Phytoplankton: izici, umsoco, ukukhiqiza kabusha

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I-Phytoplankton iyiqembu lama-microorganisms asolwandle namanzi ahlanzekile adlala indima ebalulekile ezindaweni eziphilayo zasemanzini. Zakhiwe ngezinto eziphilayo ezizihambelayo, okusho ukuthi ziyakwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis futhi zikhiqize ukudla kwazo kusuka elangeni, emanzini nase-carbon dioxide. Leli qembu elihlukahlukene lihlanganisa ulwelwe oluyi-unicellular, njengama-diatom nama-dinoflagellate, okuyisisekelo sochungechunge lokudla kwasemanzini.

I-Phytoplankton izala ngokuyinhloko ngokuhlukana kwamaseli, yenze amakoloni noma imicu engahlakazeka ngokushesha emanzini. Ukwengeza, izinhlobo eziningi ze-phytoplankton nazo ziyakwazi ukuzalana ngokukhululekile ngezinhlamvu noma ama-cysts, ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwazo ezimeni ezingezinhle.

Ukubaluleka kwe-phytoplankton kudlulela ngalé kokukhiqizwa komoyampilo kanye nesisekelo sochungechunge lokudla, njengoba futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wezakhi zemvelo yasemanzini, okunikela ekulawuleni isimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke kanye nokugcinwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda nokuvikela lawa ma-microorganisms kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo yemvelo yasemanzini kanye nokusimama kwemithombo yemvelo.

Qonda inqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha i-phytoplankton kanye neqhaza layo elibalulekile kuzinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

I-Phytoplankton iyiqembu lezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezidlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni yasemanzini. Lezi zidalwa ziyi-autotrophic, okusho ukuthi ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwazo nge-photosynthesis. Lokhu kubenza babe isisekelo sochungechunge lokudla kwasemanzini, okuhlinzeka ukudla kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kusukela ezinhlanzini ezincane kuya kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zasolwandle.

Mayelana nokuzala, i-phytoplankton ingazalana ngendlela engavamile, ngokuhlukana kwamangqamuzana, noma ngokocansi, ngokukhiqizwa kwama-gamete ahlanganayo akhe izinto eziphilayo ezintsha. Le nqubo yokuzala ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe inani le-phytoplankton ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phytoplankton idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umjikelezo wekhabhoni, imunca isikhutha emkhathini ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis futhi ikhiphe umoya-mpilo njengomkhiqizo. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina ibhalansi ye-oksijeni emanzini, okwenza kube lula ukusinda kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

Kafushane, i-phytoplankton iyingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yasemanzini, idlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla kanye nokulawula umjikelezo wekhabhoni. Ukuzala kwabo kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe inani lalezi zinto eziphilayo, kuqinisekiswe impilo kanye nokulingana kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasemanzini.

Ukudla kwe-Phytoplankton: indlela lezi zinambuzane ezidla ngayo endaweni yasemanzini.

I-Phytoplankton iyiqembu lama-microorganisms asemanzini adlala indima ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini. Lezi zidalwa ziyi-autotrophic, okusho ukuthi ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwazo nge-photosynthesis. I-Phytoplankton idla ngokuyinhloko ngokumuncwa kwemisoco ekhona emanzini, njengosawoti wamaminerali kanye ne-carbon dioxide.

Ukuze yenze i-photosynthesis, i-phytoplankton isebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga njengomthombo wamandla ukuze iguqule isikhutha sibe ama-carbohydrate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa ma-microorganisms aphinde amunca imisoco efana ne-nitrate, i-phosphate, ne-silicate, ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni kwawo.

Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi ukudla kwe-phytoplankton ezindaweni zasemanzini ngokuyinhloko ngokumuncwa kwezakhi ezikhona emanzini, ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukudla nge-photosynthesis. Lawa magciwane adlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla kwasemanzini, asebenza njengokudla kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kusukela ezilwaneni ezincane kuya ezilwaneni ezinkulu ezincelisayo zasolwandle.

