I-Spinal ganglia yizakhiwo ezibalulekile zesimiso sezinzwa, ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokudlulisa ulwazi lwezinzwa nemoto phakathi kobuchopho nawo wonke umzimba. Akhiwe eduze kwekholomu yomgogodla, lawa ma-ganglia akhiwa amangqamuzana ezinzwa abizwa ngokuthi ama-neurons, axhumana wodwa ngokusebenzisa ama-electric impulses. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuhlanganisa nokucubungula ulwazi lwezinzwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuhlobana kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesimiso sezinzwa se-peripheral. Kulo mongo, ukuqonda i-anatomy, izici, kanye nomsebenzi we-spinal ganglia kubalulekile ekuqondeni kangcono uhlelo lwezinzwa lulonke.
Incazelo nokubaluleka kwe-ganglia emzimbeni womuntu: funda konke ngemisebenzi yabo.
I-Ganglia yizakhiwo ezikhona emzimbeni womuntu ezidlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Zingamaqoqo emizimba yamangqamuzana e-neuron atholakala kuwo wonke isimiso sezinzwa, kuhlanganise nekholomu yomgogodla. I-Ganglia isebenza njengezikhungo zokucubungula zolwazi lwezinzwa nolwezinzwa, isiza ukulawula imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yomzimba.
I-spinal ganglia inesibopho sokudlulisa nokucubungula ulwazi phakathi kobuchopho nawo wonke umzimba. Badlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukunyakaza, ukuzwa ubuhlungu, nokulawula imisebenzi yokuzimela efana nokuphefumula nokujikeleza kwegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ganglia yomgogodla nayo ihileleke ekuxhumaniseni i-reflexes nokugcina ibhalansi yomzimba.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwe-ganglia emzimbeni womuntu, njengoba ngaphandle kwawo, imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ukuze uphile nokusebenza kahle komzimba kungaba sengozini. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda i-anatomy, izici, kanye nomsebenzi we-ganglia yomgogodla kubalulekile ekuqondeni isimiso sezinzwa kanye yinkimbinkimbi yalo.
Imuphi umsebenzi oyinhloko we-spinal ganglion ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwe-peripheral?
I-ganglia yomgogodla: i-anatomy, izici kanye nomsebenzi
I-Spinal ganglia yizakhiwo ezitholakala eduze kwekholomu yomgogodla futhi ziyingxenye yesistimu yezinzwa ezizungezile. Badlala indima ebalulekile ekucubunguleni nasekudluliseni ulwazi lwezinzwa nolwezinzwa phakathi kwesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi nomzimba.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-spinal ganglion ukusebenza njengesikhungo sokuhlanganiswa kwezibonakaliso zemizwa. Uma isikhuthazo sitholwa ama-sensor receptors emzimbeni, ulwazi ludluliselwa ku-spinal ganglion, lapho lucutshungulwa khona bese luthunyelwa ebuchosheni ukuze luchazwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-spinal ganglia nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kwemisipha. Bathola ulwazi oluvela ebuchosheni futhi bathumele izimpawu zemisipha emisipha, okwenza ukunyakaza okuhambisanayo nokunembayo.
Baqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi lwezinzwa lucutshungulwa ngendlela efanele nokuthi imiyalo yezimoto idluliselwa ngendlela efanele, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwento ephilayo iyonke.
Iyini indima ye-ganglia yomgogodla emzimbeni womuntu?
I-spinal ganglia yizakhiwo ezitholakala eceleni kwekholomu yomgogodla ezidlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluseceleni. I-spinal ganglioni ngayinye ixhunywe emithanjeni emibili yomgogodla, enesibopho sokudlulisa ulwazi lwezinzwa kanye nolwezinzwa phakathi kobuchopho kanye nomzimba wonke.
