I-Gymnodinium catenatum iyi-dinoflagellate yasolwandle enezici ezihlukile ze-morphological kanye nomjikelezo wempilo. Lolu hlobo lunomzimba owodwa, onefulegi futhi ngokuvamile lutholakala emanzini asogwini nasezindaweni zemifula.
Mayelana nomjikelezo wayo wokuphila, i-Gymnodinium catenatum idlula ezigabeni ezihlukene, okuhlanganisa nesigaba sokukhiqiza i-asexual, lapho ihlukanisa khona nge-mitosis, nesigaba sokukhiqiza ngokocansi, lapho amangqamuzana e-haploid akhiwa khona futhi ahlangane ukuze akhe amaseli e-diploid.
I-Gymnodinium catenatum ingaphinda ikhiqize ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-autogamy, lapho iseli lihlukana libe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo, lidale amaseli amasha. Le dinoflagellate yaziwa ngokukhiqiza ubuthi obungadala ubuthi ezilwaneni zasolwandle nakubantu, futhi inesibopho seziqephu zama-red tide kwezinye izifunda ezisogwini.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-dinoflagellate: qonda ukuthi lezi zidalwa zasolwandle zanda kanjani.
Ama-Dinoflagellate yizinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa ezihlala ezindaweni zasolwandle futhi ezikwazi kokubili ukukhiqiza ubulili nokuzala. Isibonelo esisodwa saleli qembu i-Gymnodinium catenatum, i-dinoflagellate engakhiqiza ubuthi ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini.
Umjikelezo wempilo we-Gymnodinium catenatum uqala ngokukhiqiza kabusha okungasexual, lapho iseli lihlukana kabili ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-binary fission. Le nqubo ivumela inani labantu ukuthi likhule ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, njengezinga lokushisa elanele nemisoco. Amangqamuzana asanda kwakheka angaqoqana ndawonye abe amakoloni, enze iziqephu ezibonakalayo emanzini.
Lapho izimo zemvelo ziba zimbi, njengokushoda kwezakhi noma izinguquko ezingazelelwe ezingeni lokushisa, i-Gymnodinium catenatum ingahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni ngokocansi. Kulokhu, amangqamuzana ahlangana akhe ama-zygote, abuye athuthuke abe izinto eziphilayo ezintsha. Le nqubo ivumela ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo okukhulu emphakathini, okungaba nenzuzo ezindaweni ezingazinzile.
Kafushane, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-dinoflagellate, njenge-Gymnodinium catenatum, kuhilela kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual, ukukhula okusheshayo kwenani labantu, nokukhiqiza ngokocansi, ukwandisa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo. Lezi zinto eziphilayo zibalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle, kodwa zingase zibe yingozi empilweni yomuntu lapho zikhiqiza ubuthi obudlulele.
Izibonelo zama-dinoflagellate nezici zawo: funda kabanzi mayelana nalezi zinambuzane ezikhethekile zasemanzini.
I-Dinoflagellate izidalwa ezineseli elilodwa eziyingxenye yeqembu lama-protist. Baziwa ngekhono labo lokwenza i-photosynthesize kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zabo zomumo nobukhulu. Isibonelo se-dinoflagellate ngu I-Gymnodinium catenatum, ebhekene nokukhiqiza ubuthi obungadala ubuthi ekudleni kubantu nakwezinye izilwane zasolwandle.
O I-Gymnodinium catenatum Inezici eziyingqayizivele eziyihlukanisa kwamanye ama-dinoflagellate. Inomzimba omise okwe-disc onama-flagella amabili ayisiza ukuthi ihambe emanzini. Iphinde ibe ne-pigment ebizwa ngokuthi i-chlorophyll, eyivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesize futhi ithole amandla emisebeni yelanga.
Umjikelezo wempilo we I-Gymnodinium catenatum Iqukethe izigaba ezimbili: isigaba sokuzala, lapho into ephilayo ihlukana nge-mitosis ukuze yakhe amaseli amasha, kanye nesigaba sokuzalana ngokocansi, lapho amaseli ehlangana khona ukuze akhe izinto eziphilayo ezintsha.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe I-Gymnodinium catenatum Kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele zonyaka, lapho izimo zemvelo zivuma ukuthuthukiswa kwayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-dinoflagellate izala ngokushesha, yakhe amakoloni amakhulu angabangela izinkinga zemvelo nempilo yomphakathi.
Ngamafuphi, ama-dinoflagellate, njenge I-Gymnodinium catenatum, yizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezikhethekile ezidlala indima ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle. Ikhono lazo lokwenza i-photosynthesize kanye nekhono lazo lokukhiqiza ubuthi lizenza zibe izinto eziphilayo ezihlukile futhi ezihehayo okufanele zifundwe.
I-Gymnodinium catenatum: izici, umjikelezo wokuphila, ukukhiqiza kabusha
I-Gymnodinium catenatum iyi-photosynthetic dinoflagellate esengozini yokushabalala ekwazi ukukhiqiza ubuthi obudala ubuthi be-paralytic shellfish. Lolu hlobo luhlala lukhona emanzini olwandle ezindaweni eziphansi, futhi abantu bakhona ngezikhathi ezithile baba nokukhula okukhulayo okukhiqiza ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi.
