Amabhungane ayizinambuzane ze-oda i-Coleoptera, uhlelo lwezinambuzane olukhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, olunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-350 ezaziwayo. Zinegobolondo eliqinile, eliqinile, elaziwa ngokuthi i-elytra, elivikela amaphiko nomzimba wazo. Amabhungane anemikhuba yokudla ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izitshalo, ezinye izinambuzane, i-carrion, imfucumfucu yezinto eziphilayo nezinye izinto.
Ngokuphathelene nokuzala, amabhungane abhekana nenqubo ephelele yokushintshashintsha kwezinto, enezigaba ezine: iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi kanye nesidala. Ukuzala kwamabhungane ngokuvamile kuhilela ukukhangwa ngama-pheromone, futhi ezinsikazi zizalela amaqanda ezindaweni ezifanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lezi zibungu ziyasinda. Izibungu zona, zidla ngokudlangalaleni ngaphambi kokuba ziguquke zibe iziphungumangathi futhi, ekugcineni, sezikhulile.
Amabhungane adlala indima ebalulekile ezimisweni zemvelo, asebenza njengababolayo, abathutha impova, nabalawula izinambuzane. Ukuhlukahluka kwazo nokuvumelana nezimo kwenza lezi zinambuzane zithakazelise ukutadisha nokuzibuka.
Qonda inqubo yokukhiqiza ibhungane: izici namaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nokuzala kwawo.
Amabhungane ayizinambuzane ze-oda i-Coleoptera, elinye lamaqembu ahlukahlukene futhi amaningi embusweni wezilwane. Zinezici eziyingqayizivele ezizenza zibonakale kalula, njengamaphiko azo angaphambili aqinile akha i-carapace evikelayo. Futhi banama-mandible aqinile kanye nezimpondo ezihlukile, ezisetshenziselwa imisebenzi eyahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuzala.
Ukuze uqonde inqubo yokuzala kwamabhungane, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zidlula umjikelezo wokuphila ophelele, ohlanganisa iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi kanye nezigaba zabantu abadala. Phakathi nokuzala, amabhungane enza isiko lokukhwelana, lapho eyeduna ikhipha izimpawu zamakhemikhali noma ezizwakalayo ukuze ihehe insikazi. Ngemva kokuhlangana, amaqanda abekwa ezindaweni ezithile, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo mayelana nokuzala kwamabhungane ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zinamasu ayingqayizivele okuqinisekisa impumelelo yokuzala. Isibonelo, ezinye zezinsikazi zikhipha ama-pheromone ukuze zihehe abesilisa, kanti ezinye zithuthukisa ukuziphatha kokulingisa ukuze zikhohlise abangaba abangane bomshado. Ukwengeza, amanye amabhungane abonisa ukunakekelwa kwabazali, ukuvikela amaqanda nezibungu kuze kube yilapho sezilungele ukukhula ngokwazo.
Ngokuphathelene nokudla kwawo, amabhungane ayizinambuzane ezidla inyama, okusho ukuthi adla ukudla okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amaqabunga, izithelo, izimbali, ezinye izinambuzane nezinto ezibolayo. Ukudla kwabo kungahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo kanye nendawo ezihlala kuyo, okunomthelela ekwahlukeni kwemvelo kwaleli qembu.
Ngamafuphi, amabhungane ayizinambuzane ezithakazelisayo ezinezici eziyingqayizivele, njenge-carapace yazo evikelayo nemihlathi eqinile. Inqubo yabo yokuzala ihlanganisa imikhuba ethile yokukhwelana, amasu ayingqayizivele okuheha abangane bomshado, nokunakekelwa kwabazali kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla kwabo kwe-omnivorous kunomthelela ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo ezihlukahlukene, okubenza babe ngelinye lamaqembu aphumelele kakhulu embusweni wezilwane.
Yikuphi ukudla amabhungane akukhethayo ekuphileni kwawo kwansuku zonke?
