I-Normative economics igatsha lezomnotho eliphathelene nokwenza izinqumo zenani mayelana nokuthi yini efiselekayo ngokomnotho noma engathandeki. Ngokungafani nezomnotho ezinhle, ezizibekela umkhawulo ekuchazeni ukuthi umnotho usebenza kanjani, i-normative economics ifuna ukuhlola ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezomnotho yomphakathi.
Isibonelo sezomnotho ezijwayelekile yingxoxo yokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo. Nakuba umnotho omuhle ugxile kuphela ekuhlaziyeni ukuthi imali engenayo yabiwa kanjani emphakathini, ezomnotho ezijwayelekile zifuna ukunquma ukuthi lokhu kusatshalaliswa kulungile yini nokuthi kufanele yini kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulungisa ukungalingani okungenzeka.
Esinye isibonelo ukuhlaziya izinqubomgomo zomphakathi, njengokuqaliswa kohlelo losizo lomphakathi. I-normative economics izohlola ukuthi lolu hlelo luyasebenza yini ekunciphiseni ubumpofu nasekukhuthazeni ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, kanye nokubheka ukuthi zikhona yini ezinye izindlela ezisebenza kahle zokufeza lezi zinhloso.
Incazelo ye-normative economics: imiqondo nezindlela zokuhlaziya umnotho emphakathini.
I-Normative economics igatsha lezomnotho eliphathelene nokuhlola nokubeka izinqubomgomo zezomnotho ezisekelwe kuzimiso zokuziphatha, ezombusazwe, nezenhlalo. Nakuba umnotho omuhle ugxile ekuhlaziyeni ukuthi izinto zinjani, i-normative economics igxile ekutheni izinto kufanele zibe kanjani.
Imiqondo nezindlela zezomnotho ezijwayelekile zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi umnotho ungasetshenziswa kanjani ukukhuthaza inhlalakahle yomphakathi, ukunciphisa ukungalingani, nokufeza ezinye izinjongo ezihlangene. Isibonelo, ingxoxo yokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo kanye nengcebo iyindikimba eyinhloko kumnotho ojwayelekile, njengoba ibandakanya izindaba zobulungiswa bezenhlalo nokulingana.
Isibonelo esisebenzayo somnotho ojwayelekile ukuhlolwa kwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi, njengeholo elincane. Nakuba umnotho omuhle ungase uhlaziye imithelela yokukhushulwa kwamaholo amancane ekuhlinzekeni kwabasebenzi, umnotho ojwayelekile uzobheka ukuthi ngabe le nqubomgomo inobulungiswa yini futhi isebenza ngempumelelo ekwehliseni ububha kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lempilo yabasebenzi.
Kafushane, i-normative economics idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni izinqubomgomo zezomnotho ezingagcini nje ngokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle komnotho kodwa futhi ezikhuthaza izindinganiso nemigomo yezenhlalo ebanzi. Kungenxa yenhlanganisela yezomnotho ezinhle nezivamile lapho singakwazi khona ukufuna ukulingana phakathi kokusebenza kahle nokulingana emphakathini.
Izibonelo zezomnotho ezinhle: ukuthi kuyini nokuthi kusebenza kanjani ekusebenzeni.
Izibonelo zezomnotho ezinhle: I-Positive economics iyindlela egxile ekuhlaziyeni izimo zomnotho njengoba zinjalo, ngaphandle kokwenza izinqumo zenani. Ithembela kudatha ephathekayo, amaqiniso abonakalayo, kanye nemibono evivinywayo. Isibonelo sezomnotho esihle ukuhlaziya umthelela wokukhushulwa kweholo elincane elilingana nezinga labangasebenzi. Osomnotho bangacwaninga idatha yomlando futhi benze ucwaningo ukuze banqume ukuthi bukhona yini ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwalezi zici ezimbili.
