I-Perspectivism iyisikole sefilosofi sokucabanga esisekelwe emsebenzini wesazi sefilosofi saseJalimane sangekhulu le-19 uFriedrich Nietzsche. Lesi sikole somcabango siphakamisa ukuthi iqiniso libonwa ngokwengqondo futhi lihlobene, lihluka ngokuya ngombono womuntu ngamunye. I-Perspectivism ibuza ukuba khona kweqiniso eliphelele futhi ikhuthaza umbono wokuthi zonke izincazelo zisebenza ngokulinganayo.
Izici zokubuka zifaka phakathi ukwazisa ukuhlukahluka kwemibono, ukugxeka ukucabangela, nokugcizelela ukucabangela nokuhlobana. I-Perspectivism iphinde iphakamise umbono womhlaba wonke, lapho imibono ehlukene ingaba khona ngaphandle kokukhansela.
Imisebenzi ephawulekayo ekhuluma ngemibono ihlanganisa ekaFriedrich Nietzsche ethi "Thus Spake Zarathustra" kanye "Beyond Good and Evil," kanye neka-Arthur Schopenhauer ethi "The World as Will and Representation." Le misebenzi ihlola ubunjalo beqiniso, ukuzithoba kolwazi, nokubaluleka kwemibono eyahlukene ekuqondeni umhlaba.
Izici eziyinhloko zombono wokubuka: funda ngezici eziyisisekelo zalo mbono wefilosofi.
I-Perspectivism iyithiyori yefilosofi eyasungulwa isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane uFriedrich Nietzsche, ephakamisa umbono wokuthi alikho iqiniso elilodwa eliphelele, kodwa imibono eminingi encike embonweni womuntu ngamunye. Le ndlela yefilosofi igqamisa ukubaluleka kokuhumusha okuhlukahlukene kanye nemibono yomhlaba, kucatshangelwa ukuzithoba kanye nobuningi bokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-perspectivism ukugxeka kwayo kokucabangela kanye nombono weqiniso eliyiqiniso emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuka-Nietzsche, imibono yethu nezincazelo zethu zithonywa yilokho esike sabhekana nakho, izindinganiso, nezinkolelo zethu, okwenza ukuqonda okunenhloso nje okungokoqobo kungenzeki. Ngakho, umuntu ngamunye unombono wakhe siqu, "iqiniso" lakhe.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sombono wokubuka izinto ukwazisa kwawo ukwehlukahlukana nobuningi bemibono. Ku-Nietzsche, ubuningi bokuhumusha bucebisa ulwazi nokuqonda komhlaba, okuvumela indlela ecebile neyinkimbinkimbi yeqiniso. Ukwamukela imibono ehlukene njengesemthethweni nevumelekile kubalulekile ukuze kube nombono obanzi nobandakanyayo wokuba khona.
Eminye imisebenzi ephawulekayo ekhuluma ngombono wokubuka izinto ihlanganisa eka-Nietzsche ethi "So Spoke Zarathustra," "Beyond Good and Evil," kanye nethi "The Genealogy of Morals." Kule mibhalo, isazi sefilosofi sihlola imithelela yombono wokuziphatha, isiko, nesimo somuntu, sibuza imibono yendabuko yeqiniso nezindinganiso.
Qonda incazelo nezisekelo zethiyori ye-perspectivism kufilosofi yesimanje.
I-Perspectivism iyisikole sefilosofi esifuna ukuqonda okungokoqobo ngokwemibono ehlukene, ngokuqaphela ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unombono wakhe kanye nencazelo yomhlaba. Le ndlela yetiyori igcizelela ubuningi bemibono kanye nokuhlobana kolwazi, ibuza ukuba khona kweqiniso eliphelele, elinenjongo.
Kufilosofi yangaleso sikhathi, umbono wathola ukuvelela ngokuyinhloko ngesazi sefilosofi uFriedrich Nietzsche. Ezincwadini zakhe, uNietzsche ugomela ngokuthi iqiniso limane nje liyisakhiwo somuntu, esithonywa izinkolelo zethu, izindinganiso, nokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu siqu. Kuye, iqiniso libonwa ngokuzithoba futhi lihlobene, okwenza kube nzima ukufeza inhloso kanye nombono wendawo yonke.
