Izintaba-mlilo ziyamangalisa futhi zenza ukwakheka komhlaba okukhangayo okuvusa ilukuluku nokuthakasela kubantu babo bonke ubudala. Baziwa ngekhono labo lokuxosha udaka, umlotha, namagesi entaba-mlilo, okubangela umthelela omkhulu endaweni ezungezile. Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqonda izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili ezibalulekile zentaba-mlilo, kusukela ku-magma chamber kuya emgodini, ukuze uqonde kangcono ukusebenza nokwakheka kwalokhu kubonakaliswa okunamandla kwemvelo.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sezintaba-mlilo: funda mayelana nezingqimba ezakha lokhu kwakheka komhlaba.
Izintaba-mlilo ziyizakhiwo ezimangalisayo ze-geological ezinezakhiwo zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezithakazelisayo. Ukuqonda izingxenye zentaba-mlilo kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukusebenza kwayo kanye nezimo ezihlobene nayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili ezibalulekile zentaba-mlilo.
1. Magma chamber
I-magma chamber yindawo lapho i-magma iqoqana khona ngaphambi kokuba ikhishelwe phezulu. Kuyi-a izwe of high pressure kanye lokushisa, okungase akhiwe eziningana ama-quilômetros ejulile.
2. Ushimula
Ushimula umzila lapho i-magma ikhuphuka ibheke ngase- phezulu. Kungoshimula lapho ukuqhuma kwenzeka khona intaba-mlilo, ukukhulula umlotha, amagesi nodaka.
3. I-volcanic cone
I-volcanic cone iyisakhiwo esakha ukuzungeza indawo yokuphefumula, esakhiwe izingqimba zomlotha, amatshe, nodaka oluqinile. Ingafinyelela ukuphakama okumangazayo, kuye ngenani lezinto ezikhishwa ngesikhathi sokuqhuma.
4. I-crater
I-crater iyisiqongo sentaba-mlilo, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuqhuma kanye nezinto zentaba-mlilo zixoshwa. Kuvamile ukuthola ama-fumaroles namachibi e-lava ngaphakathi kwe-crater ye-volcano esebenzayo.
5. AmaFumaroles
Ama-Fumaroles yizintuba ezingaphezulu kwentaba-mlilo okuphuma kuzo amagesi kanye nomhwamuko ophuma ku-magma. Ziwuphawu lomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo futhi zingase zibonise ukuqhuma okuseduze.
6. Udaka
I-lava i-magma efinyelela phezulu futhi iqine, yakhe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamadwala entaba-mlilo. Ingageleza kancane noma ikhishwe ngokuqhuma, kuye ngokuthi i-viscosity yayo kanye nezinga lokushisa.
7. Ibhoyili
I-caldera ukucindezeleka okwakhiwa phezulu kwentaba-mlilo ngemva kokuqhuma okuyinhlekelele okuthululela i-magma chamber. Kungaba eziningana ama-quilômetros ububanzi futhi igcwele amanzi, ukwakha ichibi.
8. Izinqe
Izinhlangothi zentaba-mlilo ziyimithambeka esukela ku-volcanic cone. Akhiwe ngezinto ezikhishwa ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, okufana nomlotha, amatshe, nodaka oluqinile, futhi lungantengantenga, olungase lubangele ukudilika kwenhlabathi nama-avalanche.
Ukwazi izingxenye zentaba-mlilo kubalulekile ukuze uqonde amandla ayo kanye nobungozi obuhambisana nomsebenzi wayo. Izintaba-mlilo ziyizinto zemvelo ezimangalisayo ezifanele ukufundwa nokuhlonishwa ngenxa yobuhle namandla azo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezintaba-mlilo: funda ngezigaba ezahlukene kanye nezici zalokhu kwakheka komhlaba.
Izintaba-mlilo ziyizakhiwo ezimangalisayo zokuma komhlaba ezihlaba umxhwele futhi zixake abantu emhlabeni wonke. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zezintaba-mlilo, ngayinye inezici zayo kanye nezigaba zayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili ezibalulekile zentaba-mlilo, ukuze uqonde kangcono lokhu kubonakaliswa kwemvelo okumangalisayo.
1. Igumbi le-Magma: Yindawo lapho i-magma inqwabelana khona ngaphambi kokuxoshwa ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.
2. Ushimula: Yisiteshi lapho i-magma ikhuphuka ifike phezu kwentaba-mlilo.
3. I-Crater: Yimbobo engaphezulu kwentaba-mlilo okuphuma kuyo i-magma, umlotha namagesi ngesikhathi sokuqhuma.
4. Izinhlangothi: Lena yimithambeka yentaba-mlilo, lapho i-magma inganqwabelana futhi ibangele ukudilika kwenhlabathi.
5. I-Lava: Yimagma efika phezu kwentaba-mlilo futhi iqine, yakhe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamadwala entaba-mlilo.
