I-operculum, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-operculum, isakhiwo esitholakala ezilwaneni ezihlukahlukene zasemanzini, ikakhulukazi ama-mollusk nezinhlanzi. Isebenza njengesivalo noma isembozo esivikela ukuvuleka kwegobolondo noma umzimba wesilwane, okubalulekile ukuze siphile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-operculum yenza imisebenzi ebalulekile, njengokulawula ukushintshaniswa kwegesi, ukulawula ukungena nokuphuma kwamanzi, nokuvikela into ephilayo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. I-anatomy ye-operculum ingahluka kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, ibe mkhulu futhi imelane kakhulu kwezinye izilwane. Ezinye izibonelo zezilwane ezine-opercula iminenke, izimbaza, izinkalankala nezinhlanzi, okuyisici esiphawulekayo sala maqembu.
Ukufundwa kwezitho, amasistimu nezakhiwo zomzimba womuntu: I-Human Anatomy ngokuningiliziwe.
I-anatomy yomuntu wucwaningo oluningiliziwe lwezitho, izinhlelo, nezakhiwo zomzimba womuntu. Kuyisiyalo esiyisisekelo sabasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo, njengodokotela, abahlengikazi, nabelaphi bomzimba, abadinga ukuqonda ubunzima bomzimba womuntu ukuxilonga nokwelapha izifo.
Enye yezingxenye zomzimba womuntu ezingafundwa nge-anatomy i-operculum. I-operculum isakhiwo esitholakala kwezinye izilwane, njengezinhlanzi nama-mollusk, umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukuvikela ukuvuleka kwe-gill. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-operculum isiza futhi ukulawula ukucindezela kwangaphakathi komzimba kanye nezinsiza ekuphefumuleni.
Ngokwe-anatomically, i-operculum iqukethe uchungechunge lwamapuleti amathambo noma ama-cartilaginous adlulanayo futhi anyakaze ukuze avumele umgodi we-gill ukuthi uvule futhi uvale. Ezinhlanzini, isibonelo, i-operculum ibalulekile ekuphefumuleni, njengoba ivumela amanzi ukuba adlule ezindongeni, lapho ukushintshana kwegesi kwenzeka khona.
Ezinye izibonelo zezilwane ezine-operculum izinhlanzi ezinamathambo, njenge-salmon ne-tuna, nezinye izinhlobo ze-mollusk, njengeminenke nama-slugs. Ohlotsheni ngalunye, i-operculum ingahluka ngokwakheka kwayo nokusebenza, kuye ngezidingo ezithile zomzimba.
Ngamafuphi, ukutadisha kwe-anatomy yomuntu kusivumela ukuba siqonde hhayi kuphela ukwakheka komzimba womuntu, kodwa futhi nokuhlukahluka kwamafomu nemisebenzi ekhona ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlukene. Ulwazi lwe-operculum nezinye izakhiwo ze-anatomical lubalulekile ekusebenzeni komtholampilo nasekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezempilo.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo ze-anatomical ezikhona emzimbeni womuntu nowesilwane.
I-operculum iyisakhiwo se-anatomical esitholakala ezilwaneni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinhlanzi, ama-mollusk, nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Lesi sakhiwo singahluka ngokuma nokusebenza, kodwa ngokuvamile sisebenza njengohlobo lwesivalo noma isembozo esivikela imbobo emzimbeni wesilwane.
Ezinhlanzini, i-operculum iyisakhiwo samathambo esimboza futhi sivikele ama-gill, okuvumela ukuphefumula. Kuma-mollusk afana neminenke, i-operculum iyipuleti elinezimpondo elivala ukuvuleka kwegobolondo lapho isilwane sihoxa. Ezilwaneni ezihuquzelayo ezifana nezimfudu, i-operculum iyisakhiwo esingamathambo esimboza amehlo, sibavikele ekulimaleni.