I-Spinal ganglia isebenza njengezikhungo zokucubungula lolu lwazi, isiza ukulungisa nokulawula ukudluliswa kwezimpawu zemizwa. Baphinde badlale indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ubuhlungu, njengoba bengakwazi ukusebenza njengamaphuzu okulawula ukulinganisa ukuzwa ubuhlungu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-spinal ganglia nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba, njengoba kuyizindawo lapho ama-lymphocyte engenziwa asebenze futhi aphendule kumagciwane.
Umehluko phakathi kwemizwa kanye ne-ganglia: qonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zakhiwo zesimiso sezinzwa.
Imizwa kanye ne-ganglia kuyizakhiwo ezibalulekile zesimiso sezinzwa, kodwa zinemisebenzi nezici ezahlukene. Nakuba imizwa iyizinqwaba zemicu yezinzwa ezidlulisela imizwa yezinzwa ukusuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye, i-ganglia iyiqoqo lemizimba yamaseli e-neuronal esebenza njengezikhungo zokuhlanganisa nokucubungula ulwazi.
Izinzwa zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokudlulisa ulwazi lwezinzwa olusuka emzimbeni luyise ohlelweni lwezinzwa olumaphakathi kanye nokuthumela imiyalo yezimoto isuka ohlelweni lwezinzwa olumaphakathi iye emisipheni nasezithweni. I-Ganglia ibamba iqhaza ekucubunguleni nasekuguquleni lolu lwazi, kanye nokulawula imisebenzi yokuzimela yomzimba.
Nakuba izinzwa ziyizinhlaka eziqondile futhi ezihlelekile, i-ganglia inenhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehlukahlukene futhi ingatholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba, njengomgogodla. I-Spinal ganglia, isibonelo, itholakala eduze komgogodla futhi inesibopho sokulawula imisebenzi yezimoto nezinzwa eziqondene naleso sifunda.
Zombili lezi zakhiwo zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwesimiso sezinzwa kanye nokugcina i-homeostasis yomzimba.
I-ganglia yomgogodla: i-anatomy, izici kanye nomsebenzi
I-spinal ganglia yiqembu lamaqhubu atholakala ezimpandeni zangemuva noma zangemuva zemizwa yomgogodla, lapho kuhlala khona imizimba yamaseli ama-neurons ezindleleni ezihambisanayo noma ezizwayo zesimiso sezinzwa esingaphandle.
Kulesi sihloko, sizochaza ukuthi iyini i-spinal ganglia kanye nobuhlobo bayo nengxenye ngayinye yesistimu yezinzwa ze-peripheral.
Isistimu yezinzwa ye-peripheral
Uhlelo lwezinzwa oluseceleni (i-PNS) luhlanganisa izinzwa zomgogodla, izinzwa ze-cranial, kanye nama-node ahlobene nawo (amaqembu amaseli ezinzwa angaphandle kohlelo lwezinzwa oluphakathi [i-CNS]). Izinzwa ziqukethe imicu yezinzwa ethwala ulwazi oluya (ku-afferent) noma oluvela (ku-efferent) ku-CNS.
Ngokuvamile, ama-efferent fibers abamba iqhaza emisebenzini ye-motor, njengokufinyela kwemisipha noma ukukhishwa kwezindlala; kanye nemicu ehlukene idlulisela izinzwa ezivela esikhunjeni, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, nezakhiwo ezijulile.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-PNS ukuxhuma izisusa ezihlukahlukene ezitholwa umzimba wethu (zangaphandle, zangaphakathi kanye nezangaphandle noma ezihlobene nolwazi mayelana nokuma kwemisipha yomuntu) nesimiso sezinzwa esiphakathi; futhi lezi, nazo, zixhuma nezitho nezinhlelo zomzimba okufanele zilawulwe futhi ziphathwe.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa oluseceleni (i-PNS) lwakhiwe ngamabhangqa angu-12 ezinzwa ze-cranial, eziphuma ekhanda ngezimbobo ezahlukahlukene, kanye namabhangqa angu-32 ezinzwa zomgogodla, ngalinye libonakala ngobudlelwano balo ne-vertebra noma umsele womgogodla lapho liphuma khona.