6. Umlotha wentabamlilo: Ziyizicucu zamatshe kanye nengilazi yentaba-mlilo ezaxoshwa ngesikhathi sokuqhuma futhi ezingahlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu.
7. Ama-Pyroclasts: Ziyizicucu zamatshe entaba-mlilo ezixoshwa ngesivinini esikhulu phakathi nokuqhuma.
8. Izindawo zokuhlala e- Lava Lokhu ukwakheka kodaka lwentaba-mlilo e-viscous enqwabelana phezulu kwentaba-mlilo, engabangela ukuqhuma okunodlame.
Ukuqonda izingxenye zentaba-mlilo kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi lezi zakhiwo ze-geological zisebenza kanjani nokuthi zingawuthinta kanjani umhlaba wethu. Izintaba-mlilo ziyizimangaliso zangempela zemvelo, ezikwazi ukubumba izindawo futhi zibe nomthelela esimweni sezulu somhlaba. Sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sisizile ekukhanyiseleni okwengeziwe ngalezi zakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele zokuma komhlaba.
Ingakanani ingqikithi yezintaba-mlilo okwamanje ezisabalele kwiplanethi enguMhlaba?
Okwamanje, kukhona mayelana 1.500 izintaba-mlilo izimpahla zisakazwa iplanethi enguMhlaba. Lezi zakhiwo zokuma komhlaba zinesibopho sokuqhuma okungadala umthelela omkhulu emvelweni nasezimpilweni zabantu.
Izingxenye ezingu-8 ezibaluleke kakhulu zentaba-mlilo
Intaba-mlilo yakhiwe izingxenye eziningana, ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzo yilezi:
- Igumbi le-Magma: kulapho i-magma inqwabelana khona ngaphambi kokuqhuma.
- Ushimula: isiteshi lapho i-magma namagesi kukhishwa khona ngesikhathi sokuqhuma.
- I-Crater: ukuvuleka phezulu kwentabamlilo okwenzeka ngayo ukuqhuma.
- I-Lava: i-magma exoshiwe eqina lapho ihlangana nomoya.
- Ama-Pyroclasts: izingcezu zamatshe nomlotha ezikhishwe ngesikhathi sokuqhuma.
- Izinhlangothi: izinhlangothi zentaba-mlilo ezingashibilika ngesikhathi sokuqhuma.
- Izigaxa zentabamlilo: izintaba ezakhiwe ukunqwabelana kodaka nezinye izinto ezixoshiwe.
- Caldera: ukucindezeleka okwakhiwa ngemva kokuqhuma okunodlame, lapho i-magma chamber ivezwa khona.
Lezi zingxenye zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zenze intaba-mlilo futhi zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenza kwayo kanye nezingozi ezihlobene nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela izimpawu zentaba-mlilo ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kwalabo abahlala eduze kwalezi zakhiwo.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zentaba-mlilo: funda mayelana nezici ezinhle zalokhu kwakheka komhlaba.
Izintaba-mlilo ziyizakhiwo ezimangalisayo zokuma komhlaba okuthi, naphezu kokuhlotshaniswa nezinhlekelele zemvelo, nazo zinezinzuzo ezimbalwa. Funda mayelana nezingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili ezibalulekile zentaba-mlilo futhi uqonde kangcono izici ezinhle zalesi zimangaliso semvelo.
1. Magma Chamber
A igumbi le-magma Yichibi elingaphansi komhlaba lapho i-magma inqwabelana khona ngaphambi kokuba ikhishwe ngentaba-mlilo. Le ngxenye ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwentaba-mlilo futhi isiza ukugcina ukulingana kweplanethi.
2. Ushimula
A ushimula Yisiteshi lapho i-magma ikhuphuka ibheke phezulu. Ivumela ukukhululwa kokucindezela kwangaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo, kuvimbele ukuqhuma okuyinhlekelele.
3. I-Volcanic Cone
O i-volcanic cone yisakhiwo esimise okwekhoni esakheka eduze nendawo yentaba-mlilo. Inesibopho sokuqondisa i-lava nomlotha ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, ukuvimbela ukulimala ezindaweni ezihlala abantu.
4. I-crater
A umgodi Yimbobo esesiqongweni sentaba-mlilo okuphuma kuyo udaka namagesi. Ivumela ukukhululwa kwengcindezi yangaphakathi kanye nokuvuselelwa kwendawo ezungeze intaba-mlilo.
5. Udaka
A i-lava Yi-magma efika phezulu futhi iqine, yakhe amadwala amasha futhi ivundise inhlabathi ezungeze intaba-mlilo. Ibuye isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izinto zokwakha.
