Injabulo iyisimo esingokomzwelo esihle nesihlala njalo esibonakala ngokuba nomuzwa wokwaneliseka, injabulo, ukwaneliseka, nenhlalakahle. Ngokusho kwengqondo, injabulo iwumqondo oyinkimbinkimbi futhi onezici eziningi, ezithonywa izici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, njengezakhi zofuzo, ubuntu, izimo zokuphila, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, impumelelo yomuntu, nokunye. Ukuphishekela injabulo kungenye yezinjongo eziyisisekelo zabantu futhi kube yindaba yocwaningo nokucwaninga ochwepheshe bezengqondo, abafuna ukuqonda izindlela zayo kanye nezinqumo zokukhuthaza inhlalakahle kanye nezinga lempilo.
Ithini incazelo nencazelo yomqondo wenjabulo ezimpilweni zabantu?
Injabulo iyisimo sokuhlala kahle nokwaneliseka ngokomzwelo abantu abakufunayo ekuphileni kwabo. Ngokusho kokusebenza kwengqondo, injabulo ingachazwa njengokuhlangenwe nakho kwemizwa eyakhayo, njengenjabulo, ukubonga, ukwaneliseka, nothando, okunengxenye ekubeni nomuzwa wokwaneliseka nokwaneliseka komuntu siqu.
Kwabaningi, injabulo ihlobene nokufeza izinhloso nezinhloso zomuntu siqu, ukusungula ubudlelwano obunempilo nobunenjongo, ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini enikeza injabulo nenjongo, nokuxhumana namagugu nezinjongo ezibalulekile kumuntu.
Izifundo emkhakheni we-psychology eqondile zibonisa ukuthi injabulo ayixhunyanisiwe kuphela nezici zangaphandle, njengempumelelo yobungcweti noma isimo senhlalo, kodwa futhi nezici zangaphakathi, ezifana nekhono lokuhlakulela imizwelo eyakhayo, ukubhekana nobunzima ngokukhuthazela, nokugcina umbono wethemba ngokuphila.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi injabulo iyisimo somuntu ngamunye, okusho ukuthi okuletha injabulo kumuntu oyedwa kungase kungafani komunye. Umuntu ngamunye unemithombo yakhe yenjabulo nezindlela zakhe zokuyifinyelela.
Ngamafuphi, injabulo ingumqondo oyinkimbinkimbi futhi onezici eziningi, ohlanganisa izici zemizwa, ingqondo, kanye nokuziphatha. Ukuphishekela injabulo kuwuhambo lomuntu siqu noluhlukile oludinga ukuzazi, ubuqiniso, kanye nokuphishekela ukuphila okunenjongo nokwanelisayo.
Incazelo yenjabulo endleleni ye-Positive Psychology: ukuhlaziywa okujulile.
Injabulo iyindikimba eyinhloko ku-Positive Psychology, efunda inhlalakahle engokwengqondo kanye nezici ezikhuthaza ukuphila okwanelisayo. Ngokwale ndlela yokwenza, injabulo idlula nje ukungabibikho kokuhlupheka futhi ibonakala ngesimo sokugcwaliseka nokugcwaliseka komuntu siqu.
Ku-Positive Psychology, injabulo ayisona nje isimo somzwelo esidlulayo, kodwa kunalokho inqubo eqhubekayo ehlanganisa izici ezinjengokuhlakulela imizwa eyakhayo, ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini enikeza incazelo nenjongo, nokuthuthukisa ubudlelwano obunempilo nobunenjongo. Ngakho, injabulo ibonakala njengenqubo eguquguqukayo futhi enezici eziningi engatshalwa futhi iqiniswe kukho konke ukuphila.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Positive Psychology igcizelela ukubaluleka kobuqiniso nokuhambisana phakathi kwamagugu nezenzo zomuntu ekukhuthazeni injabulo. Ngamanye amazwi, injabulo yangempela ayisekelwe ezindinganisweni zangaphandle zempumelelo noma ekuphishekeleni okungapheli kwezinjabulo zesikhashana, kodwa kunalokho ekuphileni ukuphila okuyiqiniso okuhambisana nalokho okubaluleke ngempela kumuntu.