Umehluko ekudleni kwe-phytoplankton: okudingeka ukwazi.

I-Phytoplankton iyiqembu elihlukahlukene lama-microorganisms adlala indima ebalulekile ku-ecosystem yasemanzini, anesibopho sokukhiqiza okuyisisekelo kanye nesisekelo sochungechunge lokudla kwasolwandle. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zidla kanjani, kubalulekile ukuqonda umehluko wokudla kwe-phytoplankton.

I-Phytoplankton isebenzisa amasu ahlukene okudla okunempilo, angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-autotrophy, i-mixotrophy, ne-heterotrophy. I-Autotrophy ikhono lokukhiqiza ukudla kwayo nge-photosynthesis, kusetshenziswa ukukhanya kwelanga kanye nezakhamzimba ezingaphili. I-Mixotrophy ihlanganisa amandla e-photosynthetic nokungeniswa kwezinto eziphilayo, okuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekutholeni imisoco. Okokugcina, i-heterotrophy ihilela ukuncika ezakhiweni eziphilayo ezikhiqizwa ezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Umehluko ekudleni kwe-phytoplankton ungabuye ubonwe ekuthandeni kwabo imithombo ehlukene yezakhi. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo zithanda imisoco ye-inorganic njenge-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, kanti ezinye ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana komsoco kubalulekile ekusindeni nasekuphumeleleni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-phytoplankton.

Kafushane, i-phytoplankton ibonisa amasu anhlobonhlobo omsoco, abonisa ukujwayela kwawo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zasemanzini. Ukuqonda lo mehluko ekudleni kwe-phytoplankton kubalulekile ekongiweni nasekulawuleni okusimeme kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle.

Yiziphi izinto eziphilayo ezidla i-phytoplankton ochungechungeni lokudla kwasolwandle?

I-Phytoplankton iyisisekelo sochungechunge lokudla kwasolwandle, ehlinzeka ngomthombo wokudla obalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Phakathi kwabathengi abayinhloko be-phytoplankton kukhona i-zooplankton, njengama-copepod ne-krill, ezondla ngokuqondile lezi zinambuzane ezincane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezihlukahlukene, ama-mollusk, nama-crustaceans nazo zidla i-phytoplankton, okunomthelela ekudlulisweni kwamandla kulo lonke uchungechunge lokudla.

I-Phytoplankton izidalwa ze-photosynthetic, ezifana ne-unicellular algae ne-cyanobacteria, ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwazo kusuka elangeni, emanzini, nesikhutha. Lezi zinto eziphilayo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo kanye nokuthatha ikhabhoni emkhathini, kube nomthelela ngqo ekulinganiseni kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.

Mayelana nokuzala, i-phytoplankton ingazalana ngendlela efanayo ngokuhlukana kwamangqamuzana noma ngokocansi ngokukhulelwa. Lezi zidalwa zinamandla amakhulu okukhula, zijwayela izimo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene futhi zizalanisa ngokushesha ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimo zasolwandle.

Phytoplankton: izici, umsoco, ukukhiqiza kabusha

O i-phytoplankton iyiqembu lezinto eziphilayo ze-pelagic autotrophic ezihlala ezindaweni zasemanzini futhi ezingakwazi ukumelana nesenzo semisinga. Lawa ma-microorganisms ahlala cishe kuwo wonke amanzi emhlabeni.

Iningi lawo alinawo ama-unicellular futhi awakwazi ukunqoba imisinga, ngakho ashanelwa yiyo. Baphinde babizwe ngokuthi abakhiqizi abayinhloko ngoba bayisisekelo sewebhu yokudla yasemanzini. Zitholakala kulo lonke ikholomu yamanzi.

Ukuminyana kwabantu kuyashintshashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kungakha ukuhlanganisa kwesikhashana okuminyene kakhulu okwaziwa ngokuthi ama-blooms, ama-turbines, noma ama-blooms. Lezi zimbali ziyakwazi ukuguqula ngokushesha izimo zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali emzimbeni wamanzi lapho zenzeka khona.