Omunye umbhali obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kombono kwakuyisazi sefilosofi saseFrance uGilles Deleuze. Emisebenzini yakhe, u-Deleuze uhlola ubuningi bemibono kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezincazelo, ephikisa ngokuthi iqiniso lakhiwe ngokungapheli kwemibono, konke kuvumelekile ngokulinganayo futhi kusemthethweni.
Le ndlela yetiyori isimema ukuba sibuze izinkolelo zethu kanye nokucwasa, sandise ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba futhi sikhuthaze inkhulumomphendvulwano phakathi kwemibono eyahlukene.
Izici eziyinhloko zefilosofi ye-Nietzschean: umbono oqondile kanye nombono wobukhona.
I-Nietzschean perspectivism ingenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zefilosofi kaFriedrich Nietzsche. U-Nietzsche wavikela umqondo wokuthi alikho iqiniso eliphelele, elinenjongo, kodwa kunalokho ukuhumusha okuhlukile kweqiniso, ngakunye kuncike kulokho umuntu ngamunye adlule kukho kanye namagugu. Ngakho-ke, uhlongoze umbono oqondile, wombono wobukhona, lapho umuntu ngamunye ekhululekile ukudala izincazelo zabo kanye namagugu.
Lo mbono we-Nietzschean uphikisana nombono weqiniso eliphelele nelingenakuguquleka, uvikela ubuningi bemibono kanye nokuhlobana kwamaqiniso. Ku-Nietzsche, iqiniso liwukwakhiwa okuzimele, okulolongelwe ulwazi lwethu, imizwa, nezinkolelo zethu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi linengxenye futhi linemibandela, libonisa izithakazelo nemibono yalabo abalishoyo.
Eminye yemisebenzi ephawulekayo ehlola umbono wefilosofi kaNietzsche ihlanganisa "Ngalokho UZarathustra Wakhuluma," "Ngaphezu Kobuhle Nobubi," kanye "Ne-Genealogy of Morals." Kule mibhalo, u-Nietzsche uthuthukisa ukugxeka kwe-metaphysics yendabuko futhi uphakamisa indlela entsha yokuqonda ukuba khona, ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemibono.
Ngamafuphi, umbono we-Nietzschean umele indlela eqinile nentsha yefilosofi, engabaza imibono yendabuko yeqiniso nenjongo kanye nokuvikela inkululeko yokuhumusha nokwenza incazelo. Umbono wakhe wokuzicabangela kanye nombono wakhe ngobukhona uyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela izazi zefilosofi nezingqondongqondo zanamuhla, usibekela inselelo yokungabaza ukuqiniseka kwethu futhi sihlole izindlela ezintsha zokuqonda umhlaba.
Imuphi umsebenzi kaNietzsche obaluleke kakhulu kufilosofi?
I-Perspectivism iyisikole sefilosofi esiphikisa ukuthi alikho iqiniso elilodwa eliphelele, kodwa kunemibono ehlukene okungachazwa ngayo umhlaba. Lo mbono ukhona emsebenzini kaNietzsche obaluleke kakhulu wefilosofi, "Ngakho Wakhuluma uZarathustra." Kule ncwadi, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane sikhuluma ngendaba yombono kanye nencazelo eqondile yeqiniso.
Umbono we-Nietzschean uthatha ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unombono wakhe wezwe, othonywa ulwazi lwakhe, izinkolelo, kanye nezindinganiso. Ngakho-ke, alikho iqiniso eliyiqiniso emhlabeni wonke, kodwa kunalokho ubuningi bokuhumusha okungenzeka. U-Nietzsche ugxeka umqondo weqiniso lenjongo futhi uvikela ukubaluleka kokuhlukahluka kwemibono.