Amabhungane ayizinambuzane ze-oda i-Coleoptera, elinye lamaqembu ahluke kakhulu ezilwaneni, ezinezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-350.000 ezaziwayo. Zinezici eziyingqayizivele, njenge-exoskeleton eqinile namaphiko aqinile avikela amaphiko azo angama-membranous.
Mayelana nokudla kwawo, amabhungane aziwa ngokuguquguquka kakhulu futhi adla ukudla okunhlobonhlobo. Amanye amabhungane ayizilwane ezidla uhlaza, adla amaqabunga, izithelo nezimpande. Ezinye izilwane ezidla inyama, ezidla ezinye izinambuzane, izikelemu ngisho nezilwane ezincane ezinomgogodla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamabhungane abulalayo, adla izinto ezibolayo.
Phakathi kokudla okukhethwa yizimbungulu empilweni yazo yansuku zonke kubalwa izithelo , imifino , amaqabunga , imbewu , umpe kanye nempova . Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo eziningi zezimbungulu zikhangwa ukudla okubolayo, njengendle kanye nezidumbu.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukudla kwamabhungane kungahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni kanye nendawo ahlala kuyo. Amanye amabhungane athathwa njengezinambuzane eziwuhlupho emasimini, adla izitshalo futhi abangela ukulahlekelwa kubalimi.
Ngokuphathelene nokuzala, amabhungane ashintshashintsha ngokuphelele, abe neqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, nezigaba zabantu abadala. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, amabhungane abesilisa ngokuvamile akhipha ama-pheromone ukuze ahehe abesifazane, ababekela amaqanda ezindaweni ezifanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe izibungu.
Ngamafuphi, amabhungane ayizinambuzane ezithakazelisayo, ezinokudla okuhlukahlukene okuhlanganisa izithelo, imifino, amaqabunga, imbewu, umpe nempova. Ukuhlukahluka kokudla kwabo kunomthelela ekuhlukeni kwabo okukhulu kanye nempumelelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Imenyu yebhungane ohlwini lokudla: lidlani?
Amabhungane ayizinambuzane ze-oda i-Coleoptera, elinye lamaqembu ahlukahlukene futhi amaningi embusweni wezilwane. Angatholakala cishe kuyo yonke i-ecosystem emhlabeni, edlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla.
Uma kukhulunywa ngokudla kwamabhungane, angahluka kuye ngohlobo lwawo. Kodwa-ke, amabhungane amaningi ayizinto ezibhubhisayo , adla izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi adla izinsalela zezitshalo, indle yezilwane, nezinye izinto ezibolayo, okusiza ekuvuseleleni izakhamzimba endaweni ezungezile.
Ezinye izimbungulu ziyizilwane ezidla utshani futhi zidla amaqabunga, izimpande, izithelo, kanye nembewu. Kukhona nezimbungulu ezidla ezinye izinambuzane, izibungu, noma izilwane ezincane. Futhi kukhona nezimbungulu ezidla izidumbu zezilwane ezifile.
Ngokuphathelene nokuzala, amabhungane adlula emjikelezweni wokuphila ophelele, enamaqanda, izibungu, iziphungumangathi kanye nabantu abadala. Ukuzalana kuvame ukwenzeka ngokukhwelana, lapho abesifazane bebekela amaqanda ezindaweni ezifanele zokukhula kwezibungu.
Ngamafuphi, amabhungane adlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla, asebenza njengababolayo, izilwane ezidla uhlaza, izilwane ezidla inyama, noma ama-scavengers, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni. Imikhuba yabo yokudla ehlukahlukene inomthelela ekugcineni ibhalansi yemvelo kuma-ecosystem ahlukahlukene abakhona kuwo.
Yikuphi ukudla okuvame kakhulu kwamabhungane amaningi?
Amabhungane ayizinambuzane ze-oda i-Coleoptera, aziwa ngokuhlukahluka kwawo kanye nobuningi emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-350 ezichazwe, amabhungane anemikhuba eminingi yokudla, kodwa ukudla okuvamile kwamabhungane amaningi kuwukudla okudliwayo.
