Ukukhiqizwa kwamakhowe kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ethakazelisayo ehilela ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlamvu kanye nokwakheka kwabantu abasha. Amakhowe ayisikhunta esizalana ngokobulili nangokocansi, kuye ngezimo zemvelo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzalanisa amakhowe, njengokuzalana kwezitshalo, ukwakheka kwezinhlamvu, nokuzalana ngokocansi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izici nezinhlobo zokuzalanisa amakhowe, sigqamisa ukubaluleka kwale nqubo ngokuhlukahluka nokuphila kwalezi zinambuzane emvelweni.
Iyiphi indlela yokukhiqiza amakhowe?
Amakhowe yizinto eziphilayo ezizalana ngezinhlamvu, indlela yokukhiqiza ngaphandle kobulili. Le nqubo iqala ngokwakhiwa kwe-sporangia, izakhiwo eziqukethe izinhlamvu. Lapho lezi zinhlamvu sezivuthiwe, zidedelwa endaweni ezungezile futhi zingaqhuma zibe ukhunta olusha.
Izinhlamvu zamakhowe zihlakazwa umoya, amanzi, noma ngisho nezilwane, okuzivumela ukuba zisakazekele ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Lapho zihlangabezana nezimo ezikahle, njengomswakama owanele nezakhi zomzimba, izinhlamvu ziyaqhuma bese ziveza ukhunta olusha.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amakhowe angakwazi futhi ukuzalana ngokocansi, ngokukhiqizwa kwama-gametes ngezakhiwo ezahlukene zokuzala. Lolu hlobo lokuzala lunomthelela ekushintshashintsheni kofuzo kwezinhlobo zezilwane, okwandisa amandla ayo okuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene.
Ngamafuphi, amakhowe azalana ngokuyinhloko ngezinhlamvu, inqubo yokuzalana ngendlela engenabulili evumela ukuhlakazeka nokuhluma kwalezi zakhiwo kubangele isikhunta esisha.
Zitholele izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhowe atholakala emvelweni kanye nokuhlukahluka kwawo okunambitheka.
Amakhowe ayisikhunta esiza ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo nama-flavour. Angatholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela emahlathini kuya emasimini, futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ekuphekeni kwamasiko amaningi emhlabeni jikelele.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhowe, ngalinye linezici zalo ezihlukile nama-flavour. Ezinye ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa i-champignon, noma shitake, noma portobello futhi i ilanga mushroomNgayinye yalawa makhowe inokunambitheka okuhlukile futhi ingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ekhishini.
Amakhowe azalana ngezinhlamvu, ezikhishwa izakhiwo zokuzala zesikhunta. Lezi zinhlamvu zingasakazwa ngumoya, amanzi, noma izilwane, futhi lapho zithola indawo ekahle, ziyaqhuma bese ziveza isikhunta esisha.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwamakhowe kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga izimo ezithile ukuze kuphumelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zamakhowe okunzima kakhulu ukuzihlakulela kunezinye, okubangela ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ezitholakala emvelweni.
Ngamafuphi, amakhowe ayizinto eziphilayo ezithakazelisayo ezidlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni nasekudleni komuntu. Ukuhlukahluka kwazo kwezinhlobo nama-flavour kuzenza zibe izithako eziguquguqukayo ezijatshulelwa abantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele.
Zizala kanjani isikhunta? Funda kabanzi mayelana nezinqubo zabo zokuzala.
Isikhunta sizalana ngezindlela eziningi, kanti ukuzalana kobulili okungavamile kanye nokuzalana ngokocansi kuvame kakhulu. Ekuzalaneni okungasexual, isikhunta sizalana ngezinhlamvu, okuyizakhiwo ezincane, ezingasindi ezikwazi ukuhlakazeka emoyeni bese zikhula zibe izinto eziphilayo ezintsha. Ekuzalweni kocansi, isikhunta sizalana ngamangqamuzana ocansi akhethekile, njengama-gametes, ahlanganayo akhe into entsha.
Ukwengeza, isikhunta singazalana njenge-vegetative, lapho into ephilayo ihlukana ibe izingxenye ezincane ezikhula zibe abantu abasha. Lolu hlobo lokuzala luvamile ezikhunjini ezifana namakhowe, anama-hyphae (imicu) ahlukanisayo futhi akhe izinto eziphilayo ezintsha.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzalaniswa kocansi kusikhunta, njengokuzalana kwe-biparental, lapho izinto eziphilayo ezimbili ezihlukene zinikela ngezakhi zofuzo ekwakhiweni kwento ephilayo entsha, kanye nokuzalana komzali oyedwa, lapho into eyodwa ephilayo ikhiqiza amangqamuzana ocansi ahlanganayo ukuze akhe into entsha.
