I-Absolute surplus value umqondo othuthukiswe u-Karl Marx obhekisela emehlukweni phakathi kwevelu yomsebenzi okhiqizwa isisebenzi kanye nenani esilithola njengeholo. Kulolu hlelo, usonxiwankulu uxhaphaza isisebenzi ngokufuna isikhathi esengeziwe sokusebenza kunesidingekayo ukuze bakhiqize inani lendlela yokuziphilisa, bethatha imali eningi njengenzuzo.
Kulo mongo, inani lemali eningi eliphelele litholwa ngokwelula usuku lokusebenza ngaphandle kokukhushulwa kwamaholo ngokulinganayo, okuholela ekuxhashazweni okukhulu kwesisebenzi. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba isisebenzi esiqashelwe ukusebenza amahora angu-8 ngosuku kodwa siphoqeleke ukuthi sisebenze amahora angu-12 ngosuku ngaphandle kokuthola umholo owengeziwe wesikhathi esengeziwe, nenani elengeziwe elikhiqizwa phakathi nalawa mahora labelwa umqashi njengenzuzo.
Lo mkhuba uvamile emikhakheni eminingi yezomnotho futhi ungenye yezindlela zokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi uMarx azigxeka embonweni wakhe. I-absolute surplus value ingenye yezinsika zenqubo yonxiwankulu, lapho ukuphishekela inzuzo kuvame ukuthatha indawo yokuqala kunamalungelo nenhlalakahle yabasebenzi.
Izibonelo zokuthi inani le-surplus lisebenza kanjani ekusebenzeni kubasebenzi.
Uma sikhuluma ngenani eliphelele le-surplus, sibhekisela ohlotsheni olujwayelekile kakhulu lokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi emphakathini wonxiwankulu. Kulolu hlelo, abasebenzi bakhokhelwa isikhathi esithile, kodwa inani abalikhiqizayo ngaleso sikhathi lidlula inani lezisebenzi zabo. Ngamanye amazwi, umqashi uthola inzuzo ngomsebenzi womqashwa, njengoba ekhokha imali engaphansi kwenani langempela lalokho okukhiqiziwe.
Isibonelo esicacile sokuthi inani lemali esele lisebenza kanjani kubasebenzi yindaba yefekthri lapho abasebenzi beqashwe khona ukuthi basebenze amahora angu-8 ngosuku. Ake sithi, ngalesi sikhathi, bakhiqiza izimpahla ezibiza ama-R100, kodwa iholo labo lihlangene lingama-R40 kuphela. Kulokhu, abasebenzi bathole imali engaphezulu yama-R60 kumqashi, okuyinani elingaphezulu.
Esinye isibonelo kungaba inkampani yamabhuku ezimali eqasha ochwepheshe ukuthi basebenze amahora angu-40 ngeviki kodwa ekhokha iholo elingahambisani nenani eligcwele lezinsizakalo ezinikeziwe. Kulesi simo, umehluko phakathi kwevelu yomsebenzi owenziwe kanye neholo elitholiwe yinani elinqwabelene elitholwa umqashi.
Kafushane, inani eliphelele lemali esele liwumkhuba ovamile ebudlelwaneni babasebenzi, lapho abasebenzi bekhiqiza okungaphezu kwalokho abakutholayo njengembuyiselo, okwenza inzuzo kubaqashi. Kubalulekile ukuqonda lo mqondo ukuze ulwele izimo zokusebenza ezinobulungisa nezilinganayo.
Ukuqonda ukuthi inani le-surplus eliphelele lisebenza kanjani ekuxhashazweni kwezisebenzi.
I-Absolute surplus value iwuhlobo lokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi okwenzeka lapho abasebenzi bephoqeleka ukuthi basebenze ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekayo ukuze bakhiqize inani elilingana nomholo wabo. Kulolu hlelo, umqashi ulinganisa isikhathi somsebenzi esinqwabelene, enze inzuzo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwenyusa izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi inani eliphelele le-surplus lisebenza kanjani, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi inani labasebenzi linqunywa isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe izimpahla noma amasevisi aqinisekisa ukusinda kwesisebenzi nomndeni waso. Nokho, isisebenzi siyaphoqeleka ukuthi sisebenze ngaphezu kwalesi sikhathi esidingekayo, sikhiqize inani elinqwabelene eligunyazwe umqashi njengenzuzo.
Isibonelo esicacile senani eliphelele le-surplus isisebenzi esisebenza amahora angu-8 ngosuku, kodwa umholo waso olingana namahora angu-6 kuphela okusebenza adingekayo ukukhiqiza inani labasebenzi baso. Amahora angu-2 engeziwe asetshenzwe isisebenzi ayinani elingaphezulu eligunyazwe umqashi njengenzuzo.