Le dinoflagellate iyakwazi ukwenza izimila ezinodonga oluqinile ezingaphila isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo zokuntuleka kokukhanya kanye nezakhi zomzimba. Leli khono liyivumela ukuthi iphile ngisho nasemanzini e-ballast yemikhumbi, iqoqe ngephutha izindawo ezintsha ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu.
I-Gymnodinium catenatum Inomjikelezo wokuphila oyinkimbinkimbi, enama-cysts angakhiwa ngokuqondile kusuka kumangqamuzana e-haploid vegetative, okungukuthi, nge-asexually, ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka kuma-dinoflagellate amaningi akha ama-cysts anamaseli ocansi.
Izici
I-Gymnodinium catenatum I-dinoflagellate engamboziwe, okusho ukuthi ayinayo i-theca futhi ine-flagellum eguquguqukayo kanye ne-longitudinal, njengamanye ama-dinoflagellate. Lawa ma-flagella asetshenziselwa ukufuduka.
Zingakhula ngazinye (imvamisa ngezigaba zokukhula ezimile) noma zakhe amaketanga ezinto eziphilayo ezingafika ku-64 (ukukhula ngokushesha), kodwa izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kweziyi-10. Zinombala ompunga kuya kunsundu ngenxa yokuba khona kwezingulube ze-photosynthetic.
Amaseli ahluka kakhulu ngokuma, ngokuvamile ayindilinga noma amade kancane kunalokho ububanzi, angafinyelela ku-53 by 45 μm, futhi aqukethe ama-organelles amaningi. Amaseli angawodwana kanye namaseli wokugcina amaketango ane-conical apices.
Ama-cysts abizwa ngokuthi ama-cysts alele futhi abonakala ngezindonga eziwugqinsi ze-reticulated surface; Ubukhulu bawo buhluka phakathi kuka-45 no-50 μm ububanzi.
Ukusabalalisa
I-Gymnodinium catenatum Itholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kwenziwa endaweni futhi kuvame ukutholakala kuphela ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwe-algal. Amazwe lapho ivame ukubonwa khona ahlanganisa i-Argentina, i-Uruguay, iVenezuela, iCuba, iCosta Rica, iMexico, iSpain, iPortugal, i-Egypt, i-Australia, neJapane.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ubukhona be I-Gymnodinium catenatum ezindaweni eziningi zalezi zindawo kungenxa yokuhlakazeka ngephutha emanzini e-ballast. Bakholelwa futhi ukuthi kungaba izinhlobo eziyimfihlo ezididayo njengezodwa.
Ukuzala
I-Gymnodinium catenatum iveza ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual kanye nocansi.
Asexual
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Asexual kwenzeka nge-oblique kanambambili fission; phakathi nalokhu, imisele yokukhipha idayagonali ihlukanisa ingxenye engaphambili kwesokunxele yeseli nengemuva elingakwesokudla. Iseli ngalinye lendodakazi liyoba nesibopho sokuvuselela ingxenye edingekayo (ngaphambili noma ngemuva), kuye ngecala.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, udonga lwe-protoplast esanda kuhlukaniswa luyaqhubeka nodonga lweseli yomzali futhi alukwazi ukuhlukaniswa kulo. Amaseli emaketangeni ahlukana ngokulandelana, okuholela kumaketanga amaseli angu-2,4, 8, 16, 32, 64, noma angu-XNUMX.
Amaketango ahlukanisayo kancane agqashuka abe amaketango amafushane, ngisho noma amaseli.
Ubulili
Ukuzalana ngokocansi kungenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo zengcindezi yemvelo, njengokukhula endaweni entula i-nitrate ne-phosphate. Nokho, lezi zimo azibalulekile ukuze lolu hlobo lokuzala lwenzeke.
Amaseli azosebenza njengama-gametes awahlukaniseki kumaseli ezitshalo. Ama-Gametes angaba ngosayizi olinganayo noma ongalingani. Bajoyina ngendlela ehambisanayo noma e-perpendicular. Kuzo zombili izimo, iphuzu eliyinhloko lokunamathiselwe yi-sulcus.
Amaseli ahlelwe njengezithombe zesibuko, ne-flagella yawo yobude ehlelwe ngokufana. Kube sekwakhiwa i-biconic planozygote, ene-flagellum ephindwe kabili ye-longitudinal. Indiza ye-zygotic izoba yi-subspherical futhi ilahlekelwe enye ye-flagella ye-longitudinal.
I-cyst planozygous ingaguqulwa ibe yi-hypnozygote noma i-cyst ephumule; ngakho-ke, ilahlekelwa ukuhamba, ihlelwa kabusha futhi inciphise okuqukethwe kwamaselula futhi ifihle udonga lwamaseli olujiyile.