Isebenza kanjani ekusebenzeni: Empeleni, umnotho omuhle ugxile ekuphenduleni imibuzo efana nokuthi "kuzokwenzekani uma ..." noma "buyini ubuhlobo phakathi kuka-x no-y?" Osomnotho basebenzisa amamodeli ezibalo nezibalo ukuze bahlaziye idatha futhi bafinyelele iziphetho ezisekelwe ebufakazini. Isibonelo, bangase bafunde ukuthi inqubomgomo kahulumeni yezimali ikuthinta kanjani ukwehla kwamandla emali nokukhula komnotho. Ngokuhlaziya imiphumela, izazi zezomnotho zingenza izibikezelo mayelana nomthelela wezinqubomgomo ezithile zomnotho futhi zazise ukwenza izinqumo.
Iyini i-normative economics? (nezibonelo)
Ezomnotho ezijwayelekile: Ngokungafani nezomnotho ezinhle, i-normative economics iphathelene nokwenza izahlulelo zenani kanye nokunquma okufanele kwenziwe. Kubandakanya izindaba zokuziphatha nezombusazwe futhi kuhloswe ukunquma ukuthi yini elungile noma engalungile ngokwezomnotho. Isibonelo sezomnotho ezijwayelekile yingxoxo yokusabalalisa imali engenayo. Nakuba ezomnotho ezinhle zingase zihlaziye ukuthi imali engenayo isatshalaliswa kanjani emphakathini, umnotho ojwayelekile uyabuza ukuthi lokhu kusatshalaliswa kulungile yini nokuthi kufanele kushintshwe ngenqubomgomo yomphakathi.
Izibonelo: Isibonelo esisebenzayo somnotho ojwayelekile yingxoxo emayelana nokukhushulwa kwentela kwabacebile. Nakuba ezomnotho ezinhle zingahlaziya ukuthi lokhu kuzoyithinta kanjani imali engenayo kahulumeni, umnotho ojwayelekile ubuza ukuthi ingabe kulungile yini ukuthi abacebe kakhulu bakhokhe ingxenye ephezulu yentela uma kuqhathaniswa nabampofu kakhulu. Le ngxoxo ibandakanya izindinganiso nezinkolelo mayelana nobulungiswa nokulingana futhi ayikwazi ukuphendulwa ngokusekelwe kudatha yempokophelo kuphela.
Ukuqonda umnotho: incazelo kanye nezibonelo ezingokoqobo zokuqonda ukuthi usebenza kanjani emphakathini.
I-Normative economics igatsha lezomnotho eliphathelene nokwenza izinqumo mayelana nokuthi yini kumele zenzeka emnothweni, ngokusekelwe kumanani nezinkambiso. Ngokungafani nomnotho omuhle, ophathelene nokuchaza indlela umnotho é empeleni, i-normative economics ifuna ukusungula indlela umnotho kumele ukusebenza ngokuhambisana nezimiso zokuziphatha, zokuziphatha kanye nezombusazwe.
Isibonelo se-normative economics yilapho isazi sezomnotho siphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni shiya Ukungenelela ezimakethe ukulungisa ukungalingani kwemali engenayo, ngisho noma lokhu kungase kulimaze ukusebenza kahle komnotho. Lesi sikhundla sisekelwe kumagugu obulungisa bezenhlalakahle nokulingana, hhayi ekuhlaziyeni umnotho kuphela.
Esinye isibonelo kungaba ingxoxo ngezinqubomgomo zemvelo, lapho osomnotho abavamile bengase bakhuthaze ukuqaliswa kwezintela zokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, ngisho noma lokhu kungase kube nomthelela omubi kumabhizinisi nabathengi. Kulokhu, kugxilwe ekukhuthazeni ukusimama kwemvelo, ngisho noma lokhu kusho izindleko zomnotho.
Kafushane, i-normative economics ibalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zezomnotho ezicabangela amanani nezimiso ngale kokucatshangelwa kwezezimali kuphela. Kusisiza ukuthi sicabange ukuthi umnotho unjani kumele umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi wonkana, hhayi nje inzuzo noma ukusebenza kahle komnotho.
Ukuqonda umqondo wokuhlaziya okuvamile: incazelo nokubaluleka ekuthathweni kwezinqumo.
I-Normative economics igatsha lezomnotho elibhekene nokuhlaziya ukuthi izinto zinjani kufanele kube ngokwenqubomgomo yezomnotho. Ngokungafani nomnotho omuhle, ogxile endleleni izinto kukhona, i-normative economics ifuna ukuhlola ukuthi yini kulungile, ngokulinganayo e ephumelelayo mayelana nokwabiwa kwezinsiza.
