Ucwaningo oluhlukene luwuhlobo locwaningo locwaningo oluqoqa idatha kusuka kusampula yomuntu ngamunye endaweni ethile ngesikhathi. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yolwazi, njengezempilo, isayensi yezenhlalo, kanye nokumaketha, phakathi kokunye.
Kulolu hlobo locwaningo, idatha iqoqwa yonke ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bathole ulwazi mayelana nenani labantu bocwaningo ngesikhathi esithile. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kokuguquguquka nokuhlonza izitayela namaphethini, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqapha isikhathi eside sabahlanganyeli.
Indlela yokucwaninga ehlukene ihlanganisa ukukhetha isampula elimele abantu okuhlosiwe, ukuchaza okuguquguqukayo okufanele kufundwe, ukuqoqa idatha ngohlu lwemibuzo, inhlolokhono noma okubhekwayo, nokuhlaziya ngezibalo imiphumela etholiwe.
Lolu hlobo locwaningo lubalulekile ekuqondeni izici nokuziphatha kwenani elithile labantu ngesikhathi esithile, futhi liyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthatha izinqumo kanye nokwakhiwa kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi.
Izici zocwaningo oluhlukene: okudingeka ukwazi ngale ndlela yokusebenza.
Enye yezindlela zocwaningo ezivame kakhulu emikhakheni eyahlukene yolwazi wucwaningo oluhlukanisa izigaba. Le ndlela yokusebenza ibonakala ngendlela yayo ethile, ehlose ukuhlaziya inani labantu endaweni ethile ngesikhathi. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezici eziyinhloko nendlela yalolu hlobo lokufunda.
Esinye sezici ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zocwaningo oluhlukene ukuqoqwa kwedatha ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulandelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlaziya okusheshayo nangempumelelo kwezici zenani locwaningo, okulenza lisebenziseke kakhulu ezifundweni ze-epidemiological kanye nezinhlolovo zezibalo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile okufanele sigqanyiswe yikhono lokuqhathanisa amaqembu noma izinto eziguquguqukayo ezahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa, okwenza kube lula ukuhlonza ubudlelwano namaphethini angaba khona. Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukuthola umbono obanzi nophelele wento efundwayo.
Ukuze wenze ucwaningo oluhlukene, kuyadingeka ukuchaza ngokucacile inani labantu okuhlosiwe, ukhethe isampula elimele, futhi usebenzise amathuluzi afanelekile wokuqoqa idatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso nokuthembeka kwemiphumela etholwe ngokuhlaziywa kwezibalo okufanele nokutolikwa kwedatha ngokucophelela.
Ngamafuphi, ucwaningo oluhlanganisa izingxenye luyindlela yocwaningo ephumelelayo yokuhlaziya inani labantu ngesikhathi esithile, okuvumela ukuqhathaniswa kwamaqembu noma izinto eziguquguqukayo ezahlukene kanye nokuhlonza ubudlelwano namaphethini. Kubalulekile ukulandela izimiso zendlela nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yemiphumela ukuze uthole iziphetho ezivumelekile nezithembekile.
Izici eziyinhloko zocwaningo oluhlukene: qonda izici zalolu hlobo locwaningo.
Ucwaningo oluhlukene luwuhlobo locwaningo isici salo esiyinhloko siqoqa idatha ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulandela ababambiqhaza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abacwaningi bahlaziya isampula lesibalo sabantu endaweni ethile ngesikhathi, ngenhloso yokubheka ukwanda kokuguquguquka okuthile noma izici.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zocwaningo oluhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili ukuthi lulula futhi lushesha ekuqoqweni kwedatha. Ngenxa yokuthi aludingi ukulandelwa kwesikhathi eside, lolu hlobo locwaningo lungenziwa ngokushesha futhi ngezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo zesikhathi eside.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo ezihlanganisa izingxenye ziwusizo ekuhloleni ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ngesikhathi esithile, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi babone amaphethini kanye nezitayela emphakathini othile. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi izifundo ezihlanganisa izingxenye azivumeli ukusungula ubudlelwano bembangela nomphumela, njengoba idatha iqoqwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuze benze ucwaningo oluhlanganisa izingxenye, abacwaningi kumele bachaze isampula okufanele ifundwe, bathuthukise inqubo yokuqoqwa kwedatha , futhi benze ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwemiphumela etholakele. Ukuqinisekisa ukumelwa kwesampula kanye nekhwalithi yedatha eqoqwe kubalulekile ukuze imiphumela ibe ethembekile futhi efanele.