Ngamafuphi, i-Positive Psychology isimema ukuthi sizindle ngencazelo yangempela yenjabulo futhi samukele indlela ephelele nehlanganisayo enhlalakahleni engokomzwelo nangokwengqondo. Ukuhlakulela imizwa eyakhayo, ukufuna injongo nenjongo, ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano obunempilo, nokuphila ngokuvumelana namagugu ethu ngezinye zezinsika eziyisisekelo zokuzuza ukuphila okugcwele nokujabulisayo.
Iyini incazelo yenjabulo ezimpilweni zabantu?
Ngokusho kwengqondo, injabulo iyisimo somzwelo esihle nesihlala njalo esihlanganisa umuzwa wenhlalakahle nokwaneliseka. Ingenye yemizwa efunwa kakhulu futhi efunwa ngabantu, njengoba ihlobene ngokuqondile nezinga lempilo kanye nomuzwa wokugcwaliseka komuntu siqu.
Injabulo ingachazwa ngezindlela eziningi, kodwa ngokuvamile ihlotshaniswa nemizwa yokwaneliseka, injabulo, ukwazisa nokuthula kwangaphakathi. Kwabaningi, injabulo ihlobene nokufinyelela imigomo, impumelelo yomsebenzi, ubudlelwano obuvumelanayo, nempilo engokomzimba nengqondo.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi injabulo iyisimo somuntu ngamunye; okuletha injabulo komunye umuntu kungase kungayilethi komunye. Umuntu ngamunye unemithombo yakhe yenjabulo nenhlalakahle, futhi kubalulekile ukuhlonipha lo mehluko.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi injabulo ixhunywe nezici ezinjengokubonga, ukuba nethemba, ukuqina, nokusekelwa komphakathi. Abantu abahlakulela lezi zici bavame ukujabula futhi bakwazi kangcono ukubhekana nezinselele zokuphila.
Kafushane, injabulo iyisimo sengqondo esingafinyelelwa ngokuzazi, ngokuhlakulela imizwelo eyakhayo, nangokuphishekela ukuphila okunokulinganisela. Ibalulekile enhlalakahleni kanye nokwaneliseka komuntu siqu, futhi ingenye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zokuphila kwabaningi.
Injabulo izwakala kanjani futhi ungayifinyelela kanjani empilweni yakho yansuku zonke?
Injabulo iyisimo esingokomzwelo esihle esibonakala ngokuba nemizwa yenjabulo, ukwaneliseka nokwaneliseka. Ngokusho kwengqondo, injabulo yinto eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izici zangaphakathi nangaphandle. Akuwona nje umuzwa wesikhashana, kodwa kunalokho isimo esihlala njalo senhlalakahle nokugcwaliseka.
Kubantu abaningi, injabulo ihlobene nokufinyelela imigomo yomuntu siqu, ukuhlangana nabanye, ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini eletha injabulo, nomuzwa wokuba nengxenye enhlalakahleni yabanye. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi injabulo ayiyona into engafinyelelwa ngokushesha, kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo edinga ukuzazi nokuzikhandla.
Ukuze uthole injabulo ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke, kubalulekile ukuhlakulela imikhuba enempilo neqondile. Ukuzijwayeza ukubonga, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo, ukudla ukudla okunempilo, ukuzindla, nokugcina ubudlelwano obunempilo phakathi kwabantu ngamanye amasu angaba nomthelela ekuphishekeleni injabulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukufunda ukubhekana nobunzima nezinselele zokuphila ngendlela eyakhayo, ngaso sonke isikhathi ulwela ukukhula nokuqina komuntu siqu.
Kafushane, injabulo iyisimo esihle somzwelo esihlanganisa imizwa yenjabulo, ukwaneliseka nokwaneliseka. Ukukufeza ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke, kubalulekile ukuhlakulela imikhuba enempilo neqondile, ukuzijwayeza ukubonga, nokugcina ubudlelwano obunempilo phakathi kwabantu. Injabulo ayiyona indawo yokugcina, kodwa iwuhambo oluqhubekayo lokuzitholela wena kanye nokukhula komuntu siqu.
