I-tundra ingenye yezindawo ezizungezile ezimbi kakhulu neziyinselelo emhlabeni, ebonakala ngesimo sezulu esibandayo, imimoya enamandla, nomhlabathi oyiqhwa isikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Itholakala ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ze-arctic ne-alpine, i-tundra iyikhaya lezitshalo nezilwane ezijwayele lezi zimo ezinzima. Uhlaza lwe-Tundra luqukethe ikakhulukazi ubulembu, ulele, utshani, nezihlahlana ezikhula kancane, kuyilapho izilwane zihlanganisa izilwane ezinjenge-reindeer, onogwaja base-arctic, izimpungushe zase-arctic, amabhere amhlophe, nezinyoni ezifudukayo. Naphezu kwezinselele, i-tundra iyisistimu yemvelo eyingqayizivele futhi ibalulekile ekulinganiseni kwemvelo yomhlaba wonke.
Singayitholaphi i-tundra emhlabeni?
I-tundra ingenye yezinto eziphilayo ezeqisayo nezihehayo emhlabeni. Itholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zase-Arctic nase-Antarctic, idlulela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. ENyakatho Nenkabazwe, i-tundra ingatholakala enyakatho ye-Alaska, eCanada, eGreenland, e-Iceland, eRussia naseScandinavia. E-Southern Hemisphere, i-tundra ingatholakala ezingxenyeni ze-Antarctica.
Njengoba iphawuleka ngamazinga okushisa aphansi, inhlabathi eyiqhwa, nezimila eziphansi, i-tundra iyindawo eyinselele yokuphila. Izitshalo ezijwayele lezi zimo zihlanganisa ubulembu, ulele, utshani, nezihlahlana ezincane. Izilwane ze-Tundra zihlanganisa izilwane ezifana ne-reindeer, onogwaja base-Arctic, izimpungushe zase-Arctic, amabhere amhlophe, nezinyoni ezifudukayo.
Naphezu kwezimo zayo ezinzima, i-tundra inezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziyingqayizivele futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekulinganiseni kwemvelo yeplanethi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuvikela nokulondoloza lesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo esikhethekile nesisengozini.
Funda mayelana nezitshalo ezitholakala endaweni ye-tundra kanye nokubaluleka kwazo ku-ecosystem.
Isifunda se-tundra saziwa ngohlaza lwaso oluphansi, olukwazi ukumelana naso, olwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ubulembu, ulele, utshani, nezihlahlana ezincane. Lezi zitshalo zingaphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezibandayo kakhulu futhi ezingenazo izakhamzimba ngenxa yokujwayela eziye zathuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Nakuba zibonakala zintekenteke, lezi zitshalo zidlala indima ebalulekile ku-tundra ecosystem. Basiza ukusimamisa inhlabathi, ukuvimbela ukuguguleka nokugcina umswakama odingekayo kwezinye izinhlobo zokuphila. Zibuye zibe ukudla kwezilwane ezinjenge-reindeer, lemmings namabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo, ezithembele kuzo ukuze ziphile.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezise-tundra nazo zinomthelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zalesi sifunda, okuvumela izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane ukuba zihlalisane futhi zivumelane nezimo ezimbi. Ngakho-ke, ukulondoloza lesi sitshalo esiyingqayizivele nesithambile kubalulekile, kuqinisekisa ukusinda kwayo yonke i-ecosystem ye-tundra.
Thola ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo ezikhona ku-Taiga biome.
I-ecosystem ye-tundra ibonakala ngezimo zayo ezimbi kakhulu, ezinamazinga okushisa aphansi, umoya onamandla, nezimila ezingandile. Itholakala ezifundeni eziseduze nezigxobo, njengasenyakatho ye-Europe, e-Asia, naseNyakatho Melika, le biome inezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezijwayele ukujwayelana nezimo ezinzima.
I-Tundra flora iqukethe ikakhulukazi ubulembu, ulele, utshani, nezihlahlana ezincane, ezisinda esimweni sezulu esibandayo nomhlabathi oyiqhwa isikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Lezi zitshalo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni nasekuvikeleni umhlabathi ekugugulekeni.
Izilwane ze-tundra nazo zihlukene, zinezinhlobo ezijwayele isimo sezulu esibandayo, njengezilwane ezifuywayo, onogwaja base-arctic, izimpungushe, namabhere amhlophe. Lezi zilwane zinezici ezikhethekile ezizisiza ukuba ziphile, njengamajazi aminyene, izidladla ezibanzi zokuhamba eqhweni, nekhono lokulala ebusika.