Ngakho-ke, inani eliphelele lemali esele liwuhlobo lokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi okusekelwe ekwandiseni amahora okusebenza ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekayo, okukhiqizela umqashi inzuzo ngaphandle kokwenyusa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela le ndlela yokuxhaphaza ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo zokusebenza ezihloniphekile zabo bonke abasebenzi.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zevelu enqwabelene ezibhekiswe u-Marx: okuphelele nokuhlobene.
Ithiyori ye-surplus value ingumqondo oyisisekelo emsebenzini ka-Karl Marx, ochaza ukuthi onxiwankulu bathola kanjani inzuzo ngokusebenzisa ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi. U-Marx uhlonze izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zevelu enqwabelene: okuphelele nokuhlobene.
Isamba esiphelele se-surplus senzeka lapho onxiwankulu benyusa amahora okusebenza ezisebenzi ngaphandle kokukhuphula amaholo ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzi bakhiqiza izimpahla eziningi esikhathini eside, okwenza inzuzo ethe xaxa konxiwankulu. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba umqashi ofuna abasebenzi basebenze amahora amade ngaphandle kokukhokha isikhathi esengeziwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani le-surplus elilinganiselwe lenzeka lapho onxiwankulu benyusa ukukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi, behlisa isikhathi esidingekayo ukukhiqiza impahla. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi izimpahla eziningi zikhiqizwe ngesikhathi esincane, okwandisa inani lemali esele etholiwe. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha noma izindlela zokukhiqiza ezisheshisa inqubo yabasebenzi.
Ngamafuphi, inani lemali eningi eliphelele lihlobene nokunwetshwa kosuku lokusebenza, kuyilapho inani lemali enqwabelene lihlobene nokuqiniswa kanye nokwenyuka komkhiqizo wabasebenzi. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zenani elingaphezulu ziyizinhlobo zokuxhashazwa komsebenzi wabasebenzi ngonxiwankulu futhi ziyizici ezibalulekile zokugxeka kukaMarx uhlelo lonxiwankulu.
Ukulinganisa kuka-Karl Marx yenani elingaphezulu: ukuhlaziya okuyisisekelo kokuxhashazwa konxiwankulu.
Ithiyori ye-surplus value, eyasungulwa nguKarl Marx, iwukuhlaziya okuyisisekelo kokuxhashazwa konxiwankulu. I-Marx ichaza inani elinqwabelene njengenani elengeziwe elidalwe umsebenzi wabasebenzi elingakhokhelwanga kubo, kodwa elinikezwe abanikazi bezindlela zokukhiqiza. Ngamanye amazwi, umehluko phakathi kwevelu ekhiqizwa isisebenzi kanye nenani elikhokhelwa sona njengeholo.
KuMarx, inani elingaphezulu liwumgogodla wokuxhashazwa kobungxowankulu, ngoba kungokusebenzisa lokho lapho ongxowankulu bekwazi ukuqoqa ingcebo ngezindleko zomsebenzi wezisebenzi. Inani elingaphezulu lingatholakala ngezindlela ezimbili: inani elingaphezulu eliphelele kanye nenani elingaphezulu elilinganiselwe.
Inani eliphelele le-surplus lenzeka lapho onxiwankulu benyusa amahora okusebenza ezisebenzi ngaphandle kokukhuphula amaholo abo. Ngamanye amazwi, izisebenzi zikhiqiza inani elikhulu kunalokho elidingekile ukuze zikhiqize kabusha amandla azo, ngaleyo ndlela zikhiqize insalela etholwa abaqashi.
Isibonelo esicacile senani eliphelele le-surplus yilapho imboni iphoqa abasebenzi bayo ukuthi basebenze isikhathi esengeziwe ngaphandle kokubakhokhela ngokwanele. Ngale ndlela, izisebenzi zenza inani elikhulu kunalokho elidingekayo ukuze zikhokhele amaholo azo, ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze abanikazi bamabhizinisi inzuzo eyengeziwe.
Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa kuka-Karl Marx yenani elingaphezulu kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuguquguquka kokuxhashazwa konxiwankulu kanye nokungqubuzana okukhona ohlelweni lwezomnotho lwamanje. Ukuhlaziya inani eliphelele lemali esele lisisiza siqonde ukuthi abasebenzi baxhashazwa kanjani nokuthi imali inqwabelana kanjani ezandleni zedlanzana elinelungelo.