Ngamafuphi, isikhunta sizala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kungaba ngezinhlamvu, ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo, noma ukuzalana ngokocansi. Indlela ngayinye yokuzala inezici zayo futhi inomthelela ekwahlukeni nasekuzivumelaniseni nalezi zinambuzane endaweni yazo.
Indlela yokuzala yamakhowe yokukhiqiza i-asexual: yisiphi isakhiwo esisetshenziswayo?
Amakhowe anendlela yokuzala yokukhiqiza kabusha okungasexual okubandakanya ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezithile. Esinye sezakhiwo ezisetshenziswa amakhowe ukukhiqiza kabusha okungasexual yi inhlamvu. Ama-spores amangqamuzana okuzala akhishwa umzimba wamakhowe futhi angahluma akhe abantu abasha.
Uma izinhlamvu seziphumile, zingahlakazwa ngomoya noma ngezinye izindlela, njengezilwane noma amanzi. Lapho ezinhlamvu zithole indawo efanelekile, zingaqhuma futhi zakhe i-mycelium entsha, okuyingxenye yezitshalo zekhowe. Le mycelium ingakhula futhi idale umzimba omusha othela izithelo, uqedele umjikelezo wokuzala wamakhowe.
Ukuzalaniswa kwamakhowe ngendlela exakile ngezinhlamvu kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokuqhubekisela phambili uhlobo. Lelisu lokuzala livumela amakhowe ukuthi aqoqe izindawo ezintsha futhi asakazeke ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukukhiqiza Amakhowe: Izimpawu Nezinhlobo
A ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-fungus kungaba ngokocansi noma okocansi. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-fungal, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi kukhona nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhiqiza.
Lapho isikhunta siqeda isikhathi saso sokukhula, siqala isigaba sazo sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, bakhiqiza futhi bakhulule inani elikhulu lezinhlamvu. Ama-spores amangqamuzana ngamanye akhiqizwa ngezindlela ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwesikhunta.
Lapho inqubo yokuzala ikhula ngokocansi, lokhu kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa kwama-nuclei amabili ahlanganayo lapho amangqamuzana ocansi amabili ehlangana.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ngokuvamile kulula futhi kungathuthukiswa ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Izinhlobo zokuzalanisa isikhunta
ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Asexual, njengakwezinye izinto eziphilayo, kubonakala yiqiniso lokuthi umuntu oyedwa angakhiqiza entsha ngaphandle komnikelo wofuzo womunye umuntu. Endabeni yesikhunta, le nqubo ingenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili:
1- Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-talus
Indlela elula yokuzalanisa i-asexual ku-fungus ukuhlukaniswa kwe-thallus, okungukuthi, umzimba wesikhunta.
Amanye ama-yeasts (isikhunta esineseli elilodwa) azala ngenxa yenqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli lapho i-stem cell ihlukaniswa ngamaseli amantombazane amabili.
Ngemva kwenkathi yokukhula lapho efinyelela ubukhulu obuthile, la mangqamuzana aphinde ahlukane. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlukana okuqhubekayo, isibalo sonke sesikhunta esineseli elilodwa singakheka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ku-filamentous fungus, i-mycelium ingahlukaniswa uchungechunge lwezingxenye ezihlukene, ngayinye engaba umuntu ophelele.
2- Ukuvela
I-Budding ingenye indlela evamile yokukhiqiza i-asexual kusikhunta. Kwenzeka kuma-yeast amaningi kanye nakwezinye isikhunta esine-filamentous.
Kule nqubo, kuvela ihlumela ebusweni be-yeast cell. I-nucleus kamama ibe isihlukana, futhi enye ye-nuclei entsha ithuthela ehlumeni, kuyilapho enye isala ngaphakathi kwe-stem cell.
I-stem cell iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukuqhuma okuningi endaweni yayo ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-cytoplasm kanye nokuhlukana okuphindaphindiwe kwe-nuclear.
Ngisho nokuqubuka okusha okusaxhumene ne-stem cell kuyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukuqubuka okusha, ukukhiqiza uchungechunge lwamaseli.
Ukuzalana ngokocansi
Ukuzalaniswa kocansi kusikhunta kwenzeka lapho amangqamuzana ocansi amabili ehlangana. Ngalo mqondo, ukuba khona kwemithwalo yofuzo emibili ehlukene kunikeza isikhunta ukuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo kofuzo, okusivumela ukuba sivumelane nezimo ezintsha.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza ucansi kusikhunta ihlukile. Ezilwaneni eziningi, izitshalo, kanye nama-protists, ulwelwesi lwamaseli luyancishiswa futhi luguqulwe. Kodwa-ke, kusikhunta, ihlala injalo kuyo yonke inqubo.