Ngamafuphi, izifundo ezihlukene ziyithuluzi elibalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlaziye ukuvama kokuguquguquka okuthile kusibalo sabantu ngesikhathi esithile. Naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwazo, lolu hlobo lokufunda lubalulekile ekuqondeni amaphethini nezitayela ezimweni ezehlukene futhi lube negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi emikhakheni eyahlukene.
Kuyini ucwaningo oluhlukene phakathi: incazelo enembayo yalolu hlobo locwaningo.
Ucwaningo oluhlukene luwuhlobo locwaningo olufuna ukuhlaziya inani labantu elinikeziwe ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuqoqwe idatha ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokungafani nezifundo zelongitudinal, ezilandela abantu abafanayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ucwaningo oluhlukene luhlaziya amaqembu ahlukene abantu ngesikhathi esithile.
Lolu hlobo locwaningo lusetshenziselwa ukuphenya ukusabalala kwezimo ezithile, ukuziphatha, noma izici kubantu abaningi endaweni ethile ngesikhathi. Isibonelo, inhlolovo yezigaba ezahlukene ingase yenziwe ukuze kuhlaziywe ukusabalala kwezifo ezingelapheki endaweni ethile noma kuphenywe imikhuba yokudliwa kwenani elithile labantu.
Ukwenza ucwaningo oluhlukene, kuyadingeka ukuchaza ngokucacile inani labantu okuhlosiwe, ukhethe isampula elimele, uthuthukise amathuluzi wokuqoqa idatha, futhi uhlaziye imiphumela ngendlela efanele. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi lolu hlobo locwaningo alukuvumeli ukusungula ubudlelwane bembangela-nomphumela, kodwa kunalokho lunikeza umbono jikelele wesimo ngesikhathi esithile.
Ngamafuphi, ucwaningo oluhlukene luyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqonda iqiniso lenani labantu ngesikhathi esithile, linikeza ulwazi olubalulekile lokuthatha izinqumo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi.
Izinselelo zocwaningo oluhlukene: qonda ukulinganiselwa nobuthakathaka balo.
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu zocwaningo oluhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili ukulinganiselwa kwesikhathi, njengoba ukuqoqwa kwedatha kwenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima ukuhlonza ubudlelwano bembangela nemiphumela, njengoba kungenzeki ukulandelela intuthuko yabahlanganyeli ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kube nokubandlulula ekukhumbuzweni, njengoba abahlanganyeli kudingeka bakhumbule ngokunembile izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule.
Obunye ubuthakathaka ukuntuleka kokulawula iziguquguquko ezididayo, njengoba umcwaningi engakwazi ukushintsha izimo zocwaningo. Lokhu kungaholela emiphumeleni enobandlululo nengathembeki kangako. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhethwa kwabahlanganyeli kungase kungabi yibo abamele inani labantu abacwaningwayo, okunciphisa ukuvama kwemiphumela.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda imikhawulo kanye nobuthakathaka bocwaningo oluhlukene ukuze utolike ngokunembile imiphumela futhi ugweme iziphetho ezisheshayo. Kubalulekile ukucabangela lezi zinselele lapho uhlela futhi wenza ucwaningo oluhlukene, uqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokufaneleka kwedatha etholiwe.
Ucwaningo Lwezigaba Ezihlukene: Izimpawu Nendlela Yokusebenza
Ucwaningo oluhlanganisa izingxenye luhilela ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya idatha yokuhlola nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Lusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezesayensi yezenhlalo, lugxile emphakathini othile wabantu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zocwaningo, njengezifundo zesikhathi eside, ucwaningo oluhlanganisa izingxenye lukhawulela ukuqoqwa kwedatha esikhathini esisodwa.