Ngaphandle kokuthi "Wakhuluma Ngakho-ke uZarathustra," ezinye zezincwadi zikaNietzsche eziphawulekayo ezikhuluma ngokubuka umbono zithi "Ngaphandle Kokuhle Nokubi" kanye "Nozalo Lokuziphatha." Kulezi zincwadi, isazi sefilosofi sihlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla, ukuziphatha, nokutolika, sigqamisa ithonya lombono ekwakhiweni kwamagugu nezinkambiso zomphakathi.
Umsebenzi kaNietzsche obaluleke kakhulu kufilosofi, "Ngalokho UZarathustra Wakhuluma", uyingqophamlando kulo mqondo, njengoba uhlola ukubaluleka kombono ekwakhiweni kolwazi kanye neqiniso.
I-Perspectivism: imvelaphi, izici nemisebenzi ephawulekayo
O umbono inkolelo-mbono yefilosofi inkolelo-mbono yayo iphakamisa ukuthi alukho ulwazi oluphelele noma iqiniso emhlabeni, kodwa izincazelo noma imibono ehlukahlukene nehlukahlukene.
Le mfundiso igomela ukuthi yonke imibono, izikimu, noma imiqondo ivela kumbono othile. Le ndlela yaqalwa uLeibniz futhi kamuva yathuthukiswa ezinye izazi zefilosofi ezinjengo-Ortega noGasset, uFriedrich Nietzsche, uGustav Teichmüler, no-Ernst Nolte.
Uphikisa ngokuthi abantu basondela emhlabeni ngokutolika nangombono womuntu ngamunye ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kanye nesizathu sabo.
Kusukela kudala, lokhu kuzindla ngemibono bekukhona, kanjalo nokubuza ngeqiniso njengeqiniso elihlosiwe. Abantu baye bafuna ukuthola ulwazi olujulile, futhi izazi zefilosofi nezazi zesimanje ziye zafinyelela kule ndawo ngobuchule obukhulu.
Umsuka
Ngekhulu le-19, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane uGustav Teichmüler sachaza igama elithi perspectivism njengezindlela ezehlukene zokufinyelela olwazini lwento engokoqobo, kucatshangelwa ukuthethelelwa kwazo zonke.
U-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz wakha ithiyori ebanzi yokubuka izinto ngokuhambisana nezimbazo ezimaphakathi ezimbalwa. I-eksisi yokuqala igxile emibonweni yesizathu semetaphysical, okuyileyo esiholela emaqinisweni angaphezu kolwazi lwesayensi.
I-eksisi yesibili ihlobene nesimo esinomkhawulo nesilinganiselwe sombono womuntu, futhi ngezinga lapho ihilela khona amakhono okuqonda nokucabanga. Lokhu kuchazwa ngokuthi sihlala endaweni ethile emhlabeni, ngesikhathi nasemkhathini.
U-Leibniz uphinde athi ulwazi luwukuhumusha okuhlolayo komhumushi ngamunye futhi ugxile ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe ifilosofi emandleni okuphila, izinkolelo, ukuphila kwansuku zonke kanye nendlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngalezi zici.
Friedrich Nietzsche
U-Nietzsche wayekubheka njengento engenakwenzeka ukwazi iqiniso leqiniso, njengoba umbono womuntu ngamunye nencazelo yakhe inikezwa ngokubona kwabo, endaweni ethile nesikhathi; Lokhu kwenza le ndlela ibe yi-subjective.
NgokukaNietzsche, amaqiniso awekho njengalokhu, kukhona incazelo kuphela eyenziwa yiwo wonke umuntu, futhi lo mbono womuntu ulayishwe zonke izinkolelo nemibono yomuntu ngamunye ekude kakhulu nokuba nenhloso futhi, ngakho-ke, iyiqiniso.
Ngokunjalo nesazi sefilosofi sichaza ukuthi abukho ubunjalo bezinto bangempela, ngoba ukugqolozela kombukeli kuyohlale kuyincazelo: kunemibono eyahlukene lapho isici esingafiseleka futhi sifiswe khona, zonke zigcwele izimo eziphazamisa futhi ziphambukise ingqikithi yangempela yaleyo nto.