6. Umlotha
As umlotha akhishwa phakathi nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, asiza ekuvundiseni inhlabathi futhi enothisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zakule ndawo. Zingasetshenziswa futhi njengezinto zokwakha kanye ne-insulation.
7. Amagesi Entabamlilo
Os amagesi entabamlilo ukukhishwa ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kungaba nomthelela ekulinganiseni kwamakhemikhali emkhathini, kanye nokunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo.
8. I-Geothermal
Amandla i-geothermal Ukushisa okuvela ku-magma kungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi nokushisa ezindaweni eziseduze nezintaba-mlilo. Lo mthombo wamandla ahlanzekile, avuselelekayo ungenye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zezintaba-mlilo.
Ngamafuphi, izintaba-mlilo aziyona imithombo yengozi kuphela, kodwa futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvuseleleni nasekuvundiseni uMhlaba, kanye nokuba imithombo yamandla ahlanzekile, avuselelekayo. Kubalulekile ukwazisa nokufunda lezi zakhiwo ze-geological ukuze ukhulise izinzuzo zazo.
Izingxenye ezingu-8 ezibaluleke kakhulu zentaba-mlilo
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zentaba-mlilo i-crater, ushimula, i-volcanic cone, i-cone yesibili, i-magma chamber, i-main vent, amatshe e-sedimentary, i-fumarole, nekholomu eqhumayo.
Izintabamlilo ziwukwakheka kwe-geological okumele ukuqhekeka oqweqweni Lomhlaba okuvumela ukuxoshwa kwezingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba, njenge-magma namagesi.
Izakhiwo zangaphakathi zezindikimba zentaba-mlilo zingahluka kuye ngokuma kwazo nokuhlukaniswa kwazo. Igama elaziwa kakhulu lentaba-mlilo ama-stratovolcano, anezintaba eziphakeme kanye nokuma kwazo okuyisiyingi.
Isakhiwo sangaphandle esingabonakala ezintaba-mlilo siwumphumela wokwakheka kwendlela yangaphakathi lapho ukunqwabelana kwezingqimba zomlotha kanye nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi okuqhubekayo kuye kwabumba ingaphandle lentaba-mlilo.
Ukwakheka kwentaba-mlilo akugcini nje ngokuma kwayo kanye ne-crater, kodwa nasezimpahleni zenhlabathi kanye nemvelo lapho itholakala khona, okungaba nomthelela ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane ngesikhathi sokuqhuma.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zentaba-mlilo noma i-stratovolcano yilezi: i-magma chamber, ezingeni eliphansi; imbobo eyinhloko ngisho neyesibili; i-crater futhi, kwezinye izimo, i-cone yesibili noma i-parasite.
Ngokunjalo, kukhona izakhi zezintaba-mlilo lapho ukuqhuma kwenzeka, njengodaka, ukukhishwa kwamagesi ngezintuba, ukuxoshwa kwamabhomu entaba-mlilo, okuvamise ukuba amatshe amakhulu namafu omlotha.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zentaba-mlilo
Igumbi le-Magma
I-magma chamber iyichibi elikhulu lamatshe ancibilikisiwe atholakala ngaphansi koqweqwe lomhlaba. Ngokuvamile zisondelene kakhulu nendawo, phakathi kwekhilomitha eli-1 kanye ne-10 ukushona.
Itshe elincibilikisiwe emakamelweni e-magma lingaphansi kwengcindezi kangangokuthi lihlala lizama ukungena emifantwini yengubo yoMhlaba.
Ukukhuphuka okunengcindezi kwe-magma egunjini kanye nokuxoshwa kwayo okulandelayo kuphumela ekuqhumeni kwentaba-mlilo.
Ama-Magma chamber anomsebenzi wokuqhuma okuphezulu angabhidliza isakhiwo esakhiwe ngaphezu kwawo, adale ukudangala okukhulu okunomsebenzi we-magmatic ocashile ngezansi. Akhiwa kanje ama-caldera abangela izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu.
Ukungenisa umoya oyinhloko
Imbobo eyinhloko yentaba-mlilo ekuqaleni yayibhekwa njengendawo ebuthakathaka oqweqweni Lomhlaba lapho i-magma evuthayo yayikwazi ukukhuphuka isuka ekamelweni futhi ifinyelele phezulu.
Ukukhishwa kokuqala kwe-lava, umlotha namadwala alahlwa kulesi sigaba sokuqala sokuphuma umoya ahlala eduze kwayo, aqala ukunikeza isimo nokuphakama kwentaba-mlilo.
Ingxenye engaphezulu yembobo eyinhloko yentaba-mlilo emise okwe-conical ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi umphimbo, esebenza njengomnyango ongenela phakathi nentaba-mlilo.