Iyini injabulo? (Ngokwengqondo yengqondo)
A injabulo kungachazwa njengenhlanganisela yokwaneliseka umuntu anakho ngempilo yakhe yomuntu siqu (umndeni, umbhangqwana, umsebenzi) kanye nengqondo - ukuba nomuzwa wosuku.
Ukujabula kusho ukuba nesimo senhlalakahle, esibonakala ngemizwelo eyakhayo, kusukela enjabulweni kuya enjabulweni. Umqondo wenjabulo awucacile, futhi incazelo yawo ingahluka kubantu namasiko. Amagama ahlobene ahlanganisa inhlalakahle, izinga lempilo, ukwaneliseka, nokwaneliseka.
Uke wazama ukuchaza injabulo noma ukubheka kusichazamazwi? Uma kunjalo, cishe ubonile ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukuthola incazelo yalo mqondo engafaki igama elifanayo legama elifanayo. Njengokungathi lokho akwanele, futhi sikuthola cishe kungenakwenzeka ukulinganisa ngokunembile izinga lenjabulo umuntu aba nalo.
Isho ukuthini injabulo futhi ihlanganisani?
Okwamanje, nangenxa yokungajabuli okukhulu okukhona ngokuthuthuka kwezwe lanamuhla, isayensi efunda injabulo izuze ukubaluleka okukhulu ngoba ubani ongeke afune ukujabula?
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi, izazi zefilosofi, abaholi benkolo, ababhali, nongqondongqondo abadumile njengo-Aristotle baye bazibuza lo mbuzo, abaye bazama ukuwuphendula. Kuye, injabulo yayinezici ezimbili: i-hedonia (ukuzijabulisa) kanye ne-eudaimonia (impilo eyaphilwa).
Ku-contemporary psychology, lo mqondo uba nemininingwane nakakhulu uma sigxila ekuqondeni kukaDkt. Seligman (2011) ngawo. Kuye, ngaphezu kokuqonda ukuthi injabulo iwukuphila okujabulisayo, okunenjongo, nokuzibophezela, uhlanganisa nomqondo wokuthi injabulo ibuye isekelwe ubuhlobo bomuntu obusezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nempumelelo yakhe nezinto azifezile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, siyayazi nefomula yezibalo noma izici ezinquma injabulo yethu, "inhlalakahle esekelwe" noma i-SWB:
- Izakhi zofuzo zethu zinquma injabulo yethu ngama-50% kwangu-100.
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-10% unqunywa izimo ezisizungezile.
- Futhi ama-40% asele aculwa yimisebenzi esiyenza nsuku zonke (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon and Schkade, 2005).
Ngokusekelwe kulokho osekushiwo, singaphetha ngokuthi injabulo yethu ilawulwa yilezi zici ezintathu nokuthi, nakuba kukhona amaphesenti angu-60 enjabulo yethu esingakwazi ukuyilawula, sisenayo i-40% yayo, uma sinesibopho semisebenzi eyingxenye yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke.
Injabulo ngokusho kwezazi zasendulo nezanamuhla
Indlela ethokozisayo yokuqonda kangcono umqondo wenjabulo iwukubheka lokho okushiwo yizazi nezazi zefilosofi zasendulo nezamanje kancane ngakho.
Njengoba ubona, kunezincazelo nemibono eminingi ngalo mqondo. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi kuncike kuye, abanye ukuthi akuthathi okuningi ukuze ujabule, abanye ukuthi kuncike esifisweni, kanti abanye ukuthi, ngokuhlakanipha, umuntu angajabula.
Ezinye zezincazelo ezithakasela kakhulu yilezi:
31-Ukuhlakanipha kuyingxenye ephezulu yenjabulo. Sophocles.
Yilabo abakwaziyo ukujabula ngakho konke abangajabula. I-Confucius.