Ekuhlaziyeni okujwayelekile, osomnotho benza izinqumo zenani futhi bancome izinqubomgomo ezisuselwe kulokhu kuhlola. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi i-normative economics akuyona isayensi eqondile, njengoba ingaphansi kokutolikwa kanye nemibono yomuntu siqu. Kodwa-ke, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezombusazwe kanye nasekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi.
Isibonelo esisebenzayo se-normative economics ingxoxo yokusabalalisa imali engenayo. Nakuba umnotho omuhle ungahlaziya ukuthi imali engenayo yabiwa kanjani emphakathini, umnotho ojwayelekile udlulela phambili, ungabaza ukuthi lokhu kusatshalaliswa kunobulungiswa futhi kuyalingana. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuhlaziya, osomnotho abavamile bangancoma izinqubomgomo zokwabiwa kabusha kwemali engenayo, njengezintela eziqhubekayo noma izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle.
Ngamafuphi, i-normative economics idlala indima ebalulekile ekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo yezomnotho, isiza ukuqondisa izinqumo zikahulumeni kanye nokuba nomthelela inkulumompikiswano yomphakathi ezindabeni zezomnotho. Ngokungabheki nje kuphela ukuthi izinto zinjani, kodwa nokuthi kufanele zibe kanjani, ukuhlaziya okujwayelekile kunomthelela ekwakheni umphakathi onobulungiswa futhi olinganayo.
Iyini i-normative economics? (nezibonelo)
A umnotho ojwayelekile ibhekisela engxenyeni ye umnotho eveza noma eyenza izahlulelo ezivamile (eveza lokho okufanele kube) kanye nezinqumo zenani (ezisekelwe kusethi yomuntu siqu yezinkolelo noma ukuhlaziya amanani) mayelana kufanele babe kanjani ubulungisa bezomnotho, umphumela wezomnotho, noma izinjongo zenqubomgomo yomphakathi.
Ngale ndlela, kulula ukuveza ukuthi i-normative economics ayibhekiseli emaqinisweni, kodwa, ngokusekelwe emaqinisweni, ihlose noma ihlose ukuphakamisa imigomo kanye / noma imiphumela emihle kakhulu kunaleyo yamanje, ngaphakathi kwesimiso esivame ukuba somuntu siqu noma esizimele, ngenxa yemibono nokugxeka kwayo.
Kwezomnotho, indlela isitatimende esinikezwa ngayo ibalulekile, okungukuthi, amagama asetshenzisiwe azoshintsha noma anqume inhloso yaleso sitatimende.
Ngakho kwezomnotho ezivamile, kusobala ukuthi abakhulumi ngamaqiniso, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa igama elithi “kufanele.”
Ngakho-ke, lapho isitatimende sinikezwa ngendlela engalinganiswa kamuva futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe iqiniso noma amanga aso, sibizwa ngokuthi umnotho omuhle .
Le ngxenye noma igatsha lezomnotho liphathelene nencazelo nencazelo yezenzakalo zezomnotho, egxile emaqinisweni kanye nobudlelwano bembangela-nomphumela. Ingalinganiswa.
Ngalo mqondo, umnotho omuhle ungabonakala njengokuphambene noma umlingani wezomnotho we-normative, okungase futhi kubonakale njengokuhambisana, ngoba izenzakalo ezisungulwe umnotho omuhle zingamela indawo yokuqala noma ireferensi yokukhipha izahlulelo kanye nezitatimende ku-normative economics.
Isibonelo sezomnotho esijwayelekile yilesi: Intengo yobisi kufanele ibe ngu-$x (inani elingaphansi kwezomnotho) ngegaloni ngalinye, ukunikeza abalimi bobisi izinga eliphezulu lokuphila futhi ngaleyo ndlela basindise ipulazi lomndeni.
Kungenzeka ukuqaphela ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwegama kufanele , okubonisa ukuthi isitatimende siwumgomo, noma umbono ozimele, kulokhu obheka izithakazelo zomkhakha othile, ipulazi lomndeni kanye nabakhiqizi bobisi.