Ngamafuphi, i-tundra ecosystem iyindawo eyingqayizivele futhi ebuthakathaka, ikhaya lezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezijwayele izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ukulondoloza le biome kubalulekile ekugcineni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulingana kwemvelo emhlabeni wonke.
Ikuphi i-taiga, ihlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni?
I-taiga, ihlathi le-coniferous elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, itholakala ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo nesipholile, enyakatho ye-tundra naseningizimu yamahlathi e-boreal. Idlulela eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia, ihlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyi-17 zamakhilomitha-skwele.
ENyakatho Melika, i-taiga ihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yeCanada ne-Alaska, kanti eYurophu inabela eScandinavia, eRussia naseFinland. E-Asia, i-taiga itholakala emazweni anjengeRussia, iMongolia nasenyakatho yeChina.
Njengoba iphawuleka ngobusika obude, obubandayo kanye nehlobo elifushane nelipholile, i-taiga iyikhaya lezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezivumelana nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu. Indawo yakhona kaphayini, i-spruce, ne-larch inikeza indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, njengama-elk, amabhere, izimpisi, i-lynx nezinyoni ezifudukayo.
I-Tundra Ecosystem: Izimpawu, Izitshalo, Izilwane, Indawo
O i-tundra ecosystem Yisifunda esingenasihlahla esitholakala e-Arctic naseziqongweni zezintaba, lapho kubanda khona futhi kunomoya. Kulezi zinhlelo zemvelo, imvula ayitholakali.
I-tundra imbozwe yiqhwa cishe unyaka wonke, kuze kube yilapho iqoqo lezimbali zasendle liqhakaza ehlobo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-tundra: i-alpine tundra, i-Arctic tundra, ne-Antarctic tundra.
E-tundra, ukukhula kwezitshalo kuvinjelwe amazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nezinkathi ezimfushane. Igama layo lisho "indawo enezintaba engenasihlahla."
Ukuze ichazwe njenge-tundra, isimo sezulu okungenani senyanga eyodwa kufanele sibe nezinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo ukuze lincibilike iqhwa, kodwa ayikho inyanga enezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-10 degrees Celsius.
I-Tundra ecosystem iyakuzonda uhlaza oluqinile, nakuba ubusika buba mnene ngokwezindinganiso ze-polar.
Indawo
I-tundra itholakala e-Arctic Circle nase-Antarctica, ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. I-Tundra ingatholakala eSiberia, e-Alaska, e-Iceland, eningizimu yeGreenland, enyakatho yeCanada, eRussia, eScandinavia, naseziqhingini ezingaphansi kwe-subantarctic phakathi kweChile ne-Argentina.
Izinga lomhlaba jikelele lalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo likhulu, lithatha cishe u-10% womhlaba. Umkhawulo oseningizimu we-Arctic tundra ulandela umkhawulo osenyakatho webhande lehlathi le-coniferous.
I-Alpine tundra ithatha cishe u-3% woMhlaba futhi itholakala ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Nenkabazwe.
Izinhlobo ze-tundra
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-tundra: i-Arctic, i-Alpine, ne-Antarctic. Izici zabo eziyinhloko zichazwe ngezansi:
I-Arctic Tundra
Itholakala ngaphansi kwezinguzunga zeqhwa ezisenyakatho yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe futhi idlulele emahlathini ama-coniferous. Itholakala ikakhulukazi kulo lonke elase-Alaska futhi cishe ingxenye yeCanada.
I-Alpine tundra
Itholakala ezintabeni cishe yonke indawo emhlabeni; ngokuyinhloko ihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme kangangokuthi izihlahla azikwazi ukukhula. Azinayo i-permafrost (inhlabathi ehlala iqhwa), ngokungafani ne-Arctic tundra.
i-antarctic tundra
Iwuhlobo lwe-tundra oluvamile. Ingatholakala kwezinye iziqhingi eningizimu ye-Argentina.
Izici eziyinhloko
Tempo
Isimo sezulu se-tundra siyahlukahluka kakhulu. Okubi kakhulu kwenzeka ezifundeni zase-Arctic, lapho izinga lokushisa lisukela ku-4°C kuya ku-32°C ebusika.
I-alpine tundra inesimo sezulu esisesilinganisweni: ihlobo lingasukela ku-3 kuya ku-12 degrees Celsius, futhi ubusika abuvamile ukwehla ngaphansi kuka-18 degrees Celsius.
Imvula yaminyaka yonke e-Arctic tundra ingaphansi kwamasentimitha angama-38. Okusele kuwela njengeqhwa, elinganqwabelana ukusuka ku-64 kuya ku-191 amasentimitha. Imvula yaminyaka yonke e-alpine tundra ngokuvamile iphakeme kunase-Arctic.