Izifundo ezinalolu hlobo lomklamo zinikeza incazelo kakhulu kunemiphumela yokuhlola. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zocwaningo oluhlukene, ngayinye enezinhloso nezindlela ezahlukene. Uma kubhekwa izici zabo, ziwusizo kakhulu ekuchazeni ukuthi okuguquguqukayo kuthinte kanjani inani labantu ngesikhathi esithile.
Ihlobene eduze nezibalo zabantu kanye nezibalo, njengoba amathuluzi afana, nendlela okwethulwa ngayo imiphumela. Phakathi kwezici zayo ijubane okuhlolwa ngalo okuguquguqukayo okuhlolisiswayo, cishe ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuthi isampula lenani labantu elikhethiwe limelele ngokwanele. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kubeka engcupheni yokuhlanekezela iziphetho.
Izici
Isici esiyinhloko salolu hlobo locwaningo yindlela idatha eqoqwa ngayo. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziselwa ukukala ukusabalala kwesenzo esilinganiswayo, kanye nendlela esithinta ngayo inani labantu ngesikhathi esithile.
Ucwaningo lwezigaba ezahlukene aluweli ngaphansi kwesigaba sezifundo zokuhlola, kodwa lusekelwe ekuqapheliseni izifundo endaweni yazo yempilo yangempela. Uma inhloso yocwaningo isikhethiwe, izici ezithile noma izimo ziyaqhathaniswa kanyekanye. Yingakho futhi kubizwa ngokuthi ukucwiliswa ensimini.
Ezikhathini eziningi, amasampula akhethwe njengokumelela inani labantu afundwa ngokwekhwalithi. Lokhu kuvumela okuguquguqukayo ukuthi kuchazwe ngokuhlaziya izehlakalo zabo emphakathini okukhulunywa ngawo.
Lapho kwethulwa iziphetho, amathuluzi asetshenzisiwe afana kakhulu nezibalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamafrikhwensi aphelele, izindlela, izindlela, noma amanani aphezulu kuvamile. Ngokufanayo, amagrafu, imidwebo, nezinye izici ezivumela ukwethulwa okungcono kwemiphumela zivame ukusetshenziswa.
Izifundo ezihlukene zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene, kuye ngezinhloso nezindlela zazo:
Iphrojekthi yokuhlola
Lokhu kuhlola kokuqala kuhilela ukuqala ukuqonda okuguquguqukayo noma isethi yokuguquguquka. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa enkingeni entsha futhi isebenza njengohlobo lwesingeniso kwezinye izifundo ngesihloko esifanayo. Ziyizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekucwilisweni kwensimu ngaphakathi kwendlela yekhwalithi.
Umklamo ochazayo
Lolu hlobo lokuklama lufunda amanani kanye nesigameko sokuguquguquka okukodwa noma ngaphezulu. Umphumela uwukubuka okuhlosiwe kwesimo endaweni ethile ngesikhathi.
Ohlotsheni locwaningo olunemiphumela echaza ngokugcwele, kanye nemibono engathuthukiswa kusuka kudatha.
Isibonelo esicacile singase sibe isifundo sezokwelapha sesifo esithile. Uma idatha isitholiwe, udokotela uzonquma ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yabantu ethinteka kakhulu yilesi sifo.
Ngokuqinisekile ngeke kukusize uqonde izimbangela, kodwa kuyisisekelo esihle socwaningo lwangomuso olujula ngesihloko.
I-Causal Correlational Design
Kulokhu, abacwaningi bazobheka ubudlelwano phakathi kokuguquguquka okubili okuhlukene. Umgomo ungase ube ukunquma ukuthi ingabe ikhona yini imbangela phakathi kwabo. Kwesinye isikhathi, lesi sici sithatha isihlalo esingemuva, sithola ubudlelwano kwezinye izindawo.