UJosé Ortega y Gasset
UJosé Ortega y Gasset wayeyisazi sefilosofi saseSpain sangekhulunyaka lama-20 esithathwa njengomunye wabachazi ababaluleke kakhulu bombono.
Lo mcabango wathi iqiniso lingafinyelelwa ngokuhlanganisa yonke iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye engaba ngokoqobo.
Wonke umuntu uxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa kuzo zonke izimo zomuntu siqu. Konke okuhlangenwe nakho, ukuzindla, nokuhlaziya leli qiniso lomuntu siqu kuyingqayizivele, ngakho-ke yonke imibono ngeqiniso iyinoveli futhi yomuntu siqu.
Kulo mbono kuvela inkulumo eyaziwayo ethi "Mina ngokwami nezimo zami", ephuma ekuhlaziyweni kuka-Ortega ngokuba khona komuntu siqu "njengezinto", ebhekisela kokubili ekudalweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo nokungabonakali komuntu ngamunye kanye nombono wabo othile.
Izici
I-Perspectivism isekelwe ezimisweni zefilosofi eziphakamisa ukuhlobana okuqhubekayo kolwazi. Abukho ubumsulwa emibonweni; ngakho-ke, ukwamukela kusekelwe enqubweni yokubuka izinto, ngokombono ogxile kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu.
Le thiyori ayikwamukeli enye indlela yombono womhlaba wonke, ophakamisa ukwamukela imibono ehlukene ukuze iqiniso ngokwalo lifinyeleleke kubo bonke. Ngakho-ke, umbono wombono uyawuchitha ngokuphelele lo mbono wombono ohlanganisayo, njengoba umngcele wokungavumelani.
Ngokomkhakha wokubona, umbono wokubuka izinto ubhekisela endleleni iso elibona ngayo izinto. Igxila ezicini zendawo kanye nobukhulu bento, kanye nokuma okuhlobene kwesitho esibonakalayo ngokwebanga nendawo yezinto.
I-Perspectivism iyayilahla imibono yezazi zefilosofi ezinjengoKant, uDescartes, noPlato, abaphikisana ngokuthi iqiniso liyisenzakalo esinganyakazi, esibonakalayo, futhi esinenjongo. Baphikisa ngokuthi akunakwenzeka ukwenza ukuhlolwa ngalo mbono.
Kuzazi zemibono yabantu, alikho iqiniso eliphelele, izimiso zokuziphatha ngokwezigaba, noma i-epistemology eqondile. Iqiniso lidalwa ngocwaningo nangokuhlangana kwemibono eyahlukene eliqinisekisayo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi isiphi isimo namasiko asuka kuwo.
Obras em destaque
Leibniz
Umsebenzi kaLeibniz oyifanekiselo kakhulu yi- dissertation on combinatorial art , eyavela ngo-1666. Ukushicilelwa kwalo mbhalo kwaba nempikiswano, njengoba lo msebenzi wanyatheliswa ngaphandle kwemvume edingekayo evela eLeibniz.
Nakuba isazi sefilosofi sakuveza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukungavumelani kwaso nokushicilelwa kokuqala komsebenzi, kwaba nengxenye yombono omusha ngaleso sikhathi futhi kwasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuba semthethweni kwaso njengesazi sefilosofi.
Na I-dissertation ku-combinatorial art, ULebniz uhlongoze uhlobo lwezinhlamvu ezihambisana nomcabango, aluthatha kuDescartes. Umqondo walokhu kwakuwukukhomba ukuthi yonke imiqondo yakhiwe imiqondo elula; uphakamise indlela enengqondo nehlelekile yokudiliza imibono emikhulu.
Phakathi kuka-1686 no-1714, uLeibniz wabhala futhi washicilela Izindatshana Ezintsha Zokuqonda Kwabantu , Inkulumo nge-metaphysics , Theodicy e I-Monadology .
Nietzsche
Phakathi kuka-1872 no-1879, u-Nietzsche washicilela inqwaba yemisebenzi, phakathi kwayo okulandelayo okuvelele: Umsuka wenhlekelele emoyeni womculo , Imicabango Engalindelekile e Abantu, futhi abantu .
