Umgogodla uyingxenye eyisisekelo yesimiso sezinzwa, esibhekene nokudlulisa amasignali phakathi kobuchopho nawo wonke umzimba. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izingxenye ezakha umgogodla, imisebenzi yazo, kanye ne-anatomy yazo enemininingwane. Futhi, bheka izithombe ezibonisa ingxenye ngayinye nendawo yayo emzimbeni womuntu, ukunikeza ukuqonda okucacile nokubonakalayo kwalesi sitho esibalulekile.
Izakhiwo zomgogodla nemisebenzi: okudingeka ukwazi.
Umgogodla uyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi, esibhekene nokudlulisa imiyalezo phakathi kobuchopho nawo wonke umzimba. Yakhiwa izinzwa kanye nezicubu zezinzwa, ezivikelwe ama-vertebrae wekholomu yomgogodla. Umgogodla wenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ekusebenzeni komzimba womuntu.
Omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko yomgogodla uwukudlulisela nokusuka kwemizwa ebuchosheni. Iphinde iqondise ukukhalipha okungafuneki, njenge-reflex yokuhoxisa isandla lapho uthinta into eshisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umgogodla unesibopho sokulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba, ukulawula ukuphefumula, nokulawula umfutho wegazi.
Intambo yomgogodla ihlukaniswe yaba ezahlukene izingxenye, ngayinye inemisebenzi ethile. Isibonelo, ingxenye yomlomo wesibeletho ilawula izitho ezingaphezulu, kuyilapho ingxenye ye-lumbar ilawula izitho ezingezansi. Ingxenye ngayinye inesibopho sokunyakaza okuhlukene kanye nemizwa emzimbeni.
Kubalulekile ukugcina impilo yomgogodla, njengoba ukulimala kulesi sifunda kungaholela ekulimaleni okungapheli. Izingozi zomgwaqo, ukuwa, nokulimala kwezemidlalo ngezinye zezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokulimala komgogodla. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha nokuvimbela ukugwema ukulimala kule ndawo.
Ngamafuphi, umgogodla udlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Ukuqonda izakhiwo nemisebenzi yayo kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo nenhlalakahle yomzimba. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukubaluleka komgogodla futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze uwuvikele.
Ukuqonda umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo somgogodla: incazelo elula neqondile.
Umgogodla uyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi somzimba wethu. Inesibopho sokudlulisa imilayezo esuka ebuchosheni iye kuwo wonke umzimba futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, ilawula imisebenzi efana nokunyakaza, ukuzwela, nokukhalipha.
Intambo yomgogodla ihlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana, kuhlanganise nodaba olumpunga nomhlophe. Udaba olumpunga luqukethe izindikimba zamangqamuzana ezinzwa, kuyilapho udaba olumhlophe lwakhiwa izinyanda zemicu yezinzwa ehambisa imizwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intambo yomgogodla ivikelwe ikholomu ye-vertebral, eyakhiwe ngama-bony vertebrae. Lawa ma-vertebrae enza umsele wamathambo ogcina umgogodla futhi uwuvikele ekulimaleni.
Kubalulekile ukunakekela impilo yakho yomgogodla, njengoba ukulimala kule ndawo kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu, njengokukhubazeka. Ukugcina ukuma okufanele, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo, nokugwema ukulimala komgogodla yizo zonke izindlela zokuvikela umgogodla wakho.
Kafushane, umgogodla udlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemizimba yethu, ukudlulisa ulwazi phakathi kobuchopho nawo wonke umzimba. Ukuqonda ukwakheka nokusebenza kwayo kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo nokuphila kahle.
Yiziphi izakhiwo ezitholakala entanjeni yomgogodla?
Umgogodla uyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni komzimba wethu. Yakhiwe izingxenye eziningana, ngayinye inemisebenzi ethile. Ake sihlole izakhiwo eziyinhloko ezitholakala entanjeni yomgogodla.
Enye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomgogodla yindaba empunga, equkethe imizimba ye-neuron ebhekele ukucubungula ulwazi lwezinzwa nolwazi lwemoto. Lesi sifunda futhi sinesibopho sokulawula ukukhalipha okungafuneki.
Esinye isakhiwo esibalulekile i-white matter, equkethe imicu yezinzwa edlulisela ukwaziswa phakathi kobuchopho nawo wonke umzimba. Le micu ihlelwa yaba amapheshana ahambisa izinzwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umgogodla uvikelwe ulwelwesi oluthathu olubizwa ngokuthi ama-meninges, olusiza ukugcina ubuqotho balo futhi luwuvikele ekulimaleni kwangaphandle. I-cerebrospinal fluid nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni umgogodla.
Ngamafuphi, umgogodla uqukethe udaba olumpunga nomhlophe, ama-meninges kanye ne-cerebrospinal fluid, konke okwenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yokusebenza kahle kwesimiso sezinzwa.
Ukuhlukaniswa komgogodla: kwenzeka kanjani futhi yiziphi izifunda zayo eziyinhloko?