I-Taxonomy

Igama elithi phytoplankton alinakho ukugunyazwa kwe-taxonomic. Isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene ezinto eziphilayo eziyingxenye ye-plankton, ikakhulukazi ama-microalgae.

Phakathi kwamaqembu e-taxonomic abaluleke kakhulu e-phytoplankton kukhona ama-diatom (Kingdom Chromist, i-class Bacillariophyceae) aqukethe izizukulwane ezingaphezu kwama-200 kanye nezinhlobo eziphilayo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-20.

Ama-Dinoflagellate (izifunda ze-Chromista, i-Dinoflagellata infraphyllum), enezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-2.400 ezichazwe, nazo zibhekwa phakathi kwamaqembu abaluleke kakhulu. Abanye abameleli be-phytoplankton bahlanganisa ama-coccolithophores kanye nama-cyanobacteria athile (i-Kingdom Bacteria, i-division Cyanobacteria).

Izici ezijwayelekile

Ngokuyinhloko ziyizinto eziphilayo zoMbuso weChromistic, okungukuthi, zingama-eukaryote, zinama-chloroplast anama-chlorophyll. a e c, ezimweni eziningi. Zineseli elilodwa. Njengoba ziyizinto eziphilayo ezincane, ukubhukuda kulinganiselwe futhi azikwazi ukunqoba imisinga.

Zidinga amandla elanga ukuze i-photosynthesis. Ukuthembela kwabo ekukhanyeni kwelanga kubenza bahlale endaweni ye-photic (indawo lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kungangena khona endaweni ehlala emanzini).

Abameleli abakhulu be-phytoplankton yi-diatoms, ama-dinoflagellate nama-coccolithophores, alandela izici zabo ezijwayelekile:

Ama-diatoms

Ama-unicellular organisms, kwesinye isikhathi amakholoni. Zinodonga lwamaseli oluqinile futhi oluhlotshisiwe, olwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-silica.

Le frustule iqukethe amapheshana amabili ahlukene (i-epitheca ne-hypotheca) anosayizi abahlukene ahlangene afana nebhokisi elinesivalo noma isitsha se-petri. Ngokuvamile abanayo i-flagella. Zihlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezinamanzi ngisho nasezindaweni ezinomswakama.

Ama-Dinoflagellates

Ziyizinto eziphilayo ezinengqamuzana elilodwa ezingase zakhe amakoloni. Iningi liyi-photosynthetic futhi liqukethe ama-chlorophyll. a e c , ezinye ziyi-mixotrophic (engathola ukudla nge-photosynthesis noma kwenye into ephilayo) kanti ezinye zine-heterotrophic.

Iningi lihlala emanzini, kodwa amanye ahlala emanzini ahlanzekile. Eziningi ziphila ngokukhululeka, nokho, ezinye izinhlobo ziyi-endosymbionts yezilwane, njengamakhorali. Zine-flagella ezimbili ezingalingani, ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwazo, zinikeza imizimba yazo ukunyakaza kwe-oscillatory.

I-Coccolithophores

Ziyi-unicellular microalgae embozwe ezakhiweni ze-calcium carbonate ngendlela yezikali noma amapuleti. Ziyizinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kuphela futhi azinayo i-flagella.

Ezinye izingxenye ze-phytoplankton

I-Cyanobacteria

Ziyizinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic, ezikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis, ezine-chlorophyll kuphela. a . Zine-Gram-negative futhi ziyakwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen futhi ziyiguqule ibe yi-ammonium.

Zihlala kakhulu emachibini nasemachibini, futhi zivamile olwandle nasezindaweni ezinomswakama.

I-Nutrição

Ukudla kwe-Phytoplankton kuhluke kakhulu. Nokho, i-photosynthesis iyisici esivamile phakathi kwawo wonke amaqembu akha i-phytoplankton. Ngezansi ezinye zezinhlobo zokudla okunomsoco lawa ma-microorganisms azisebenzisayo.