Ngama-80s, wayenesikhathi sakhe esiqine kakhulu sokudala imisebenzi eminingana, phakathi kwayo Aurora , kukhuluma uZarathustra , Uhlu lozalo lokuziphatha , Ngaphandle kokuhle nokubi , Umphikukristu , I-Twilight of Idols e U-Nietzsche ngokumelene no-Wagner .
Le ncwadi yokugcina yabhalwa eminyakeni yokugcina yesazi sefilosofi nemininingwane ngokuningiliziwe izindatshana zakhe kumqambi waseJalimane uRichard Wagner, naye owayengumngane wakhe oseduze.
U-Nietzsche uxoxa ngefilosofi kaWagner kwezobuciko, umculo, nephimbo, futhi uzwakalisa ukudumala kwakhe ngezinqumo zomuntu siqu zomqambi, njengokuguqukela kwakhe ebuKristwini.
I-Ortega y Gasset
Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-Ortega ne-Gasset, kukhona Ukuzindla kukaDon Quixote e Ipolitiki endala nentsha , zombili zanyatheliswa ngo-1914.
Phakathi kuka-1916 no-1920, washicilela izincwadi eziningana ezifana ne Isibukeli I , Isibukeli II e Abantu, imisebenzi, izinto .
Ngawo-20, wanyathelisa ezinye izincwadi. Phakathi kweziyinhloko kukhona Isibukeli III , Itimu yesikhathi sethu , a I-Invertebrate Spain. Uhlaka Lweminye Imicabango Engokomlando , Ukwehliswa kwesithunzi sobuciko nemibono ngenoveli , Isibukeli IV e Kant .
Phakathi kuka-1930 no-1940, wawuqokomisa ngokukhethekile umsebenzi wakhe Ukuhlubuka KwamaMisa , incwadi eyaziwa kakhulu yesazi sefilosofi. Inhloso eyinhloko yale ncwadi, ehunyushelwe ezilimini ezingaphezu kuka-20, ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwemibono yobuningi nesintu, izici zokuhlangana, nakho konke okubonisa ukuthi idlanzana linqotshwa iningi.
Eminye imisebenzi eshicilelwe kule minyaka eyishumi yayi Goethe kusuka ngaphakathi , NgaseGalileo , Ensimism kanye noshintsho , Izifundo zothando kanye Ithiyori ye-Andalusian nezinye izindatshana .
Ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1955, inhlanganisela yezinkulumo zakhe phakathi kuka-1928 no-1929 yanyatheliswa, enesihloko esithi. Umbono wesimiso e-Leibniz kanye nokuvela kwe-deductive theory .
Izinkomba
- U-Huéscar Antonio Rodríguez. “I-Central Concept of Orteguian Perspectivism” in. Itholwe ngoMashi 22, 2019, isuka ku-Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library: cervantesvirtual.com
- U-Vergara H. Fernando J. "I-Perspectivism of Knowledge and Genealogy of Interpretation" ku-Scielo. Ibuyiswe ngoMashi 22, 2019, ivela ku-Scielo: scielo.org.co
- U-Rivera Novoa Ángel "Umbono kanye Nenhloso kuGenealogy of Moral" e-University of Thought and Culture yaseLa Sabana. Kubuyiswe ngoMashi 22, 2019, evela eNyuvesi Yokucabanga Namasiko yaseLa Sabana: pensaientoycultura.unisabana.edu.com
- Hhayi-ke, G. “Umbono Womgomo e-Leibniz kanye Nenguquko Yemfundiso Yokudonswa Kwezinto” ku-Philosophy in Spanish. Ibuyiswe ngoMashi 22, 2019 ivela ku-Philosophy nge-Spanish.:
- Romero, J. "Perspectivism and Social Criticism. From Nietzsche to Critical Theory" in Complutenses Scientific Journals. Ibuyiswe ngomhla ka-22 Mashi 2019, isuka kumajenali e-Complutenses Scientific: magazines.ucm.es