Lezi zinambuzane zidla ngokuyinhloko izitshalo, amaqabunga, izimbali, izithelo nembewu. Amanye amabhungane, njengomndeni wakwaCurculionidae, abhekwa njengezinambuzane zezolimo ngoba adla izitshalo ezinjengommbila, irayisi, nokolweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamabhungane adla ezinye izinambuzane, esiza ekulawuleni izinambuzane.
Amabhungane anemihlathi enamandla ewavumela ukuba ashaye futhi agaye ukudla kwezitshalo. Amanye amabhungane ayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo emihlathini yawo okwenza akwazi ukudla izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo.
Ngaphandle kokupha ukudla, amabhungane adlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni njengabaduni bempova nababolisi. Banegalelo ekugcineni ibhalansi yemvelo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo.
Ngokuphathelene nokuzala, amabhungane amaningi abhekana nokushintshashintsha okuphelele, ngeqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, nezigaba zabantu abadala. Inqubo yokuzala yamabhungane iyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo, kodwa ngokuvamile ihilela insikazi ukuvundisa amaqanda nokubekela amaqanda ezindaweni ezifanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe izibungu.
Ngamafuphi, ukudla okuvamile kwamabhungane amaningi kuwukudla okudliwayo, lezi zinambuzane zidla izitshalo futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla nasekugcineni imvelo. Ukuhlukahluka nokubaluleka kwawo emvelweni kwenza amabhungane abe iqembu elithakazelisayo lezinambuzane zezazi nakubashisekeli bezinambuzane.
Amabhungane: izici, ukondla, ukuzala
Amabhungane (i-Coleoptera) ayiqembu lezinambuzane ezisemhlabeni noma ezindizayo ezinamaphiko amabili aguquliwe. Amaphiko amabili okuqala aqinile , ane-sclerotized, abizwa ngokuthi i-elytra, avikela isisu kanye namaphiko amabili e-membrane.
Ngezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-380.000, amabhungane akha ukuhleleka kombuso we-Animalia ngenani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo ezichaziwe. Avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amabhungane, anokwehlukahlukana okubanzi kwe-morphological, futhi ajwayele izindawo eziningi zokuhlala zasemhlabeni.
Lezi zinambuzane zinomzimba oqinile, ohlangene ombozwe i-exoskeleton, futhi uyahlukahluka ngobukhulu, kusukela ku-mm ambalwa kuya ku-10 cm ubude. Zihluka ngombala kusuka kokumnyama kuye kogqamile, okusansimbi, kanye nama-iridescent.
Umzimba uhlukaniswe ngekhanda, ithorax, nesisu, nakuba kubonakala sengathi uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-pterothorax. Ingxenye yomlomo ehlafunwayo, amehlo amabili ahlangene, kanye nezimpondo ezimbili zitholakala ekhanda.
Amaphiko, akhiwe yi-elytra kanye ne-membranous pair, afakwe eduze kwamapheya amathathu emilenze ku-thorax. Ezinye izinhlobo zinama-protuberance ezinhlobonhlobo, njengezimpondo, imihlathi, izimpondo, noma imigogodla, ephuma ku-exoskeleton emboze umzimba.
Iningi lamabhungane liyizilwane ezidla uhlaza, kanti izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ziyizinambuzane eziwuhlupho ezitshalweni zezolimo. Eqinisweni, izibungu ziyizinto eziyinhloko ezidala umonakalo omkhulu wezolimo namahlathi.
Izici jikelele
Amabhungane avame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-catangas, ama-cascarudos, ama-bubutes, ama-tacas, iziqhumane, izimbungulu ezikhanyayo, ama-vaquitas, ama-ladybugs, phakathi kwabanye. Ziwuhlelo oluningi kakhulu lwesigaba se-Insecta, ezinezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-380.000 ezihlonziwe futhi ezitholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo.
Isici esiphawulekayo samabhungane ngamaphiko awo angaphambili, noma ama-elytra, avikela amaphiko amabili esibili ane-membranous. Amaphiko e-membranous anesimiso sokugoqa ubude nokwenqamula okusiza ukundiza.