Iziphepho zeqhwa eziphuphuthekisayo ezifihla indawo zivamile phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika; izimvula zasehlobo zingaba nzima.
Nakuba imimoya ingenawo amandla e-Arctic tundras njengase-Alpine tundras, ithonya layo linesici esikhulu sesimo sezulu.
Solos
I-Permafrost ikhona e-Arctic tundra. Umkhawulo oseningizimu we-permafrost eqhubekayo kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwebhande lehlathi eNyakatho Melika nase-Eurasia. Eningizimu yale ndawo, i-permafrost ikhona ngezicucu.
Ebusika, amanzi asenhlabathini angaba yiqhwa abe yiqhwa, okubangela ukuthi inhlabathi eseqhweni yakhe isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuthi i-pingo.
I-Alpine tundra ngokuvamile yome kakhulu; ukuntuleka kwe-permafrost eqhubekayo kanye ne-topography etshekile kudala ukugeleza kwamanzi ngokushesha.
Flora
Izimila ze-alpine ne-arctic tundras zivame ukuba nombala oluhlaza okotshani. Izitshalo azihlali ezimbali isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbalwa noma amasonto, futhi imiqumbe ivame ukuba mikhulu uma iqhathaniswa nobukhulu besitshalo futhi inemibala eminingi.
Izitshalo ze-Tundra zinezinhlobonhlobo eziphansi, kodwa eziningi ziyachuma. Ulele oluningi, isikhunta, nezihlahlana ezincane ziyachuma e-Arctic tundra.
Izitshalo ezihlala enhlabathini ene-permafrost eqhubekayo ngokuvamile zivumelana nesimo sezulu, njengoba zifushane futhi zikhula ngamaqoqo, ukuze zimelane nomoya futhi zizivikele.
Ama-tundra atholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini akhiqiza izindawo eziluhlaza. Ulwelwe kanye nesikhunta kutholakala eziqongweni zamatshe. Ema-tundra omile, ulele luyachuma.
Izindawo ze-Arctic tundra zigcwele utshani nesikhunta. Ezindaweni eziphakeme, iminyezane, izitshalo ze-legume, nobhekilanga zivamile ngasemifuleni.
Kodwa uhlaza luncane kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme, izintaba nezintaba zase-Arctic.
Izilwane zasendle
Izinto eziphilayo ezise-tundra esenyakatho ye-alpine cishe zavela ngaphambi kwalezo ezise-Arctic tundra. Nokho, izilwane ezimbalwa zasezintabeni zaba nesandla ngokuqondile ekuziphendukeleni kwezinhlobo ze-Arctic tundra; imigoqo yabo engokomzimba yayivimbela ukufuduka kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Izilwane zase-Alpine ne-Arctic tundra zisebenza ngokukhethekile ezindaweni zazo ezithile. Ezinye izilwane zafudukela empumalanga nasentshonalanga, zanqamula izintaba zaya eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ama-alpine tundras anqunyelwe inani lezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezihlala lapho.
Izilwane eziningi zase-Arctic ziyi-circumpolar. Lezi zilwane zihlanganisa ibhere elimhlophe, impungushe yase-Arctic, impisi yase-Arctic, unogwaja wase-Arctic, isikhova esineqhwa, nezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-leminus.
I-Arctic tundra iyikhaya lezilwane ezinkulu ezidla uhlaza, njengenyamazane yase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika, lapho zaziwa khona ngokuthi i-caribou. Izinkabi ze-Musk zihlala eGreenland nakwezinye iziqhingi eziseCanadian Arctic.
Usayizi omkhulu womzimba uyinzuzo eguquguqukayo: kunendawo encane uma kuqhathaniswa nevolumu ngakho-ke mancane amathuba okuthi ukushisa kuhlakazeke ngaphandle.
Uboya obujiyile ngendlela emangalisayo bubuye buwasize aphile. Izinselo ezicijile nezidladla zenyamazane kuzisiza ukuthi zinqamule eqhweni ukuze zidle ulele nezitshalo.
Izilwane ezilinganiselwe ze-alpine tundra kungenxa yokuthi izilwane eziningi azijwayelani nempilo ye-alpine unyaka wonke. Iningi lilandela ukufuduka okuqondile; ezinye izilwane ezifuduka zibheke phezulu zihlanganisa izimvu zasezintabeni, izinyoni eziningi, i-ibex, namakati asendle amaningi.
Izinkomba
- I-Tundra Ithathwe ku-kids.nceas.ucsb.edu
- I-Tundra ikhishwe ku-wikipedia.org
- UTundra (2012). Kubuyiswe ku-bioenccyclopedia.com
- I-Tundra Itholwe ku-britannica.com
- I-Tundra ibuyiselwe ku-nationalgeographic.com