Ngamafuphi, i-operculum ingaba nezimo nemisebenzi ehlukene, kodwa isici sayo esiyinhloko ukuthi isebenza njengesakhiwo sokuzivikela noma sokumboza ezilwaneni. Ezinye izibonelo zezilwane ezine-operculum izinhlanzi (ezine-operculum yazo yamathambo), iminenke (ene-corneal operculum yazo), nezimfudu (ene-ocular operculum yazo).
Ucwaningo olunzulu lwezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ngeso lenyama emzimbeni womuntu.
I-operculum iyisakhiwo se-anatomical esitholakala kwezinye izilwane, kuhlanganise nezinhlanzi nama-mollusk. Emzimbeni womuntu, i-operculum iyingxenye yobuchopho evala ingxenye engaphambili. Idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni ubuchopho kanye nokulawula ukucindezela kwe-intracranial.
I-operculum yakhiwe ungqimba lwezicubu zezinzwa ezibizwa ngokuthi i-cerebral cortex, enesibopho semisebenzi yokuqonda njengokuthatha izinqumo nokucubungula ulwazi lwezinzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-operculum iphinde ibandakanyeke ekulawuleni izimoto nasekulawuleni izinga lokushisa lomzimba.
Ezinye izibonelo zezifo ezingase zithinte i-operculum zihlanganisa isithuthwane, unhlangothi, nokulimala ekhanda. Kulezi zimo, umsebenzi we-operculum ungaba sengozini, okuholela ezimpawini ezifana nokuquleka, ubunzima bokukhuluma, nezinguquko ekuxhumaneni kwemoto.
Ngamafuphi, i-operculum iyisakhiwo se-anatomical esiyinkimbinkimbi esenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile emzimbeni womuntu. Ucwaningo lwayo olunemininingwane inganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ku-physiology yobuchopho futhi kusize ekuxilongweni nasekwelapheni izifo zemizwa.
Isifinyezo esiphelele se-Human Anatomy ku-PDF ukuze ulande mahhala.
I-anatomy yomuntu wucwaningo lwesakhiwo somzimba womuntu kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlelo zawo ezahlukahlukene. Kuyisiyalo esibalulekile sabasebenzi bezempilo abanjengodokotela, abahlengikazi, nabelaphi bomzimba. Ukuze kube lula ukufunda, sinikeze isifinyezo esiphelele se-Human Anatomy ngefomethi ye-PDF ukuze silandwe mahhala.
O i-operculum yisakhiwo se-anatomical esitholakala kwezinye izilwane, njengezinhlanzi nama-mollusk. Kubantu, i-operculum isho isifunda sobuchopho esibandakanyeka emisebenzini efana nokubona kwezinzwa nokwenza izinqumo.
As izici Imisebenzi ye-operculum ihlanganisa indawo yayo endaweni engaphambili yobuchopho kanye nokuxhumana kwayo kwezinye izindawo zobuchopho, njenge-prefrontal cortex. I-operculum inesibopho sokulawula ukucutshungulwa kolwazi lwezinzwa kanye nokuxhumanisa imisebenzi yemoto.
Phakathi kwe- imisebenzi I-operculum ilawula ukunaka, ilawula imizwa, futhi yenza izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izinzwa zezinzwa kanye nokusabela ezimeni eziyingozi.
Mayelana i-anatomy, i-operculum yakhiwe izingqimba eziningana zezicubu zezinzwa, okuhlanganisa ama-neurons namaseli e-glial. Isakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi sivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene zobuchopho kanye nokuxhumana komsebenzi wobuchopho.
Abanye izibonelo Izimo lapho i-operculum ihileleka khona zihlanganisa ukuqonda kobuhlungu, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa komzimba, kanye nokuthatha izinqumo zokuziphatha. Umsebenzi wayo ubalulekile ukuze sikwazi ukusebenzisana nemvelo futhi sizivumelanise nezimo ezihlukahlukene.