Njengazo zonke izinambuzane, imizimba yazo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu: ikhanda, ithorax, nesisu, futhi banamapheya amathathu emilenze. Ziyahlukahluka ngombala, zivame ukukhombisa indawo yazo, kusukela kokumnyama nokumnyama kuya kumibalabala ecwebezelayo nesansimbi.
Imizimba yabo inezinga eliphezulu le-sclerotization, ngenxa yokuqongelela nokuqina kwe-chitin ku-exoskeleton. Ubukhulu buyahlukahluka kuye ngomndeni, kusukela kokuncane njenge- Staphylinidae (2-10 mm) kuya kokukhulu njenge -Scarabaeidae (2-180 mm).
Amabhungane amaningi ayizilwane ezidla uhlaza, nokho, ezinye izilwane ezidla inyama zidla ezinye izinambuzane noma iminenke. Izingxenye zomlomo ziyahlafuna, kokubili ezibungwini nasezindaweni ezikhulile, ezinye izinhlobo ezinesistimu yokumunca noma yokukhotha.
I-Coleoptera iyizinambuzane ezi-holometabolous, ezibhekana nokushintshashintsha okuphelele. Ukuzala kwabo ngokocansi, kokubili abesifazane nabesilisa bangenelela. Ziyi-oviparous, kanti eyesifazane izalela amaqanda anomumo, ubukhulu, nemibala eyahlukene ezakhiweni ezithile zezitshalo.
Ngokuvamile, amabhungane awabalimazi abantu, futhi aphinde asebenzise izinto eziphilayo noma asetshenziswe ekulawuleni izinambuzane eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zibhekwa njengezinambuzane zezolimo, ezamahlathi, ezifuywayo nezokugcina, okubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho.
I-Taxonomy
Amabhungane, noma amabhungane, ayiqembu elikhulu lezinambuzane ezingaphansi kohlelo lwe-Coleoptera Linnaeus (1758). Igama elithi Coleoptera livela kwelesiGriki elithi κολεός = koleos “box-box” kanye nelithi πτερον = pteron “wing”, okusho amaphiko kulokhu.
Ezingeni le-taxonomic, amabhungane afakiwe embusweni we-Animalia . Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kufaka phakathi izinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular, kanye nezakhiwe ngezicubu.
Lezi zinhlobo zezilwane zinikezwa ingxenye enkulu nehlukahlukene kakhulu yombuso wezilwane, i-phylum Arthropoda . Okungukuthi, izinto eziphilayo ezingenamgogodla ezine-exoskeleton kanye nezinhlanganisela ezihlangene, okuhlanganisa izinambuzane, ama-arachnid, ama-crustacean, kanye nama-myriapod.
Izinga elilandelayo le-taxonomic lifaka phakathi amabhungane ekilasini i -Insecta . Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuchaza izinto eziphilayo ezihlukanisa imizimba yazo ngekhanda, isifuba, kanye nesisu, zinezimpondo ezimbili, imilenze emithathu, kanye namaphiko amabili.
Ngokuphathelene nesigaba esincane, zifakiwe ku- Pterygota, iqembu lezinambuzane ezinamaphiko, okusho ukuthi zibonisa amaphiko amabili engxenyeni yesibili neyesithathu yesifuba.
Amabhungane ahlukaniswa ngaphansi kwe-supercomputer Endopterygota . Leli qembu lihlanganisa izinambuzane ze-holometabolous, noma izinambuzane ezine-metamorphosis ephelele, okuthuthuka kwazo kudlula emaqandeni, izibungu, ama-pupae, kanye nezigaba ze-imago.
Njengamanje, i-oda i-Coleoptera ihlukaniswe ngama-suborder amane, aziwa ngokuthi i-Adephaga, i-Archostemata, i-Myxophaga, kanye ne-Polyphaga . I-suborder i-Adephaga iyiqembu elikhulu lezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-40.000, lapho imindeni i -Caradidae kanye ne -Dytiscidae ivelele khona.
Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-50 ezisindile ziye zachazwa ku-suborder Archostemata . Ngokuphathelene ne-suborder Myxophaga , ezinye izimbungulu zasemanzini ziye zachazwa.
Inani elikhulu kakhulu lamabhungane (izinhlobo ezingu-350.000) litholakala ku-suborder Polyphaga . Leli suborder, nalo, lihlukaniswe ngama-infraorder amahlanu iBostrichiformia, iCucujiformia, i-Elateriformia, iScarabaeiformia, kanye neStaphyliniformia.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-infraorder, imindeni eyinhloko yile: iBostrichiformia ( Dermestidae ), iCucufiformia ( Curculionidae ), i-Elateriformia ( Elateridae ), iScarabaeiformia ( Scarabaeidae ), kanye neStaphyliniformia ( Staphylinidae ).
Ukwahlukanisa
I-oda le-Coleoptera liqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zemindeni ezihlukaniswe ngokwesimo sayo kanye nemikhuba yayo. Le mindeni ihlanganisa: i-Elateridae, i-Buprestidae, i-Cucijidae, i-Coccinellidae, i-Meloidae, i-Tenebrionidae, i-Bostrichidae, i-Anobiidae, i-Scarabaeidae, i-Cerambycidae, i-Chrysomelidae, i-Bruchidae, i-Dermestidae, i-Lyctidae, i-Anthribidae, kanye ne-Curculion.
Esinye sezigaba ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo kwezomnotho kubantu, sisekelwe esenzweni sokudla kwamabhungane. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa imindeni engu-Anabiidae, Chrysomelidae, Curcuionidae, Nitidulidae, kanye ne-Scolytidae.
Imindeni ebalulekile kwezomnotho
Umndeni wakwa-Anobiidae
- I-Carcomas noma i-Queras: izibungu zebhungane zomndeni wakwa-Anobiidae ezazalela imishayo egayiwe kanye nezinkuni zefenisha.
- I-Death Clock Beetle ( Xestobium rufovillosum ): I-wood-boring beetle ingenye yezinambuzane ezilimaza kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinkuni nasekwakhiweni.
Umndeni wakwaChrysomelidae
I-Coconut Leaf Beetle (Brontispa longissima): uhlobo olususa amaqabunga amancane ezithombo zikakhukhunathi.
- I-Doryphora noma i-Potato Beetle ( Leotinotarsa decemlineata ): iyinkathazo yezitshalo zeSolanaceae. Izibungu zezinambuzane zisusa amaqabunga amancane esitshalo, ziqede izitshalo ngokuphelele.
- Galeruca Elm ( I-Pyrrhalta luteola ): ibhungane elidla amaqabunga e-elm, esigabeni salo sezibungu futhi lapho sesikhulile.
Umndeni wakwaCurculionidae
- Isikhova sikakotini ( Anthonomus grandis ): bhungane elincane elidla izicubu ezithambile, imiqumbe nezimbali zikakotini.
- Isilwane esibomvu ( I-Rhynchophorus ferrugineus ): Ibhungane elihlasela izihlahla zesundu lapho liyisibungu, lenze imihubhe ngaphakathi. Ezingeni eliphezulu lokuhlaselwa, lesi sitshalo siphenduka sibephuzi futhi sibune, okwenza isiqu esithintekile sife.
- I-Black Weevil noma i-Agave ( I-Scyphophorus acupunctatus ): izinambuzane zohlobo lwe-Agave, kokubili ezitshalweni zefayibha nesiphuzo, kanye nasezitshalweni zokuhlobisa. Iphinde ihlasele amasimu aseYuca.
Umndeni wakwaNitidulidae
- Ibhungane elincane ( Ethina tumida ): Kubhekwa njengenkinga enkulu ezidlekeni zentengiso. As izibungu ze Ethina futhi abadala badla amapaneli esidlekeni, bedla uju, impova kanye nentsha.
Umndeni Scolyticdae
- I-Elm bark beetle ( I-Scolytus multistriatus e I-Hylurgopinus rufipes ): izinambuzane ezenza umonakalo emaqabunga, futhi iwumthombo wokudluliselwa kwesikhunta Ophiostoma, okuyinto kubangela i-elm graphiosis, ecekela phansi izihlahla ngokuhlasela izicubu eziqhubayo njenge-xylem.