Inani eliphelele le-surplus: izici nezibonelo
Inani eliphelele elingaphezulu liyinzuzo etholakala ngokwandisa usuku lokusebenza. Lena enye yezindlela abaqashi abazisebenzisayo ukwandisa inzuzo etholakala kubasebenzi. Inqubo yenani eliphelele elingaphezulu yafinyelela ekukhuleni kwayo okuphezulu ezigabeni zokuqala zobungxowankulu, lapho umsebenzi wezandla wawusavamile ezinkampanini.
U-Marx waphikisa ngokuthi kunezinqubo ezihlelekile emnothweni wonxiwankulu ezenza inani lamandla omsebenzi libe ngaphansi kwenani elidalwe phakathi nosuku lokusebenza. Eyokuqala yalezi zinqubo kwakuwukwelulwa kwamahora okusebenza ngaphezu kwamazinga angaphambi kwezimboni, ukuya emahoreni ayishumi nambili noma ayishumi nane ngosuku.
Lokhu kunwetshwa kosuku, okubizwa nge-absolute surplus value, kwakuwumthombo oyinhloko wenzuzo phakathi nokungena kokuqala kokukhiqizwa konxiwankulu emkhakheni wezomnotho. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza babumile ngokuqhathaniswa, busathembele kumathuluzi ezandla.
Uguquko lwangempela ekukhiqizeni lweza nokusetshenziswa kwemishini, okwenze ukukhiqizwa kwenani elingaphezulu elilinganiselwe. Onxiwankulu ngabanye baba nesikhuthazo sokwethula imishini emisha ngoba yabanikeza ithuba lokuncintisana.
Izici
Ukukhiqizwa kwenani eliphelele lemali enqwabelene kutholakala ngokwelula usuku lokusebenza ludlulele esigabeni lapho isisebenzi silinganiselwe ukukhiqiza lokho okuhambisana nenani labasebenzi baso, okwenza lo msebenzi owengeziwe umqashi awusebenzise ngokunenzuzo.
Lokhu kuthambekela kwakuyikhona okuyinhloko esigabeni sokuqala sobunxiwankulu, kodwa kusabalulekile nanamuhla, ngisho nasezimisweni eziningi zenhlalo ezibuswa yi-imperialism.
Ukwakhiwa kwevelu ephelele yensalela kuhambisana nokukhiqiza kwezemisebenzi yomphakathi, okuyinani lamandla omsebenzi. Leli gama lisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwensalela kuwumongo wokuqongelela imali.
Ngevelu ephelele yemali eningi, usuku lokusebenza lubonakala luhlukaniswe kusengaphambili lwaba izingcezu ezimbili: umsebenzi odingekayo kanye nomsebenzi owengeziwe.
Leli nani eliyinsalela libizwa nge-absolute ngoba liwukuphela kwendlela ekhiqizayo yokuqongelela imali. Kuze kube manje, umlando awukakakhiqizi ezinye izinhlobo zevelu enqwabelene ekhiqizayo.
Qinisa umsebenzi
Ukwakhiwa kwevelu ephelele yemali enqwabelene kusho ukukhuphuka kwenani eliphelele elikhiqizwayo, ngokuvamile ngokukhuphula amahora okusebenza ezisebenzi, kodwa futhi nangokuqinisa umsebenzi owenziwe, ukukhawula amakhefu, ukuphatha ukuphatha, njll.
Njengoba lemali enqwabelene isekelwe ekunxenxeni abasebenzi ukuthi basebenzise amandla omsebenzi amaningi kakhulu kunalokho okudingekayo ukuze bawasekele, kufanele kube nombuso wonxiwankulu wezinhlaka zezombangazwe nemibono emikhulu ukuze kuqiniswe lobu budlelwano phakathi kwezimali nabasebenzi.
Ukwandisa ukuqina komsebenzi ezinkampanini, okulingana nokwelula usuku lokusebenza, kuyindlela yokuthola inani eliphelele lemali esele.
Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi kukhuphuka, kuyanda ngeyunithi ngayinye yesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, inani lezisebenzi ezingakhokhelwa, umqashi azithatha, likhuphuka ngokuphelele.
Izindlela ezibalulekile zabaqashi zokuphoqelela ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu okungenzeka kwabasebenzi zihlanganisa:
- Ukwengezwa kosuku lokusebenza.
- Ukubeka amaholo ukuze abasebenzi baphoqeleke ukusebenza amahora amade.
ukulinganiselwa
Njengamanje, abaqashi bafuna ukuthola inani eliphelele lemali esele ngokuphendukela emsebenzini owenziwe ngesikhathi esengeziwe, basebenzise usuku olude ngokumangazayo kubasebenzi abaningi, ngaphezu kokwandisa kakhulu ukushuba komsebenzi okufanele wenziwe ngalesi sikhathi.