Injabulo ihlanganisa ukukhululeka, okungukuthi, ukungafuni lutho. I-Epithet.
-Igama elithi injabulo beliyolahlekelwa incazelo yalo uma lingalinganiswanga nokudabuka.-Carl Jung.
-Idada lijabule echibini lalo elingcolile ngoba alilwazi ulwandle.-Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.
Injabulo incike kithina. Aristotle.
-Injabulo yeqiniso iwukujabulela isikhathi samanje, ngaphandle kokuncika ngokukhathazeka ngekusasa.-Marcus Aurelius.
-Abantu abaningi bajabule ngendlela abanquma ngayo ukuthi bajabule kanjani.-Abraham Lincoln.
-Imali ayizange imthokozise umuntu, futhi ayizange imjabulise; akukho lutho emvelweni yakhe oluveza injabulo. Uma unokuningi, ufuna kakhulu. – Benjamin Franklin.
Kodwa… Iyini injabulo ngokwesayikholoji?
Indawo enhle yokuqala lapho sichaza injabulo kungase kube ukuqala ngalokho esaziyo ukuthi akuyona. Kubantu abaningi, injabulo ilele ekuzijabuliseni nabangane ephathini noma ngisho nokujabulela ukudla okumnandi nomuntu omthandayo.
Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle okusenza sizizwe sijabule, kodwa akusiniki incazelo yomqondo ngokwawo, ngoba zichaza ukuthi injabulo iyini. Ngakho, uma injabulo ingafani nenjabulo, pho iyini injabulo?
Njengoba sibonile emibonweni kaSeligman, injabulo injalo lapho ukuphila kwethu kuhlangabezana ngokugcwele nezidingo zethu . Ngamanye amazwi, kwenzeka lapho sizizwa sanelisekile futhi sanelisekile. Kuwumuzwa wokwaneliseka, lapho sinomuzwa wokuthi ukuphila kunjengoba kufanele kube. Injabulo ephelele, ukukhanyiselwa, kwenzeka lapho zonke izidingo zethu zihlangatshezwa ngokugcwele.
Lokhu kusiholela ekuphetheni ngokuthi lo mqondo ungaba yini emazwini kaSonja Lyubomirsky, umcwaningi wezengqondo oqotho, ocabanga injabulo ngokuthi:
“Okuhlangenwe nakho kwenjabulo, ukwaneliseka, noma inhlalakahle enhle, kuhlangene nomuzwa wokuthi ukuphila komuntu kuhle, kunenjongo, futhi kuzuzisayo.”
Injabulo nobuchopho
Ngokusobala, ukuxhumana kwemizwa, ama-neurotransmitters, nokusebenza kobuchopho bomuntu kubaluleke kakhulu uma kuziwa ekuqondeni injabulo.
Ngalo mqondo, i-serotonin ibaluleke kakhulu, i-neurotransmitter ehlanganiswe ohlelweni lwezinzwa olumaphakathi ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi ebalulekile yokuphila kahle nokuzinza kwemizwelo.
Ukwandisa lesi sici cishe ngokuzenzekelayo kukhiqiza umuzwa wenhlalakahle, ukwanda kokuzethemba, ukuphumula nokugxila.
Ukuntuleka kwe-Serotonin kuhlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka, imicabango yokuzibulala, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuphoqelekile, ukuqwasha, nezimo ezinolaka.
Yiziphi izidingo zethu ezibalulekile ukuze sijabule?
Uma sesazi ukuthi iyini injabulo kanye nezici eziyenzayo, kufanele siphendule omunye umbuzo: yiziphi izidingo ezibalulekile okufanele ngizihlanganise ukuze ngijabule?
Izidingo zethu ngabanye ziyahlukahluka kuye ngofuzo lwethu, indlela esikhuliswe ngayo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu ekuphileni. Le nhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi iyona eyenza ngamunye wethu ahluke, kokubili ezidingweni zethu eziqondile nakuzo zonke ezinye izici ezilolonga umuntu esinguye namuhla.