Indawo yokuhlala nokudla
Leli qembu lezinambuzane litholakala kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala eMhlabeni, ngisho nangaphansi kwamanzi, ngaphandle kolwandle oluvulekile. Ziyizinhlobo zasebusuku kanye nezasebusuku ezihlala emakoloni noma eziphila zodwa, ezizulazulayo.
Zihlala phansi, ngaphansi kwamadwala naphakathi kwemfucumfucu yamahlathi. Bahlala eziqwini zezitshalo, amahlamvu, izimbali, nezithelo; phezu noma ngaphansi kwamanzi ahlanzekile, nasezingwadule.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane eziyizinambuzane zezolimo, ezigcina okusanhlamvu futhi ezibangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho ngaphakathi. Isibonelo, izimbungulu ze-chrysomelid ziyizimbungulu ezisusa amaqabunga, izimbungulu ziyizinambuzane zokudla okucutshunguliwe, kanti izimbungulu zidla imikhiqizo yendwangu.
Ukudla kwaleli qembu elikhulu labantu, okuhlanganisa izibungu kanye nabantu abadala, kubanzi njengokusabalalisa kwabo. Ukudla abakuthanda kakhulu izitshalo eziphilayo: izimpande, iziqu, amaqabunga, izimbali, impova, izithelo nembewu, okubangela ukuwohloka kwamaqabunga, izilonda, nokucwiywa kwezitho.
Kukhona ngisho nezinhlobo ezifana ne -Hypothenemus hapei , ibhungane elibhoboza futhi lizale izithelo zekhofi, okubangela umonakalo omkhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlobo ezifana ne -Scarabaeus laticollis , ezidla izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo, zikhetha ukuguquguquka kwesimo semvelo.
Izinhlobo zokudla
Izigaba zamabhungane ngokusekelwe emikhubeni yazo yokudla zihlanganisa:
- Izazi zefilosofi: amabhungane adla amahlamvu ezitshalo. Leli qembu lihlanganisa izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo zezolimo. Isibonelo: umndeni I-Chrysomelidae .
- I-Rhizophagous: izinhlobo ezidla izimpande zezitshalo. Isibonelo: umndeni Elateridae .
- Ama-Pollinivores noma ama-Polynyphages: bona bhubhisa izimbali ngoba zidla impova. Isibonelo: Umndeni I-Oedemeridae .
- I-Anthophages: zidla izimbali kuphela. Isibonelo: umndeni ongaphansi Cetoniinae .
- I-Frugivorous noma i-Carpophagous: ukudla izithelo. Isibonelo: Umndeni ongaphansi
- Ama-xylophages: kubangela umonakalo ezindaweni zamahlathi, njengoba izibungu zezinhlobo ezithile zidla izinkuni. Isibonelo: umndeni I-Cerambycide .
- I-Spermatophages: uma ukudla imbewu. Isibonelo: umndeni Bruchidae .
- Ama-fungivores noma ama-Microphages: ukudla isikhunta. Isibonelo: Umndeni Ciidae .
- Abadlwenguli: amabhungane abamba futhi adle ezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane, noma iminenke, ama-slugs, nezikelemu, futhi awusizo ekulawuleni izinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo: umndeni I-Staphylinidae .
- I-Saprophagous: zidla udoti kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo ezibolayo. Isibonelo: Umndeni Scarabaeidae .
- I-Coprophagous: uma ukudla indle yezilwane ezincelisayo. Isibonelo: Umndeni ongaphansi Scarabaeinae .
- Ghouls: zidla izidumbu zezinye izinhlobo. Isibonelo: Umndeni ongaphansi Silfidae .
Ukuzala
Ukuzalana ngokocansi kuyisici samabhungane. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, i-parthenogenesis, ukwakheka komuntu omusha ngaphandle kokuvundiswa, kungenzeka.