– Izigaba zokuzalana ngokocansi
Ukuzalaniswa kocansi kusikhunta kunezigaba ezintathu: i-plasmogamy, i-karyostasis kanye ne-meiosis.
Ama-chromosome e-Diploid ahlukaniswa abe amangqamuzana amantombazane amabili, ngalinye liqukethe isethi eyodwa yama-chromosome; okungukuthi, angamaseli e-haploid. Amaseli amantombazane amabili anama-nuclei ahambisanayo ahlangana ku-plasmogamy.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zikhona esitokisini esisodwa, kodwa ama-nuclei awakahlangani.
Kuphakathi nenqubo ye-karyostasis lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwama-nuclei amabili kwenzeka, kwakha i-nucleus entsha ye-diploid, okungukuthi, i-nucleus entsha enamasethi amabili ama-chromosome avela kubazali abahlukene.
Iseli elakheka ngesikhathi se-karyostasis libizwa ngokuthi i-zygote. Ezikhunjini eziningi, i-zygote iwukuphela kweseli eliba yi-diploid. Eqinisweni, isimo se-dikaryotic esibangelwa i-plasmogamy ngokuvamile siyisimo esihlala njalo kusikhunta.
Uma i-karyotype isiqediwe, kwenzeka i-meiosis, ehlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okunciphisa inani lama-chromosome libe isethi eyodwa iseli ngalinye. Lokhu kubuyisela iseli esimweni salo se-haploid.
– Izitho zocansi
Isikhunta sisebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezahlukahlukene zenqubo ye-plasmogamy. Amanye akhiqiza amangqamuzana obulili akhethekile akhishwa ezithweni zawo zobulili, okuthiwa i-gametangia.
Kwezinye isikhunta, izitho zobulili ziyahlangana ukuze amangqamuzana adlule esuka kowesilisa aye kowesifazane.
Kunezimo lapho umuntu oyedwa ethwala izitho zobulili zowesilisa nowesifazane, ngaleyo ndlela athathwe njenge-hermaphrodite. Eqinisweni, akuvamile ukuthi i-gametangia yobulili obuhlukene ikhiqizwe abantu abahlukene.
Izinhlobo zesikhunta ezikhiqiza izitho zobulili zabesilisa nabesifazane kubantu abahlukene zaziwa njengezinhlobo ze-dioecious. Kulezi zimo, izitho zobulili zenzeka kuphela lapho kukhona khona umuntu wobulili obuhlukile.
– Ukungahambisani ngokocansi
Kwezinye izinhlobo zesikhunta, abantu bakhiqiza izitho ezihlukene zesilisa nesesifazane, kodwa abakwazi ukuzivundisa ngoba izitho zabo zocansi azihambisani.
Lezi zinhlobo zesikhunta zidinga ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhwelana ukuze kuhlanganiswe ucansi.
Lokhu kwenzeka ezinhlotsheni lapho kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zokukhwelana. Kulezi zimo, ama-gametes ahambisana kuphela namanye ama-gametes olunye uhlobo, yingakho igama elithi heterothallic fungi.
- Ama-pheromones ocansi
Inqubo yokwakheka kwesitho socansi kusikhunta ibangelwa izinto ezithile eziphilayo. Lapho lezi zitholwa okokuqala, zazibizwa ngokuthi amahomoni ocansi, nakuba empeleni angama-pheromone ocansi.
Ama-Pheromones angamakhemikhali akhiqizwa umuntu ukuze avuse impendulo yocansi komunye. Isibonelo, ku-Allomyces, i-pheromone ebizwa ngokuthi "i-mermaid encane" ikhishwa ama-gamete abesifazane ukuze ihehe ama-gamete wesilisa.
Ngisho nakwesinye isikhunta esilula esingahlukani ngokwesakhiwo, ama-pheromone anomsebenzi wokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali ukuze akhiqize i-trisphoric acid.
Le pheromone ivumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezikhethekile ezizovumela kamuva ukuzala.
Izinkomba
- U-Ahmadjian, V. (2017). Isikhunta Sitholakale ku: britannica.com
- Ingxoxo Yebhayoloji (SF). Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwesikhunta. Ithathwe ku: biologydiscussion.com
- I-Lumen (SF). Izici zesikhunta. Kubuyiswe ku: cursos.lumenlearning.com