Ngamunye wethu angaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa sonke singabantu futhi lokhu kunikeza isisekelo lapho singathola khona izidingo zethu ezibalulekile zobuntu.
Ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni kukaDkt. Seligman ngenjabulo kanye nezidingo eziyisisekelo ezihlongozwayo kuphiramidi ka-Maslow, sihlanganise uhlu lwezidingo ezibalulekile abantu abangaba nazo, okuthi uma kuhlangatshezwana nazo ngokugcwele, kuholele enjabulweni:
- Yiba nokuphila kahle Kuqondwa njengokuxhumana okwenziwa phakathi komzimba nengqondo futhi okuthinta imizwa yethu futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Asikwazi ukuzizwa kahle uma singanelisi isidingo sethu sokuqala nesibalulekile esiyisisekelo, esokuphila komzimba (Vázquez et al., (S / F).
- Hlala endaweni efanele. Kubhekiselwa ezintweni ezingaphandle njengokuphepha, ukutholakala kokudla, inkululeko, isimo sezulu, ubuhle, kanye nekhaya. Abantu badinga ukuzizwa bevikelekile ukuze bajabule.
- Ubumnandi. Bonke abantu badinga okuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhashana njengenjabulo, ubulili, uthando, nokudla ukuze bazizwe bejabule.
- Yiba nobudlelwano. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba siwuhlobo lwenhlalo, ubudlelwano bomphakathi esinabo buyoba yisisekelo sokwakha ubuntu bethu futhi, njengoba uSeligman (2011) esho, kufanele kube kuhle.
- Isifiso sokunqoba. Kudingeka sibe nemigomo kanye nogqozi lokuyilwela futhi siyifeze. Ngamanye amazwi, sidinga ukuphila ezamehlela, senze izinhlelo, futhi sibe nelukuluku lokwazi ngezwe elisizungezile.
- UkuzibophezelaUmuntu wethu wangaphakathi udinga ukuhlanganyela emsebenzini esiwenzayo, sinake izimo zethu zangaphakathi hhayi izimo zangaphandle kuphela. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ujabule, udinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kulokho okwenzayo.
- Impumelelo kanye nempumelelo. Wonke umuntu udinga ukuzibekela imigomo yokuphishekela amaphupho akhe futhi azizwe enekhono futhi ezimele. Ngenxa yale migomo, singaqhubeka sikhula njengabantu ngabanye ngisho nangomsebenzi. Ukuzethemba kubalulekile kulokhu.
- I-Estima Njengoba sazi, sidinga futhi ukuthandwa futhi sazise ukuze sizihlole kahle thina nomsebenzi wethu wochwepheshe. Uma singakutholi lokhu, kungathinta ukuzethemba kwethu, ngakho-ke, nenjabulo yethu. (Vázquez et al., S/F).
- Ukuvumelana nezimo Kudingeka futhi sibe nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezinguquko ezilethwa ukuphila futhi sazi ukuthi singazinqoba kanjani ngendlela eyakhayo.
Ungakwazi yini ukukala injabulo?
Injabulo ayinalutho; ayikwazi ukugcinwa ephaketheni lakho futhi iqoqwe ukuze uyisebenzise noma nini lapho uzizwa uthanda khona. Kodwa ucabanga ukuthi ingalinganiswa futhi ifundwe ngokwesayensi? Nokho, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, singase sikwazi ukwenza lokho kanye.
Um ukufunda kwe 2015 eshicilelwe ku-Asian Journal of Psychiatry yakala injabulo kanye nempilo enhle engokwengqondo yabafundi ngesampula yabafundi besikole samabanga aphezulu abangama-403.
Abafundi bahlolelwa impilo yabo jikelele, injabulo, ukusebenza kahle, ukucindezeleka okubonwayo, ithemba, nokwaneliseka kwempilo ngokusebenzisa imibuzo ebhaliwe.