Ukuqomisana nokukhwelana
Ukuqomisana kuwuchungechunge lwezenzo ezikhomba ukuziphatha kwebhungane ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukukhwelana. Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi luqinisekisa ukuthi kuphela amabhungane anamandla futhi aqine kakhulu anethuba lokuzala.
Isiko langaphambi kokumatanisa libalulekile ukuze kube khona ingqungquthela; insikazi ikhipha i-pheromone ekhanga eyeduna. Ama-pheromones wesifazane ayinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali (amafutha acid, ama-amino acid, noma ama-terpenoids) athinta ukuziphatha kwabesilisa kulokhu.
Amanye amabhungane, njengokhanyikhanyi, asebenzisa i-bioluminescence ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, inqubo yamakhemikhali eyenzeka ezithweni ezikhethekile ezisesiswini. Eyeduna iyandiza noma idanse insikazi, iyithinte emhlane, futhi ekugcineni iyiphulule ngezimpondo zayo ize yamukele ukuhlangana.
Ukukhwelana ngokuvamile kufushane, ngaphandle kwezinye izinhlobo lapho kungathatha amahora ambalwa. Phakathi nale nqubo, ukuvundiswa kwenzeka; owesilisa udlulisela isidoda kowesifazane ukuze avundise iqanda.
Ngemva kokuhlangana nokukhulelwa kwensikazi, amaqanda alungele ukubekelwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva. Ezinsikazi zibeka amaqanda endaweni efanelekile ehlinzeka ngokudla kwezibungu ezichanyuselwa.
Umjikelezo wokuphila
I-oda i-Coleoptera, njengelungu le-supercomputer Endopterygota, ibonakala ngokwenza i-metamorphosis ephelele, noma i-holometaboly. Inqubo yoguquko eyenzeka kumabhungane yenzeka ngezigaba noma izigaba ezine: iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi kanye nesidala.
Ovo
Insikazi ngayinye inamandla okuvundisa izinkulungwane zamaqanda phakathi nomjikelezo wokuphila kwayo. Amaqanda anegobolondo elithambile, elibushelelezi, elingene kancane, futhi ubukhulu, ukuma, nombala kuyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo.
Ukubekwa kwamaqanda kuyisici somndeni ngamunye webhungane. Ezinye zingadedelwa ku-substrate, ngazodwana noma ngamaqembu ngaphansi noma ngezinyanda zamaqabunga, noma zigqitshwe phansi.
Eqinisweni, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zinikeza ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudla nokusinda kwezinto eziphilayo ezintsha. Amanye amabhungane akha imipheme endaweni engaphansi noma emaqabungeni angaphakathi ukuze avikele amaqanda azo azalele.
isibungu
Izibungu ziyakhula futhi zichanyuselwe emaqandeni avundile. Amabhungane asesigabeni sezibungu angadlula ezigabeni ezi-3 kuye kwezingu-5, afinyelele ezigabeni ezingama-30, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane.
Kulesi sigaba, indima yomuntu oqeqeshiwe wukondla kanye nokugcina izimali ezibekelwe isigaba esilandelayo. Izibungu ziyadla, zikhule, futhi i-molt zize zifike esigabeni se-pupal, lapho ziqeda khona ukuguqulwa kwazo zibe umuntu omdala noma i-imago.
Kulesi sigaba, ikhanda elithuthuke kahle lihlukaniswa nomlomo wohlobo lokuhlafuna kanye nama-spirals ahambisana nomzimba. Ukubukeka kwezibungu kuncike ohlotsheni lokudla, i-substrate yentuthuko, nomndeni webhungane.
Ngalo mqondo, izibungu zingaba isicaba, i-cylindrical, noma i-ovoid, enekhanda elibukhali nelifihliwe. Zinethorax ehlukanisekayo enamapheya amathathu emilenze emincane kakhulu kanye nezingxenye zesisu eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye.
Ezinye izinhlobo azincibiliki, zimane zanda ngosayizi njengoba zidla; abanye benza izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu. Izinhlobo zezimuncagazi zinesigaba sokuqala esisebenza kakhulu, zize zithole umninikhaya, bese zihlala zinganyakazi ngaphakathi kwedamu.