Umjikelezo wokuphila
Amaseli we-vegetative we Gymnodinium catenatum kukhona ngokuvamile kutholakala amaketango akhayo anobude obuhlukene. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhula okusheshayo. Khona-ke, esigabeni sokukhula esinganyakazi, amaketanga ayahlakazeka akhe amangqamuzana ngamanye.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi, amangqamuzana ngamanye angakha amaseli aphumule, noma ama-dormancy cyst. Amaseli aphumule awawona ama-motile futhi akhiqiza ifilimu yokuvikela eyengeziwe. Ama-cyst ayindilinga futhi anezendlalelo zokuzivikela ezifika kwezine.
Ukwenza ama-cysts alele, amangqamuzana ngamanye angazalana ngokocansi noma ngokuqondile engqamuzaneni ye-vegetative. Ngokujwayelekile, lezi zimila zingathuthwa amabanga amade ngemisinga noma zifakwe phansi olwandle.
Esimweni sokugcina, ama-cysts angaphinde amiswe emanzini ngezikhathi zokukhuphuka kanye nokuchanyuselwa ukuze kubangele ama-diploid planomeiocyte. Lokhu kuhlukanisa futhi kubangele amangqamuzana e-haploid vegetative, angangena esigabeni sokukhula okunamandla futhi abangele ukuqhakaza kwe-algal.
I-Nutrição
I-Gymnodinium catenatum Iwuhlobo lwe-autotrophic, olukwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwalo kusuka kumsoco we-inorganic, ngosizo lokukhanya kwelanga. Ukukhula kwayo kunqunyelwe ukuba khona kwemisoco kukholomu yamanzi.
Phakathi kwezakhi eziyinhloko ezinciphisa ukukhula kwe G. catenatum Iqukethe i-selenium, i-nitrate ne-nitrate. Ngezikhathi zemvula noma ukukhuphuka, ukutholakala kwalezi zakhi emanzini olwandle aseduze nogu kuyenyuka.
Lapho ukunothisa izakhi emanzini kwenzeka. as abantu base G. catenatum azinayo imingcele ekukhuleni kwazo futhi ziqala inkathi yokukhula okunamandla okwenza ukuqhakaza kwe-algae noma i-red tide.
I-Paralytic shellfish poisoning syndrome
Kuyisifo esibangelwa ukumunca ama-bivalve mollusk aqongelele ubuthi obubizwa ngokuthi i-saxitoxin. Lobu buthi bukhiqizwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-dinoflagellate.
I-Gymnodinium catenatum Iwukuphela kwezinhlobo ze-dinoflagellate ezihlaselwayo ezihileleke kulolu hlobo lobuthi. Ama-mollusk, lapho edliwa nama-dinoflagellate, anqwabelanisa ubuthi ezicutshini zawo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-shellfish ezihlotshaniswa nobuthi obukhubazekile yizimbaza, izimbaza, ama-scallops nama-cockles. Izimpawu zobuthi ziqala ukuvela ngokushesha, phakathi kwemizuzu emi-5 kanye nengama-30 ngemva kokudla igobolondo elinoshevu.
Izimpawu zihlanganisa i-paresthesia yomlomo namaphethelo, kanye nesiyezi, ukuhlanza, nesifo sohudo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-ataxia, ukukhubazeka kwemisipha, nobunzima bokuphefumula kungenzeka. Ukufa kwenzeka ngenxa yokukhubazeka kokuphefumula.
Kuze kube manje, alikho ikhambi le-saxitoxin; ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kunezimpawu, ngenhloso yokugcina isiguli siphefumula.
Izinkomba
- MA Doblina, SI Blackburnb, GM Hallegraeffa (1999) Ukukhula kanye nokukhuthazwa kwe-biomass I-Gymnodinium catenatum I-dinoflagellate enobuthi (i-Graham) ngezinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe. Ijenali ye-Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology.
- M. L. Hernández-Orozco, I. Gárate-Lizárraga (2006). I-Paralytic poisoning syndrome ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-shellfish. Umagazini we-Biomedical
- SI Blackburn, GM Hallegrae, CJ Bolch (1989). Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwemifino kanye nomjikelezo wempilo yezocansi we-dinoflagellate enobuthi I-Gymnodinium catenatum kusukela eTasmania, e-Australia. Ijenali yePhycology.
- F. Gómez (2003). I-dinoflagellate enobuthi I-Gymnodinium catenatum : umhlaseli e-Mediterranean Sea Acta Botanica Croatica.
- CJ Band-Schmidt, JJ Bustillos-Guzmán, DJ López-Cortés, I. Gárate-Lizárraga, EJ Núñez-Vázquez, kanye no-FE Hernández-Sandoval (2010). Izifundo ze-Ecological and physiological of I-Gymnodinium catenatum e-Mexican Pacific: isibuyekezo. Izidakamizwa Zasolwandle
- U-FE Hernández-Sandoval, DJ López-Cortés, CJ Band-Schmidt, I. Gárate-Lizárraga, EJ Núñez-Vázquez, no-JJ Bustillos-Guzmán (2009). Ubuthi obukhubazekile kuma-bivalve molluscs ngesikhathi sokwanda kwe I-Gymnodinium catenatum Graham eLa Paz Bay, eMexico. I-Hydrobiological