Izinzwa zomgogodla
Izinzwa zomgogodla zisuka emgogodleni, ziwela imisipha ye-vertebral, ezindaweni ezahlukene zomzimba.
Ipheya ngalinye kwezingu-31 zemizwa yomgogodla linempande yesisu kanye nempande yesisu ; impande ngayinye yakhiwe yizimpande ezincane eziyi-1 kuya kweziyi-8 noma izinqwaba zemicu yemizwa. Emsukeni wesisu wenzwa yomgogodla evamile, eduze nendawo ehlangana kuyo nempande yesisu, kukhona i-dorsal noma i-spinal root ganglion, iqhubu eliqukethe imizimba yamaseli emizwa.
Izimpande ze-dorsal (noma ezingemuva) ziyizinzwa ngokuyinhloko. Impande ngayinye ye-dorsal nerve (ngaphandle, ngokuvamile, i-C1) iqukethe i-afferent (inzwa noma i-receptor) imicu evela kumaseli ezinzwa ku-ganglion yayo. Izimpande zomgogodla zinemicu ephuma ezakhiweni ezijulile nezicubu zesikhumba.
Imicu yezinzwa ingahlukaniswa ngokwesisekelo sayo sokwakheka kanye nesokuphila kwayo ibe yi: imicu ye-efferent somatic, evikela imisipha yamathambo; kanye nemicu ye-afferent somatic, edlulisela ulwazi lwezinzwa kusuka esikhumbeni, emalungeni, nasemisipheni iye ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi.
Imizimba yamangqamuzana yama-afferent fibers amangqamuzana e-unipolar (abonakala ngokuba ne-protrusion eyodwa ye-soma) ku-ganglia yomgogodla, ehlanganiswa phakathi nezimpande ze-dorsal (i-dorsal root ganglia).
Amagatsha aseduze alawa maseli e-ganglion asatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izakhiwo ze-somatic; futhi amagatsha amaphakathi adlulisa izinzwa ezimpandeni zomgogodla ukuya entanjeni yomgogodla wento empunga kanye namapheshana akhuphukayo omgogodla.
Amanodi omgogodla
Ama-nerve ganglia amaqembu amaseli akha amaqhubu amancane atholakala ngaphandle kwesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi asebenza njengezixhumanisi noma ukuxhumana okuphakathi phakathi kwezakhiwo ezahlukene zezinzwa emzimbeni.
Zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: i-vegetative ganglia, ehlanganisa amangqamuzana ezinzwa eziningi ezitholakala eduze kwe-viscera asebenza kuyo, athola amasignali avela ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi futhi azithumele endaweni (umsebenzi osebenzayo); kanye ne-spinal ganglia noma i-dorsal root ganglia, ehlanganisa ukuxhumana okuningi okuhlukile kwe-neuronal, okubophezelekile ukuthola amasignali avela ku-periphery ukuze awathumele ebuchosheni (umsebenzi ohlukile).
I-spinal ganglia iqoqa futhi iguqule ulwazi lwezinzwa futhi, ngokombono osebenzayo, yakha izindawo zokugcina ze-neuronal soma zemicu eyinhloko ye-afferent yesistimu yonke yezinzwa, egxile ezilwaneni eziphakeme njengezitho ezingaphandle kwesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi.
Iqembu le-spinal ganglia lihlanganisa i-ganglia yomgogodla kanye ne-trigeminal (noma i-Gasser), i-ganglia yobuso (noma i-geniculate), i-glossopharyngeal (extracranial noma i-Andersch ne-intracranial noma i-Ehrenritter) i-ganglia, kanye ne-vagus (jugular ne-nodose) ganglia.