Ngamafuphi, i-operculum iyisakhiwo sobuchopho esibalulekile esibhekele imisebenzi eminingana yokuqonda nokuziphatha. Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe nge-Human Anatomy, qiniseka ukuthi ulanda isifinyezo sethu esiphelele se-PDF.
I-Operculum: izici, imisebenzi, i-anatomy, izibonelo
Os ama-opercles Amathambo ezinhlanzi ngokuyinhloko anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela izakhiwo zegill. Futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukujikeleza kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa ama-gill ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, ngaleyo ndlela kugcwalise inqubo yokuphefumula komzimba.
I-operculum ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinhlanzi ungqimba lwamathambo olubanzi kunawo wonke lohlaka lwamathambo, yingakho luvame ukusetshenziswa ososayensi ophenyweni lwebhayoloji njengepharamitha yokulinganisa ukulinganisa iminyaka yomuntu ngamunye.
Ukukhubazeka kwamathambo e-cranial, ikakhulukazi labo abahlushwa i-opercula, kuye kwabikwa ikakhulukazi ezinhlanzi ezifuywayo, okuholela ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula futhi kubangelwa izimo zemvelo ezingezinhle ezitholakala kuzo.
Izinhlanzi ezilwa I-Betta iyaqhakaza , evela ezwenikazi lase-Asia, iye yacutshungulwa kakhulu ngenxa yokusabela okuvamile okunolaka okwenziwa abesilisa kwabanye besilisa, okubonisa amakhono ahlaba umxhwele, njengokunwetshwa kwamaphiko kanye nokuvuleka okuqondile kwe-opercula, lapho ngisho namagill aqala ukugqama.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Ama-Gill, okuyizakhiwo ezithambile ezithintana njalo namanzi kanye nemvelo, adinga ukuvikelwa yi-opercula, eyakhiwe ukwakheka kwe-calcareous. I-Bony fish inamapheya amane egill, ngalinye lisekelwa i-gill arch.
Inqubo yokuphefumula noma ukushintshanisa amagesi phakathi kwe-oxygen kanye 2 kanye ne-carbon dioxide evela ku-CO 2 kusukela egazini lenhlanzi kuqala ngokuvula umlomo, okuvumela amanzi ukuba angene emzimbeni.
Kamuva, bayayivala, bathathe amanzi bawayise emathunjini ukuze bahlunge futhi bakhiphe umoya-mpilo, futhi ekugcineni uyakhishwa ngaphandle kokukwazi ukubuya nge-operculum.
Ukujikeleza kwegazi kuphambene nokugeleza kwamanzi, ngaleyo ndlela kufinyelela ukushintshaniswa kwegesi cishe kwe-80%, ngaphandle kwalokho kungaba ngu-50% kuphela, ukugcwalisa ukuthunjwa komoya-mpilo kanye nokuqedwa kwe-carbon dioxide.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto eziphilayo ezihamba emoyeni, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphezulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho ukugxila komoyampilo emanzini kuphansi, ngakho-ke uhlelo lokuphefumula kufanele lusebenze kahle kakhulu.
Ukunquma iminyaka yezinhlanzi ngokuvamile kunembe kakhulu kusetshenziswa i-operculum kunezikali, ngaphandle kwezibonelo ezindala. Izindandatho zokukhula zingabonakala ngokucacile ebusweni.
I-Operculi ihlukile ezinhlanzini ezinamathambo; ngakho-ke, izinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous ezifana noshaka nemisebe azinayo.
Imisebenzi
I-opercula yenza imisebenzi emibili eyinhloko ezinhlanzini ezinamathambo:
- Vikela ama-gill, izitho ezizwela kakhulu ezivame ukulimala ngokomzimba noma izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, ama-parasites, nesikhunta.
- Bafaka isandla ngenkuthalo enqubweni yokuphefumula, lapho besebenza khona njengamaphampu namasango alawula ukugeleza kwamanzi emzimbeni, ukuvimbela ukungena kwawo nokusungula isiqondiso esisodwa sokugeleza.