Ukwengeza umongo, umuntu angase acabange ukuthi intengo yobisi ingaphansi kwenani elifanelekile.
Umehluko othile phakathi kwezomnotho ezinhle nezivamile
1. Izitatimende zezomnotho ezinhle zinikeza idatha eyanele okufanele iqinisekiswe. Ungakhuluma ngesamba semali noma abantu, ngokuvamile abathathwe kudatha evumela ukuqinisekiswa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ku-normative economics, izitatimende azikwazi ukuqinisekiswa ngoba zingaphansi kwalokho kungenzeka ou kumele i-ser.
Impela, osomnotho bangase babe nombono ocacile wokuthi yisiphi isitatimende esivamile esizosetshenziswa, kodwa kuze kube lokho kwenzeka, ngeke kuqinisekiswe ngqo.
2. Kwezomnotho omuhle, izitatimende zingaba yiqiniso noma amanga, okuwumphumela oqondile wokuba nokwenzeka kokuqinisekiswa, futhi okuqinisekisa ukulawula ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhakha ethile yomnotho.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, kwezomnotho ezivamile azikho izitatimende ezingamanga noma eziyiqiniso, ngoba zivela ekuboneni okuzimele; ngakho-ke, ngokufana nokuthi azinakuqinisekiswa, ayikho indlela yokuqinisekisa ubuqiniso bazo ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke.
3. Umnotho omuhle awufuni ukwanelisa izithakazelo zomuntu siqu noma imikhakha ethile, ngenxa yemvelo yakhona yokuqinisekiswa.
Ngakho-ke, inhloso ukubika isimo somnotho emkhakheni othile, kungakhathaliseki imiphumela yalokhu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzomnotho ojwayelekile, kungaba nezinhloso eziningi eziholela esitatimendeni. Okusho ukuthi, ngenxa yemvelo yayo yokuzithoba, inhloso enkulu ukufuna ubulungiswa emnothweni, nombono wobulungisa uhluka kuye ngokuthi umuntu noma iqembu labantu abenza isitatimende.
4. I-Positive economics ayithonywa yi-normative economics ngoba ikhombisa indlela umnotho othuthuka ngayo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi imiphi imiphumela.
Nakuba umnotho ojwayelekile ungalolonga noma uguqule izinjongo zawo ngokuya ngedatha ehlinzekwa umnotho omuhle, ikakhulukazi ukuphakamisa imiphumela engcono.
Izibonelo zezitatimende ku-normative economics
– “Uhulumeni kumele anyuse iholo libe ngu-$X ngehora ukuze kuliwe nobubha ezweni.
- "Izintela ezikhokhiswa imindeni yezigidi kufanele zibe phezulu."
- "Uhulumeni kufanele afake imali encane ezinsizeni zamasosha, ukuze akwazi ukutshala izimo ezingcono zezakhamizi."
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lezi zibonelo zingase zibonise izinkinga zangempela emnothweni nokuthi abantu abaningi bangase bavumelane nezinye zalezi zitatimende.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akufanele kuthathwe njengamaqiniso ngenxa yokuntuleka kwedatha eyanele yokunquma ukusebenza kahle kwazo.
Izinkomba
- I-Normative Economics. (Meyi 24, 2017). Ku Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Ibuyiswe ngo-07:49 AM, Julayi 10, 2017, kusukela ku-en.wikipedia.org
- Umnotho Omuhle (Februwari 12, 2017). Ku Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Ibuyiswe ngo-07:49 AM, Julayi 10, 2017, kusukela ku-en.wikipedia.org
- Umnotho omuhle. (Meyi 10, 2017). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Ibuyiswe ngo-07:49 AM, Julayi 10, 2017, kusukela ku-www.wikipedia.org
- Ezomnotho Zokulawula (Meyi 10, 2017). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Ibuyiswe ngo-07:49 AM, Julayi 10, 2017, kusukela ku-www.wikipedia.org
- I-Normative Economics. Ku-Investopedia. Ibuyiselwe: 07:50, Julayi 10, 2017, kusukela ku-www.investopedia.com.