I-VIII cranial nerve, noma i-statoacoustic nerve, nayo ine-ganglia ezimbili , i-vestibular noma i-Scarpa's ganglion kanye ne-cochlear, spiral, noma i-Corti's ganglion, kodwa ama-neuron ayo e-bipolar ahambisana nama-neurons e-second-order of the special sensory pathway okusebenza kwawo okungafani ncamashi nokwe-general sensory noma i-spinal ganglia.
- Ungase ube nesithakazelo: " Izinhlobo ezingu-7 zezinzwa: ukuhlukaniswa nezici "
Izilonda ze-ganglion zomgogodla
Ukubandakanyeka kwe-spinal ganglia noma izimpande zangemuva kungenzeka ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene ; phakathi kwezivame kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
I-Herpes Zoster Infection
Kubonakala ngokubonakala kobuhlungu bendawo, obuvela ohlangothini olulodwa, nobungacacile, obungaphambi kokuqhuma kwe-vesicular ezinsukwini ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5 (ukuvela kwe-vesicles noma ama-blister esikhumbeni). Kungase kuhambisane nezimpawu zomzimba ezifana nomkhuhlane, ukukhathala, noma i-myalgia.
Izicubu ze-vertebral
Ngaphandle kwezilonda zezimpande, zingaveza ezinye izibonakaliso ezifana nobuhlungu obuphansi emuva, ukuphuka kwe-pathological, ukunciphisa ukuhamba, noma ukuphambuka komgogodla. Kukhona nezimila eziyinhloko (i-neurofibroma) kanye nezimila ze-metastatic, njenge-lymphoma noma i-meningeal sarcomatosis, lapho izimpande eziningi zivame ukuthinteka khona.
I-ganglia yomgogodla kanye nokudluliselwa kobuhlungu
Ukuzwa ubuhlungu kwenzeka lapho imicu ethile yezinzwa (ebizwa ngokuthi "A delta" kanye "no-C") icushiwe. Lokhu kuvula kungabangelwa imisipha engasebenzi kahle nezinye izicubu ezithambile (ezenzeka "kuma-syndromes angacacile") noma izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zesakhiwo, kwezinye izimo, eziye zaboniswa ukuthi ziyimbangela yobuhlungu.
Uma zivuselelwa, lezi zinhlayiya zemizwa zivuselela amangqamuzana ezinzwa emgogodleni adlulisela ubuhlungu ebuchosheni . Izinhlayiya zemizwa ze-“A delta” kanye ne-“C”, noma izinhlayiya ezizwela i-capsaicin, zincane futhi ziningi kakhulu futhi zivela ku-spinal ganglia, lapho umzimba weseli ukhona, zisakazeka emaphethelweni amabili.
Uma le micu yezinzwa isebenza, ikhulula izinto (ama-neurotransmitter noma ama-neuromodulators) ezibangela ukuvuvukala kwezicubu ezingaphakathi. Lokhu kuvuvukala okubangelwa ukukhululwa kwezinto eziqukethwe yizinzwa (esikhundleni sezinto ezikhishwa amaseli egazi noma izicubu, njengoba ukuvuvukala kwakuqondakala ngokwesiko) kubizwa ngokuthi "ukuvuvukala kwe-neurogenic".
Lolu hlobo lokuvuvukala lungenza amangqamuzana egazi (njengama-macrophage) akhulule izinto ezibangela ukuvuvukala kwakudala (njenge-histamine), ngaleyo ndlela kwandise zombili izinhlobo zokuvuvukala. Eqinisweni, ukukhululwa kwabaxhumanisi bamakhemikhali okuvuvukala kungase kwandise noma kubangele ngokuqondile ubuhlungu.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- Umbazi, M., Sutin, J., Mascitti, T., & Lorenzo, I. (1990). I-neuroanatomy yomuntu i-Buenos Aires: i-athenaeum.
- Navarro, X. (2002) I-Physiology yesistimu yezinzwa ezizimele. I-Neurology Magazine, 35 (6): 553-562.