I-Anatomia
I-opercula itholakala engxenyeni engaphambili yezinhlanzi, ephawula umngcele wekhanda. Ikakhulukazi i-trapezoidal noma i-rectangular, enendawo engaphakathi eqondile kancane.
Zihlukaniswe ngamaphethelo amane: i-anterior noma i-prevascular, ephakeme, i-posterior kanye ne-inferior noma i-subopercular.
Ukuze ifinyelele ukunyakaza kwayo okungaguquki, i-operculum inemisipha emithathu enamandla eshuthekwe endaweni yayo ngemuva.
Ukonakala
Ukukhubazeka kwamathambo okwenzeka ku-opercula kwabonakala ikakhulukazi ekulimeni futhi akuvamile kubantu bemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, ahlotshaniswa nezimo ezingezinhle zokuthunjwa, njengezimo zamakhemikhali angokoqobo emanzini, ukungalingani kokudla okunomsoco, izifo kanye nezici zofuzo.
Lokhu konakala kubonakala ezigabeni ezihlukene zokukhula kwezibungu, kodwa ukubukeka kwazo kusenesikhathi, kuyanda izinga lokuqina.
Phakathi kwemiphumela emibi izinhlanzi ezibhekana nazo kulezi zinguquko ngobukhulu kanye nokuma kwe-operculum yilezi: ukwehla kokupompa amanzi, okuthinta ngqo ukuphefumula; kanye nokuchayeka kwamagill endaweni engaphandle, okuwenza abe lula ekulimaleni nasezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane kanye nesikhunta.
Ukusinda kwezibungu kuphinde kuthinteke kabi ukukhula okuncishisiwe kanye nobuzimuzimu babantu abakhulu.
Lokhu kungasebenzi kahle kwe-operculum, kwezinye izimo, naphezu kobunzima babo, kungabuyiselwa, inqobo nje uma izimo ezimbi zilungiswa futhi kusetshenziswa ukwelashwa okufanele.
Izibonelo ngezinhlobo ezahlukene
Ngezansi ungabona ezinye izibonelo zokuma nosayizi we-opercula ekhona ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinhlanzi zasolwandle namanzi ahlanzekile:
Izinhlanzi zenyoka, Channa striata
Mola mola inhlanzi yenyanga
Izinhlanzi ze-Angiliform, umndeni wakwa-Muraenidae
I-Marinho I-Hippocampus sp.
Uhlobo lwenhlanzi I-Salmo sp.
UBetta I-Betta iyaqhakaza izinhlanzi
Inhlanzi yegolide ICarassius auratus
Udlame I-Electrophorus electricus
I-Pirago I-Pygocentrus sp.
Izinkomba
- rguello, W., M. Bohórquez kanye no-A. Silva. (2014). Ama-cranial malformations ezibungwini nasezinsaneni zezinhlanzi ezifuywayo. Lat. Ngi. J. Aquat. I-Res. Vol. 42 (5): 950-962.
- I-Bioinnova: Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi ezinhlanzi. Iqembu le-Innovation ekufundiseni ukuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji. Ibuyiselwe ku: https://www.innovabiologia.com/
- UMancini, M. (2002). Isingeniso sebhayoloji yezinhlanzi. Izifundo eziyisingeniso mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezilwane nokukhiqizwa kwezilwane I, FAV UNRC. 19 pp.
- Martínez, I. (2008). Ukuziphatha okunolaka kuzinhlanzi ezilwa ne-Siamese (Betta splender). I-University Annals of Ethology. Vol. 2: 98-105.
- Miranda, R. kanye no-M. Escala. (2002) Umhlahlandlela wokuhlonza imfucumfucu ye-cyprinid bone. Ishicilelwe. Biol, Navarra University, Sor Zool. Vol. 28:98-114.
- U-Werlinger, C. (2005). I-Marine biology kanye ne-oceanography: imiqondo nezinqubo. Umqulu I. 253-285 pp.