I-Metodologia
Kulolu hlobo locwaningo, ukukhethwa kwesifundo akudingi ukutadisha kwangaphambili, ngaphandle kokubheka ububanzi bezinto eziguquguqukayo okufanele ziphenywe; kungaba indawo, umakhelwane, isigaba noma elinye iqembu labantu.
Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphenya ukusabalala kwanoma yisiphi isifo; kulokhu, kufanele ukhethe indawo oyithandayo. Isibonelo, hlola ukuthi izifo ezihlobene kakhulu zenzekile yini edolobheni eliseduze nokukhishwa okunobuthi.
Kubalulekile ukuthi isampula elikhethiwe limele inani labantu esizokwengeza imiphumela kulo.
Qoqa idatha
Kunezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuthola idatha edingekayo. Indlela evamile ukwenza lokho ngokuqondile, ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo zomuntu siqu, izinhlolovo, noma uhlu lwemibuzo.
Ukuze umsebenzi wabo uphumelele, umcwaningi udinga ukuchaza ngokucacile izehlakalo nezimo okufanele zikalwe.
I-hypothesis
Uma ithimba labacwaningi selinayo yonke idatha edingekayo, kufanele liyihlaziye futhi lithuthukise imibono efanelekile.
Kuye ngecala, inhloso ukuthola ukusabalala kwento ethile, isethulwe ngemidwebo; Kwezinye izikhathi, imane ifuna ukuchaza isimo.
Izinzuzo nemibi
Izinzuzo
Lezi zifundo zinezici ezinenzuzo kakhulu lapho uphenya izihloko ezithile. Ngenxa yokuthi adinga ukulungiswa okuncane noma okokusebenza okukhethekile, ayabiza futhi ayashesha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, banikeza ithuba lokukala izici eziningi ngocwaningo olulodwa. Udinga nje ukwandisa ububanzi bemibuzo ukuze uhlanganise izinhloso eziningi. Ngokufanayo, uma isampula inkulu ngokwanele, kulula ukubikezela ukusabalala kwemiphumela.
Okokugcina, ngokuvamile ayikho imikhawulo yezimiso zokuziphatha uma uyidala. Umcwaningi unesithakazelo kuphela esimweni ngesikhathi esithile, ngakho-ke ngeke kube nezinkinga ezijwayelekile zezifundo zesikhathi eside.
Okubi
Okubi okuyinhloko kocwaningo oluhlukene yizici zamaqembu eliwafundayo.
Ukuntuleka kokulawula okuguquguqukayo kubangela ubudlelwane bembangela-nomphumela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, njengoba idatha iqoqwa kanye kuphela, umcwaningi akakwazi ukuqiniseka ukuthi imiphumela ngeke ihluke ngesinye isikhathi.
Iqiniso lokuthi amaqembu ahlaziywayo awakhethwa ngokungahleliwe libangela ukuthi amaqembu amancane amelwe ngokweqile noma, ngokuphambene, angabonakali nhlobo.
Okokugcina, lolu hlobo locwaningo alufanele ukusungula imiphumela yesikhathi eside yanoma iyiphi into. Kuzodingeka kwenziwe olunye ucwaningo ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela.
Izinkomba
- Seehorn, Ashley. Izindlela Zokucwaninga Ezihlukene. Kubuyiswe ku-geniolandia.com
- Shuttleworth, Martyn. Ucwaningo lwezigaba ezahlukene. Kubuyiswe ku-explorable.com
- Inyuvesi yaseJaén. Izifundo ezihlukene noma zezomthetho. Kutholwe ku-jaen.es
- Cherry, Kendra. I-Cross-Sectional Research Method: Isebenza Kanjani? Kubuyiswe ku- verywellmind.com
- Isikhungo Somsebenzi Nezempilo. Izifundo ze-cross-sectional vs. longitudinal. Kubuyiswe ku-iwh.on.ca
- Singh Setia, Maninder. Uchungechunge Lwendlela Yokusebenza Imojula 3: Izifundo Ezihlukene. Kubuyiswe ku-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- UMartin, uJeff. Izifundo Ezihlukene. Kutholwe ku-ctspedia.org