Umgogodla uyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sezinzwa, esibhekene nokudlulisa imiyalezo phakathi kobuchopho nawo wonke umzimba. Ukuze uqonde kangcono i-anatomy yayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwayo kanye nezifunda eziyinhloko eziyakhayo.
Intambo yomgogodla ihlukaniswe izifunda ezimbili eziyinhloko: isifunda somlomo wesibeletho kanye nesifunda se-lumbar. Isifunda somlomo wesibeletho silawula ukunyakaza kwezitho ezingenhla, kuyilapho isifunda se-lumbar silawula ukunyakaza kwezitho ezingezansi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intambo yomgogodla nayo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye, ezibizwa ngokuthi izinzwa zomgogodla. Lezi zinzwa zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokudlulisa imiyalezo yezinzwa neyezinzwa phakathi kobuchopho nomzimba. Kunamapheya angama-31 ezinzwa zomgogodla, ngayinye exhunywe endaweni ethile yomzimba.
Izifunda eziyinhloko zomgogodla zihlanganisa izifunda zomlomo wesibeletho, i-thoracic, i-lumbar, ne-sacral. Isifunda ngasinye sinesibopho semisebenzi ethile, njengokulawula ukunyakaza kwezitho, ukulawula ukuzwela kwesikhumba, nokuxhumanisa ama-reflexes angazikhethelanga.
Ngamafuphi, umgogodla uhlukaniswe izifunda ezithile, ngasinye sinemisebenzi ehlukile. Ukuqonda i-anatomy yomgogodla kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa sisebenza kanjani kanye nokubaluleka kwalo emzimbeni womuntu.
I-Spinal Cord: Izingxenye, Imisebenzi, kanye ne-Anatomy (enezithombe)
A umhlonzo Kuyi-tubular bundle equkethe isakhiwo eside, esincanyana sezicubu zezinzwa namaseli asekelayo. Lesi sifunda somzimba sihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yomzimba, ikakhulukazi egijima ukusuka ku-medulla oblongata (i-brainstem) kuya esifundeni se-lumbar.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko womgogodla uwukudlulisa imizwa yezinzwa kumapheya angama-31 ezinzwa ku-medulla oblongata. Ngakho-ke, yisifunda esibhekene nokuxhumana kobuchopho nomzimba.
Ukuxhumana phakathi komzimba nobuchopho kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokudlulisela: umsebenzi ohlangene othumela ama-nerve asuka esiqwini, entanyeni nasemilenzeni aye ebuchosheni kanye nomsebenzi osebenzayo odlulisela amasignali ukusuka ebuchosheni kuya ezindaweni ezahlukene zomzimba.
Umgogodla ungenye yezakhiwo zomzimba ezithole ukucwaninga nokuhlaziywa okuningi mayelana nokwakheka kwawo kanye nemisebenzi eyinhloko. Kutholakala ukuthi ingenye yezifunda ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezithintekayo zomzimba.
Izici zomgogodla
Ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, intambo yomgogodla yisifunda sokuqala sesimiso sezinzwa esivela. Kuyisakhiwo esidingekayo sokuhlanganisa imisebenzi yomzimba, ukuxhumana nokusebenza kobuchopho, nokuzixhuma nomhlaba wangaphandle.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akuwona nje ama-primates, kodwa zonke izidalwa ezinomgogodla zibonakala ngokuba nomgogodla emzimbeni wazo.
Ngalo mqondo, kunezindawo zesikhumba ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-dermatomes , akha izingxenye ezihleliwe. Lezi zingxenye ziqukethe ukumelela kwazo emthonjeni womgogodla.
Ngakho-ke, kuye ngokuthi izinqubo ezijabulisayo noma ezivimbelayo ezikhona emthonjeni womgogodla, izingxenye ezihlukene zesikhumba zibangela izimpendulo eziyinhloko noma i-reflexes yomgogodla. Lawa ma-reflexes abonakala ngokukhiqiza njalo impendulo efanayo ku-stimuli efanayo, ngaphandle kokudinga amaphrosesa engeziwe.
Isibonelo salokhu kusebenza okuyisisekelo komgogodla kungaba ukudluliswa kobuhlungu obubangelwa ukubhoboza esikhumbeni. Ukuhlupheka kokulimala endaweni ethile yesikhumba kuhumusha ngokuzenzakalelayo kube umuzwa wobuhlungu odluliselwa ebuchosheni.
Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile, intambo yomgogodla yakha isethi yezingxenye ezisebenzayo ezine-afferent (umzimba ebuchosheni) kanye ne-efferent (ubuchopho nomzimba) ukuxhumana. Njengamanje, izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili zomlomo wesibeletho, i-thoracic eziyishumi nambili, ezinhlanu ze-lumbar, neziyisithupha ze-sacrococcygeal okwamanje zihlukaniswa.
Izingxenye zomlomo wesibeletho zilawula ngokuyinhloko intamo, i-diaphragm, nemikhawulo ephezulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izingxenye ze-dorsal zilawula i-thorax nesisu, izingxenye ze-lumbar imikhawulo ephansi, futhi izingxenye ze-sacrococcygeal zilawula umsebenzi we-pelvis kanye ne-sphincters.