I-Autotrophy

Uhlobo lokudla olwethulwa ezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezikwazi ukuzenzela ukudla kwazo. Endabeni ye-phytoplankton, basebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze baguqule izinto ezingaphili zibe izinto eziphilayo ezingasetshenziswa yizo. Le nqubo isetshenziswa cishe yizo zonke izinto eziphilayo ze-phytoplanktonic.

Enye inqubo ye-autotrophic yileyo ye-cyanobacteria, engalungisa i-nitrogen futhi iyiguqule ibe i-ammonium.

I-Heterotrophy

Isitayela sokudla lapho izinto eziphilayo zithembele ezintweni eziphilayo esezilungisiwe ukuze zithole ukudla kwazo. Izibonelo ze-heterotrophy ngokujwayelekile ukudla okudliwayo, i-parasitism, kanye nokuphakela uhlaza.

Phakathi kwe-phytoplankton, ezinye izinto eziphilayo zinalolu hlobo lokudla okunomsoco. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-Dinoflagellate anabameleli abadla amanye ama-dinoflagellate, ama-diatom, namanye amagciwane.

I-Mixitrophy

Isimo sokuzikhethela sezinto ezithile eziphilayo ezikwazi ukuthola ukudla kwazo ngokuzenzakalelayo noma nge-heterotrophically. Ku-phytoplankton, ezinye izinhlobo zama-dinoflagellate zihlanganisa i-photoautotrophy (photosynthesis) ne-heterotrophy.

Abanye abacwaningi banciphisa i-heterotrophy ku-phagocytosis yezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ezinye futhi zihlanganisa i-parasitism yezinye izinhlobo zama-dinoflagellate, okukholelwa ukuthi nawo enza i-photosynthesize.

Ukuzala

Izinto eziphilayo ze-Phytoplanktonic zinezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zokuzala, ezihluka ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo namaqembu ngaphakathi kwazo. Kodwa-ke, ngokujwayelekile, iqembu linikeza izinhlobo ezimbili zokuzala: i-asexual kanye nezocansi:

-Asexual

Uhlobo lokuzala lapho inzalo izuza kuphela izakhi zofuzo zomzali oyedwa. Ama-Gamete awabandakanyi kulolu hlobo lokukhiqiza kabusha. Akukho ukuhluka kwe-chromosomal futhi kuvamile ezintweni ezineseli elilodwa, njenge-phytoplankton. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-asexual reproduction ku-phytoplankton yilezi:

Ukuhlukana kanambambili noma okuningi

Isici se-archaea nama-bacterium, lolu hlobo lokuzala luhlanganisa ukuphindaphindeka kwe-DNA ngeseli lomzali, okulandelwa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-cytokinesis, engeyona into engaphezu kokuhlukaniswa kwe-cytoplasm.

Lokhu kuhlukana kubangela amaseli amantombazane amabili (i-fission kanambambili) noma ngaphezulu (i-fission eminingi). I-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (i-cyanobacteria), ama-dinoflagellate, nama-diatom akhiqiza ngalolu hlobo lomshini.

Okusafufusa

Phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ze-phytoplankton, i-cyanobacteria ingazala ngokuhluma. Le nqubo ikhiqiza umuntu omncane, ofana kakhulu nomuntu omdala.

Lokhu kwenzeka ngokukhiqizwa kwehlumela noma i-yolk ehluma kumuntu omdala futhi ikhule ngaphakathi kwayo, idle ngisho nezakhi zabazali bayo. Lapho umuntu (ihlumela) efinyelela ubukhulu obuthile, uyavela kumzali futhi uzimele.

-Ezocansi

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kocansi kuhlanganisa ukuthola inzalo ezintweni zofuzo ezihlanganisiwe zamangqamuzana ocansi amabili, noma ama-gametes. Lawa ma-gametes angavela kubazali abafanayo noma abehlukene.

Le nqubo ihilela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-meiotic, lapho iseli le-diploid lihlukana khona, okubangela amaseli anesigamu somthwalo wofuzo weseli elingumzali (ngokuvamile amaseli amane).