Lolu hlobo lokwenyuka kwenzuzo yemali lulinganiselwe ekusebenziseni kwalo, njengoba lunemingcele yemvelo, njengamahora angama-24 ngosuku, kodwa futhi nemingcele yezenhlalakahle, njengenhlalakahle ekhuthazayo yabantu abasebenzayo.
Ukuqoqwa konxiwankulu kwenani eliphelele le-surplus kunqunyelwe isidingo sokulondoloza isigaba sabasebenzi. Umlando ufundisa ngokungaguquki, ngokucacile, ukuguquguquka kwalo mkhawulo.
Ngokushesha nje lapho ukuncintisana kwethulwa kubasebenzi, futhi uma inhlangano yesigaba sabasebenzi ibuthakathaka, ibhalansi yamandla iba yinto engeyinhle neze esigabeni sabasebenzi.
Kunalokho, ukumelana nesigaba sabasebenzi okuhleliwe kunganciphisa ikhono lonxiwankulu lokuqongelela inani eliphelele lemali esele.
Umbono we-Marxist
Ngokuka-Marx, inani eliphelele lemali esele litholwa ngokukhuphula inani lesikhathi esisetshenzwe isisebenzi ngasinye ngesikhathi sokubala. Ngokuyinhloko uMarx ukhuluma ngobude bosuku noma isonto lokusebenza, kodwa ezikhathini zanamuhla kugxilwa enanini lamahora asetshenzwayo ngonyaka.
Ukukhiqizwa kwevelu enqwabelene kuhlobene ngokuqondile nezinga lokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi emsebenzini: inani eliphelele lemali esele lihlukaniswa ngamaholo.
Lapho imboni yemishini emikhulu ibonakala futhi ithuthukiswa, kwakungenzeka ukwandisa inani lemali esele ngokuyinhloko ngokukhuphula ukukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi.
Lesi isisekelo esijwayelekile lapho uhlelo lonxiwankulu lubekwe phezu kwaso futhi futhi kuyisiqalo sokukhiqizwa kwenani elingaphezulu elilinganiselwe.
Emzabalazweni oqinile wokunciphisa amahora okusebenza, abasebenzi bakwazile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kuchazwa kakhulu ngokomthetho emazweni athuthukile onxiwankulu.
Ngakho, iMay Day, nomzabalazo wesigaba sabasebenzi wosuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, kwaba umzabalazo odumile nowentando yeningi.
Izibonelo
Ake sithi kuthatha amahora amane okusebenza ukwenza umkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, umqashi uqasha isisebenzi ukuthi sisebenze amahora ayisishiyagalombili.
Ngalolo suku, isisebenzi sikhiqiza amayunithi amabili alowo mkhiqizo. Nokho, usonxiwankulu ukhokha kuphela inani elihambisana neyunithi eyodwa, okusele okuhambisana nenani elinqwabelene elidalwe yisisebenzi.
Isibonelo sesithombe
Isamba esiphelele se-surplus senzeka lapho umqashi enweba usuku lokusebenza ukusuka, isibonelo, emahoreni ayishumi kuye emahoreni ayishumi nanye, okumbangela ukuthi asebenze ihora elengeziwe, elibe seligunyazwa ngonxiwankulu.
Ake sithi inani eliphelele elikhiqizwa emahoreni ayi-10 okusebenza lihlukaniswa ngokulinganayo: amahora ama-5 yenani lamandla okusebenza (V) namahora ama-5 eprimiyamu (P).
Ngokunweba usuku lokusebenza ngelinye ihora, inani elengeziwe lemali esele (p') nalo liyakhiqizwa; usomabhizinisi uhola lokho okukhiqizwe ngamahora ayi-6 okusebenza, esikhundleni samahora ama-5 awathole ngaphambilini, njengoba kubonakala esithombeni:
Izinkomba
- U-Klaas V. (2013). Inani eliphelele nelilinganiselwe lemali eningi. I-Anti-Imperialism Itholwe ku-: anti-imperialism.org.
- U-Jan Makandal (2015). Izinhlobo ezimbili yenani elingaphezulu. Ithathwe ku: koleksyon-inip.org.
- I-Eumed (2019). Isichazamazwi somnotho wezepolitiki. Kubuyiswe ku: eumed.net.
- I-Webdianoia (2018). UKarl Marx Kuthathwe ku: webdianoia.com.
- Isibhakela (2011). I-Goodwill Retrieved from: descuadrando.com.