphatha. Lesi sakhi sofuzo esishintshile sitholakale kubantu abanenkinga yengqondo kanye nasezinganeni ezihlukunyeziwe.
Ngamanye amazwi, ushintsho kulesi sakhi sofuzo lubangela umuntu ukuba aqale ukuziphatha ngobudlova. Ngokuphambene nalokho, abantu abanamazinga aphezulu alesi sakhi sofuzo kusukela ekuzalweni banamathuba amancane okuthuthukisa izinkinga zokungahloniphi umphakathi.
Okuthakazelisayo ngalokhu kutholakala ukuthi kungasiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani kungebona bonke abahlukunyezwayo abakhula benze okufanayo kwabanye, isibonelo.
Imiphumela ye-Neuroanatomical
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-90, kwenziwa ucwaningo oluqhathanisa ukusebenza kobuchopho babantu abavamile abangama-41 nababulali abangama-41. Kutholwe ukuthi izigebengu zinomsebenzi omncane endaweni ye-prefrontal (isifunda sabantu esibalulekile), okuholela kulokhu:
- Ngokwemizwa : ukulahlekelwa kokuvinjelwa ezifundeni ezifana ne-amygdala, enesibopho (phakathi kwezinye) sokulawula imizwa enolaka.
- zokuziphatha : ukuziphatha okuyingozi, ukunganaki, abaphula umthetho, udlame, amawala...
- Ngokwenhlalo : ukungabi nozwelo kwabanye abantu.
Imiphumela ye-Neurochemical
Ukuhlolwa okuningi kubonise indima ebalulekile ye-serotonin njengendlela yokulawula ukuziphatha okunolaka, lapho ubuhlobo bulokhu bulandelayo: uma izinga le-serotonin liphansi, ukuziphatha okunolaka kuyaqiniswa . Ngakho-ke, kungaba lula ukuphetha ngokuthi abantu abahlushwa yilesi sifo kungenzeka ukuthi bashintshe izindlela ze-serotonergic.
Ngendlela efanayo ukuthi i-norepinephrine, i-dopamine, i-GABA kanye ne-nitric oxide izohileleka ekuziphatheni okungalindelekile nokunobudlova, nakuba ingahlobene kancane.
Imiphumela ye-Neuroendocrine
Emkhakheni wamahomoni, ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda esinabo yi-insulin ne-testosterone. Ucwaningo oluthile lubonisa ukuthi uma sinoshukela wegazi ophansi futhi, ngakho-ke, amazinga e-insulin, sithambekele kakhulu ekuziphatheni okunobudlova nokuxhamazela.
Endabeni ye-testosterone, sinezifundo eziningana eziqhathanisa izigebengu nabantu abaphilile, ezibonisa ukuthi inani le-testosterone yamahhala egazini liyakhuphuka ku-testosterone yokuqala . Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo eziningana zibonisa ukuthi abesifazane abanamazinga aphezulu e-testosterone bayazibandakanya kakhulu ocansini, bayancintisana, bangamadoda, futhi baphuza utshwala obuningi uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane abanamazinga aphansi otshwala.
Imiphumela ye-Psychophysiological
UCleckley (1976) uphakamise ukuthi abantu abanesifo sengqondo bangase babe nekhono lokuqonda incazelo engokoqobo (echazayo) yolimi, kodwa hhayi incazelo yalo engokomzwelo (echazayo). Ngakho-ke bangaba nokuntuleka kwemizwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-psychopaths ngabe ishintshile ukusebenza kabusha ngokomzwelo, ngoba, uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abavamile, ezimweni lapho kufanele bazizwe bekhathazekile futhi besaba, abazizwa.
Ziphinde zibonise ukungabikho kokusabela okuthusayo ekuchayekeni kokuqukethwe okungabonakali kahle futhi zikhiphe iphimbo eliphezulu, elihlabayo.
Ngokusekelwe kulo lonke lolu lwazi, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ama-psychopath anesimiso esibuthakathaka sokuvimbela ebuchosheni kanye nesistimu enamandla yokuvuselela. Lokhu kungachaza ukungakwazi kwabo ukucabanga kanye nokungakwazi kwabo ukucabanga ngemiphumela yesikhathi esizayo.
Ekuphetheni…
I-Antisocial personality disorder ibonakala ngokuntula uzwela nokuzisola lapho othile ephula amalungelo akhe nezinkambiso zomphakathi, ukuthatheka okuphezulu, nolaka. Laba bantu bazokwenza noma yini edingekayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphi imiphumela, ukufeza izinhloso zabo kanye nezinzuzo zabo siqu.
Kodwa ingabe izazi zengqondo ziyadalwa noma ziyazalwa? Impendulo ithi... inhlanganisela yakho kokubili . Indawo enganakwa, lapho umuntu ezalwa khona ngaphandle kokuqondiswa, enobudlova, ukuxhashazwa, ukunganakwa... inethonya elibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, izifundo eziningi zikhombisile ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima enkulu.
Isibonelo esicacile salokhu singatholakala ngokubuza ukuthi... kungani abanye abantu bephathwa kabi ngaphambi kokuba baphathwe kabi, kanti abanye abaphathwa kabi? Impendulo inganikezwa ngenani lezakhi zofuzo ze-mao-A ezitholakala kulowo muntu. Lokhu kungachaza nezinye izimo eziningi lapho abanye abantu bewela kulesi simo futhi benze izenzo zobudlova, kuyilapho abanye benqaba ukwenza kanjalo.
Ngakho-ke siphetha ngokuthi ubuchopho budlala indima ecacile nesobala yezinto eziphilayo ekuphazamisekeni kobuntu obungahambisani nomphakathi, nokuthi kukhona ukusebenzisana kwezakhi zofuzo nendawo yazo (okubaluleke kakhulu kwezakhi zofuzo).
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- Caspi, A., McClay, J.; Moffitt, T., Mill, J. and Martin, J. (2002) Iqhaza le-genotype emjikelezweni wodlame ezinganeni ezihlukunyezwayo. Inhlangano yaseMelika Yokuthuthukiswa Kwesayensi. 297 (5582): 851–854.
- U-Garrido, V. (2003). I-Psychopaths nezinye izigebengu ezinodlame. I-Valencia: Tirant noBlanch.
- U-Ros, S., Peris, M.D. kanye noGracia, R. (2003) Ukungabi nomfutho. Barcelona: Ars Medica.
- I-American Psychiatric Association, i-APA (2002). I-DSM-IV-TR. Imanuwali yokuxilonga nezibalo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Umbhalo obuyekeziwe Barcelona: Masson.
- UFrancisco, J. (2000). Izisekelo zebhayoloji ze-psychopathologies. I-Madrid: I-Psychology yamaphiramidi.
- Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (1998). I-ICD-10. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuziphatha. Multiaxial version for abadala. Geneva: WHO.
- Pelegrin, C. kanye noTirapu, J. (2003). Izisekelo ze-Neurobiological of aggression. I-Intersalud ibuyiswe ku: http://hdl.handle.net/10401/2411