Ukondla kukhawulelwe ekutshaleni amahlamvu, kuyilapho ezinye izinhlobo zidla ngaphakathi komthombo wokudla. Isiteji sezibungu singaphansi kwezimo zemvelo kanye nokutholakala kokudla, okuhlala iminyaka eminingana.
Pupa
Lapho isibungu sesilungele ukuqala inqubo yokushintshashintsha kwezinto, sakha isakhiwo esiyisivikelo esibizwa ngokuthi umfece, lapho sihlala singanyakazi. Naphezu kokubonakala kwayo okungasebenzi, izinguquko eziphawulekayo zenzeka ku-pupa, lapho umuntu omdala eqala futhi eqhubeka nomjikelezo wokuphila.
Umuntu omdala
Umuntu omdala uphuma ku-pupa ngemva kokuvuthwa ngokugcwele ngaphakathi kwe-pupa, elungele ukuqala inqubo entsha yokuzala. Abantu abadala bangaphila isizini eyodwa noma ngisho nezinyanga ezimbalwa, kuye ngezinhlobo nezimo zemvelo.
Ukubaluleka
I-oda ye-Coleoptera ihlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zebhayoloji, imvelo, ezomnotho, ezokwelapha, namasiko. Lamabhungane ayizinkomba ze-bioindicators ze-ecosystem's anthropogenic features, biodiversity, nezimo zemvelo, kanye nezinga lokongiwa kwendawo.
Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zihlanganisa izinambuzane ezizuzisayo, njengezithutha impova, izinto ezilawula ukhula, nezitha zemvelo zezinambuzane eziwuhlupho. Nokho, amanye amabhungane ayizinambuzane zokudla, ufulawa ogciniwe nokusanhlamvu namahlathi.
Kwezolimo, amabhungane e-phytophagous abangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho ezitshalweni zezentengiselwano, futhi ukulawula kwabo kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo ezidla ezinye ezithi uma zisetshenziswa ekulawuleni izinto eziphilayo, ziveze imiphumela emihle kakhulu uma zifakwe ekulawuleni izinambuzane eziwuhlupho.
Ezingeni lemvelo, amabhungane adlala indima eguquguqukayo ekusebenzeni kwemvelo yezolimo neyemvelo. Basiza ekuvuseleleni izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo ngokudla udoti, izinkuni, nemfucumfucu yezinto eziphilayo.
Ngokwezokwelapha, izinhlobo ezithile zibangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba kubantu, zikhiphe izinto ezinobuthi njengendlela yokuzivikela. Ngokwesiko, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ziyadliwa ezilwaneni nakubantu, ikakhulukazi esigabeni sezibungu, ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni amaningi.
Izinkomba
- U-Alonso-Zarazaga, MA (2015). I-oda le-Coleoptera. I-IDE @ -SEA Journal, (55) 1–18. I-Iberian Entomological Diversity. I-ISSN 2386-7183.
- Ibha, ME (2010). Oda i-Coleoptera. I-Arthropod Biology 2010, 10.
- UCoronado Ricardo noMárquez Antonio (1986) Isingeniso Se-Entomology: I-Morphology kanye ne-Taxonomy yezinambuzane. Umhleli Limusa. I-ISBN 968-18-0066-4.
- Amabhungane (I-Order: Coleoptera) (2018) I-Mexican Biodiversity. Ikhomishana Kazwelonke Yolwazi Nokusetshenziswa Kwezinto Eziphilayo. Itholakala ku: biodiversity.gob.mx
- Amabhungane (2018) Anticimex. Itholakala ku: anticimex.com
- I-Zumbado, MA kanye ne-Azofeifa, D. 2018. Izinambuzane ezibalulekile kwezolimo. Umhlahlandlela Oyisisekelo we-Entomology. Heredia, Costa Rica. Uhlelo Lukazwelonke Lwezolimo Lwezinto Eziphilayo (PNAO). 204 pp.