Ukuvuleka kwesibili
Izikhala zesibili ziyimigudu emincane eyakhiwe ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo, ehlinzeka ngemizila emikhulu yokuxoshwa kwe-magma. Lapho i-magma ifika kuqala phezulu, kukhona i-vent yesibili.
Ezinye izakhiwo nokuxhumana kungakha ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo. Isibonelo, uma ngesikhathi sokuqhuma enye i-magma ingakwazi ukuphuma ngezintuba zesibili, ingase inqwabelane, yenze i-dike yangaphakathi.
I-Magma ingaphinda iqine emazingeni ahlukene ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo, ikhiqize ama-jolt angaphakathi.
I-Crater
I-volcanic crater iwukwakheka okudalwe ukuqhuma kokuqala. Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo enkulu kungabangela ukuba ingxenye engenhla yesakhiwo sayo iwe, okudala ukucindezeleka okuyisiyingi kobubanzi obukhulu nokujula.
I-crater ingase iqukathe, ngaphansi kwayo, ingxenye ye-magma eyayingavela emgodini omkhulu. Imigodi yentaba-mlilo ingatholakala nasezingeni eliphansi nangaphansi kwamanzi.
Ikhoni eyinhloko
I-cone iyisakhiwo esiyinhloko sentaba-mlilo esinikeza isici sayo esihlanekezelwe u-V.
Ikhoni yesibili
Izigaxa zesibili ziwumphumela wokubekwa kanye nokumiswa kwe-lava nomlotha ezungeze izintuba zesibili.
Ukuphakama kwawo kudala okunye ukwakheka esakhiweni sangaphandle sentaba-mlilo, okubhekwa njengohlobo “lwezimpondo” ezizungeze isigaxa esikhulu.
Izintaba-mlilo ezincane ezinezintuba ezimbalwa zesibili zinethuba elincane lokwakheka kwezigaxa zesibili. Lokhu kungaphinde kuvinjwe ukuqiniswa kwe-lava ngaphandle.
Ezinye izakhi zentaba-mlilo
Izintaba-mlilo zinezingxenye okuthi, nakuba zingeyona ingxenye ebonakalayo yesakhiwo sazo sangaphakathi, zibe nomthelela ezinqubweni zangaphakathi nezangaphandle; ngaphambi, ngesikhathi nangemva kokuqhuma.
I-Lava
I-lava iyitshe elincibilikisiwe eliphuma ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, lishisa ngokwanele ukuba liguquke libe isimo esiwuketshezi.
Lapho udaka lufika kuqala phezulu, lungenza kanjalo ezingeni lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-700 no-1200 ° C. Uma lungaphandle, ukuthintana nomoya kuyalupholisa futhi luqine.
Ukuqiniswa kwe-lava eduze nendawo yokuqhuma kunomthelela, kanye namadwala nomlotha, ekwakhekeni nasekuthuthukisweni komzimba wentaba-mlilo.
Ngokufanayo, i-lava engabonakali, uma ingagcinwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi eshisayo, ingadala izithiyo ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo.
Umlotha
I-Ash iyinsalela yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo futhi iqukethe ikakhulukazi amatshe aphukile, amaminerali, kanye nengilazi yentaba-mlilo.
Umlotha, osesimweni samafu, ngokuvamile ubangelwa ukuqhuma nokuhlukana kwe-magma kanye namagesi akhona.
Uma usulungisiwe, umlotha ungakha izingqimba ezinogqinsi lwamasentimitha ambalwa. Ukuwela odakeni oluqinile oluzungeze umzimba wentaba-mlilo, lusiza ekunakekeleni nasekubunjweni kwalo, kanye nokuvala izintuba ezincane noma ukuvuza lapho umsebenzi ungandile.
Naphezu kokuthi umlotha ungaba yingozi kangakanani kubantu nasezindaweni zabo zenhlalo, udlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhlelweni kwemvelo.
Ngemuva kokuqhuma, amafu omlotha avame "ukusetha kabusha" ezinye izingxenye zemvelo eseduze. Yingakho izintaba-mlilo kuye kwathiwa zinethonya elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zomhlaba kanye nemvelo ezikhathini zasendulo.
Izinkomba
- I-BBC (n.d.). imfundo . Ithathwe ku-BBC: bbc.co.uk
- U-Karátson, D., Favalli, M., Tarquini, S., Fornaciai, A. noWörner, G. (2010). Ukuma okuvamile kwama-stratovolcanoes: indlela ye-DEM-based morphometric. Ijenali yeVolcanology kanye neGeothermal Research , I-171-181.
- UNAKAMURA, K. (1975). Isakhiwo sentaba-mlilo kanye nokuxhumana okungenzeka kwemishini phakathi kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo nokuzamazama komhlaba. Volcanological Society of Japan , I-229-240.
- Williams, M. (May 20, 2016). Kubuyiswe ku-Universe Today: universetoday.com.