Kwaphethwa ngokuthi kwakukhona ubudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kwenjabulo nempilo engokwengqondo. Ngokwalolu cwaningo, “abafundi abanobuhlobo obuhle nalabo ababika ukuthi bajabulela imicimbi yokuzijabulisa babika impilo engcono engokwengqondo.”
Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukaDkt. George Vaillant, kwenziwa olunye ucwaningo namanye amadoda, manje aseminyakeni yawo-90 futhi asafundwa nanamuhla. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-30 nasekuqaleni kwawo-40, abacwaningi abavela ku-Harvard Adult Development Study baqala ukutadisha impilo nokuphila kahle kwabafundi besilisa abangama-268 base-Harvard University abathembisa kakhulu.
Ubiziwe " Grant Study ", uhlola izimpilo zala madoda ngempi, umsebenzi, umshado, nesehlukaniso, kanye nokuba ubaba kanye nendima yogogo nomkhulu kanye nokuguga. Okunye okuqukethwe okulondoloziwe kocwaningo kwanyatheliswa kuyi-Atlantic.
Ucwaningo olufanayo lwakamuva lwezenhlalo luyidokhumentari ye-BBC ethi "Izingane Zesikhathi Sethu." Yethulwa nguSolwazi Robert Winston, idokhumentari ihlola iminyaka yokuqala engama-20 yokuphila kwezingane ezingama-25 zaseBrithani ezizalwe ngo-1999/2000.
Amanye amathiphu okujabula (infographic)
Nakuba injabulo ihlanganisa okuningi, lawa macebiso angakusiza ukufinyelele futhi uzizwe unenhlalakahle ekuphileni.
Ilukuluku lesayensi mayelana nenjabulo
- Izinga lokushisa libalulekile : a ucwaningo wabonisa ubudlelwano obucacile phakathi kwesimo sezulu esishisayo nesimo esingcono. Kokubili kushisa kakhulu nokubanda kakhulu kuyingozi empilweni.
-Ifa ngokwengxenye : Uphenyo oluhlukahlukene lubonise ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zinesibopho okungenani esingama-50% wendlela umuntu ajabule ngayo.
-Okunukayo kubalulekile : «iphunga lezimbali lingakwenza ujabule, njengoba livuselela ukuxhumana nomphakathi», kusuka ngokukaDkt. Jeannette Haviland-Jones , uprofesa wezengqondo e-Rutgers University.
Ukwenza kahle kokuthile kukusiza ukuthi ujabule. : dlala insimbi yomculo noma funda i-chess, yiba nekhono ikusiza ukuthi ujabule . Nakuba kunzima futhi kungase kucindezele ekuqaleni, kuletha izinzuzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinhlobo zenjabulo
Ngokusho kwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uMartin Selingman, kunezinhlobo ezi-5 ezihlukene zenjabulo:
- Imizwa emihle noma impilo ejabulisayo.
- Ukuzibophezela noma impilo yokuzibophezela.
- ubudlelwano
- Ukuphila okunenjongo noma okunenjongo.
- Impumelelo kanye nomuzwa wokuphumelela.
Bheka isihloko esigcwele.
Iziphetho
Njengoba sibonile kuso sonke lesi sihloko, kuncane okwaziwayo okwamanje mayelana nomqondo wenjabulo.
Nokho, kusenebanga elide okufanele silihambe ekuqondeni nasekukuchazeni ngokunembile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kudingeka futhi siqhubeke sisebenza ukuze silinganise lo muzwa, nakuba okwamanje izifundo eziqhutshwayo azikona ukumosha.
Futhi iyini injabulo kuwe?
Izinkomba
- ULyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K, M. kanye noSchkade, D. (2005): Ukujaha Injabulo: I-Architecture of Sustainable Change. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-General Psychology, 9, n. 2, 111 131.
- Seligman, Martin EP (2011): Iyaqhakaza: I-Visionary New Take on Happiness and Well-Being. ENew York: I-Free Press.
- Vázquez Muñoz, MP, Valbuena da Fuente, F. (S / F). Iphiramidi yezidingo zika-Abraham Maslow. I-Faculty of Information Sciences, i-Complutense University yaseMadrid.