Izinhlobo eziningana ze-phytoplankton zithola ukuzalana ngokocansi ezimweni ezithile kakhulu. Isibonelo, ama-dinoflagellate ngaphansi kwengcindezi ethile yendawo (lapho izimo zingezimbi ngempela) abonisa uhlobo lokuzalana ngokocansi.

Kulokhu kukhiqizwa, kwakheka i-zygote, ngenxa yokuhlangana kwabantu ababili abasebenza njengama-gametes. Ngokulandelayo, i-zygote izohlukaniswa yi-meiotic futhi iholele kumaseli e-haploid.

Esinye isibonelo sokuzalana ngokocansi ku-phytoplankton yileso sama-diatom. Kulezi, ngemva kwenqubo ye-mitosis (ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual), elinye lamangqamuzana amantombazane amabili ligcina lincane kuneseli lomzali.

Njengoba inqubo ye-mitosis iphindaphinda, amangqamuzana endodakazi ayancipha kancane kancane ngosayizi aze afinyelele ubuncane bemvelo, obuqhubekayo. Uma lesi silinganiso esincane sesifinyelelwe, inqubo yokuzalana ngokocansi iqala ukubuyisela usayizi wamaseli ovamile wabantu.

Ukubaluleka

Ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kwe-Phytoplankton imvelo. Iqhaza labo ku-ecosystem ibalulekile ekusimamiseni impilo kanye nobudlelwano obusezingeni eliphezulu.

Ukuguqulwa kwamandla okukhanya, i-carbon dioxide kanye nezakhamzimba ezingaphili zibe yizinhlanganisela eziphilayo nomoya-mpilo ngendlela encomekayo akugcini nje ngokugcina ukuphila endaweni ehlala emanzini, kodwa nasemhlabeni.

Lezi zidalwa zihlangene zimele cishe amaphesenti angama-80 wezinto eziphilayo zeplanethi. Le nto ephilayo iwukudla kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlanzi nezilwane ezingenamgogodla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phytoplankton ikhiqiza ngaphezu kwengxenye yomoya-mpilo weplanethi, futhi lezi zinto eziphilayo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yomjikelezo wekhabhoni.

Ukubaluleka Kwezimboni

Izinhlobo eziningi ze-microalgae zisetshenziswa e-aquaculture ukuze kondle izigaba zakuqala (izibungu) zezinhlobo zezinhlanzi kanye nezimfanzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhulisiwe.

I-Microalgae inamandla njenge-biofuel. Zibuye zisetshenziswe emithini yemvelo, izimonyo, ama-biofertilizers, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi.

Ukubaluleka komtholampilo

Kukhona isenzakalo esibonisa i-phytoplankton: ukuqhakaza kwe-phytoplankton. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ukutholakala kwemisoco endaweni ethile kuphezulu kakhulu futhi kusetshenziswa lawa ma-microorganisms ngokuphindaphinda kwamaseli okusheshisa.

Lezi zehlakalo zingenzeka ngenxa yokukhuphuka kogu (isenzakalo se-oceanographic lapho amanzi angaphansi afika phezulu ngenxa yomoya nemisinga) noma ngenxa yezehlakalo ezithile zokwanda kwezakhi.

Izenzakalo eziphuthumayo zizuzisa kakhulu imboni yokudoba nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kodwa akuzona zonke izimbali ze-phytonoplastic ezikhiqiza imvelo kanye nezakhamuzi zakhona.

Ezinye izinhlobo ze-phytoplankton, ikakhulukazi ama-dinoflagellate, zikhiqiza ubuthi kanye nezimbali zazo, ezibuye zibizwe ngokuthi ama-red tides, zibangela ukufa okukhulu kwezinhlanzi, ama-mollusk nama-crustaceans, ngisho nakubantu uma zisebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ezingcolile.

Elinye iqembu lezinto eziphilayo ze-phytoplankton ezibangela ukufa kwabantu abaningi amabhaktheriya adiliza ama-plankton asefile lapho inani labantu liphezulu kakhulu. Badla i-oksijini emvelweni, bedala izindawo ezine-anoxic, noma izindawo ezifile, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo.

Izinkomba

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