Izingxenye Zomgogodla - I-Anatomy
Ngokwe-anatomically, umgogodla unezici ezimbili eziyinhloko zokufunda: i-anatomy yangaphandle kanye ne-anatomy yayo yangaphakathi.
I-anatomy yangaphandle ibhekisela ezimfanelweni zezifunda ezikha phezulu zomgogodla, kuyilapho i-anatomy yangaphakathi ibhekisela ezakhiweni nasezintweni ezigcina umgogodla ngaphakathi.
Kulokhu, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umgogodla uyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Inezingxenye eziningana, ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kanye nezakhiwo eziningana ezifanele ngokwesayensi.
Ukutadisha izakhiwo ze-anatomical zomgogodla kuye kwasivumela ukuba sandise ulwazi lwethu mayelana nezici zalesi sakhiwo esibucayi sezinto eziphilayo.
Ngokufanayo, kwasivumela futhi ukuba sibone ukusebenza komgogodla futhi sibone ukulimala okungenzeka noma izimo ezingase zenzeke kule ngxenye yomzimba.
I-anatomy yangaphandle
Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi intambo yomgogodla iyizicubu zezinzwa eziningi kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu. Eqinisweni, ama-axon ama-neuron angaphakathi kwawo angafinyelela kumitha ubude, amakhulu kakhulu kunama-neuron asebuchosheni.
Inesisindo esingaba amagremu angamashumi amathathu isiyonke futhi, lapho ikhula ngokugcwele, ingafinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-40 no-45. U-P ubonakala emkhudlwana kwabesilisa (amasentimitha angama-45) kunakwabesifazane (amasentimitha angama-43). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhudlwana kunabesifazane.
Intambo yomgogodla itholakala ngaphakathi kwethambo le-intravertebral, elibizwa ngokuthi i-spinal canal, elisuka ku-os enkulu kuya ku-vertebra yokuqala noma yesibili ye-lumbar.
Ngakho, umgogodla wosana osanda kuzalwa ufinyelela emathangeni amathathu e-lumbar futhi, emibungu, utholakala phansi kwe-coccyx yomzimba. Ngokusekelwe kule datha, kwembulwa ukuthi ingenye yezifunda zokuqala zomzimba ezakheka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inomumo we-cylindrical ezingxenyeni zomlomo wesibeletho ezingenhla ne-ventral. Esikhundleni salokho, yamukela isimo se-ovoid esinobubanzi obuguquguqukayo obukhulu kunobukhulu obusezigabeni ezingezansi zomlomo wesibeletho kanye ne-thoracic.
Khumbula ukuthi intambo yomgogodla iyisakhiwo se-asymmetrical kubantu abaningi. Okusho ukuthi, ivame ukuba mkhulu ohlotsheni olufanele lomzimba.
Ezinye izakhi ezibalulekile mayelana nezakhiwo zangaphandle ze-anatomical zomgogodla yilezi: ubuso kanye nolwelwesi.
Ubuso
Ngaphandle, intambo yomgogodla inobuso obubili nemiphetho emibili eyinhloko. Ngokukhethekile, iqukethe ubuso bangaphambili, ubuso obungemuva, nemingcele emibili esemaceleni.
Isici sangaphambili somgogodla siqukethe, emgqeni wayo ophakathi, i-anterior median sulcus, emngceleni we-lateral collateral sulci yangaphambili. Lawa ma-anterior collateral sulci ayimvelaphi ebonakalayo yezimpande ze-motor nerve yemizwa yomgogodla.
Indawo engemuva nayo ine-posterior medial sulcus, edlula ku-septum ukuze ifinyelele ku-central grey. Isici esingemuva somgogodla sinqunyelwe ezinhlangothini yi-posterior collateral sulci, ehambisana nemvelaphi ebonakalayo yezimpande zezinzwa zezinzwa zomgogodla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umgogodla unezingqimba ezimbili eziyinhloko (izifunda lapho ububanzi bawo bukhula khona). Enye itholakala esifundeni somlomo wesibeletho, kanti enye itholakala esifundeni se-lumbar.
Ukuqina komlomo wesibeletho kubizwa ngokuthi i-cervical intumescence futhi itholakala phakathi kwe-vertebra yesine yomlomo wesibeletho kanye ne-vertebra yokuqala ye-trunk. Ukuqina kwakhiwe izimpande zemizwa edlulisela ukuzwa kanye nokusebenza kwemoto emilenzeni engaphezulu.
Ukuqina kwe-Lumbar kubizwa ngokuthi ukuvuvukala kwe-lumbosacral futhi kutholakala phakathi kwe-vertebra yeshumi nanye ye-trunk kanye ne-vertebra yokuqala ye-lumbar. Kulesi simo, ukuqina kwenzeka ngenxa yezimpande zezinzwa ezidlulisa ukuzwa kanye nomsebenzi wezimoto ukuya futhi kusukela emaphethelweni aphansi.
Ekugcineni, engxenyeni engezansi, izindawo ezingaphezulu zomgogodla ziba mncane ngokuphawulekayo futhi ziphethe ithiphu elimise okwekhoni ku-coccyx. Lesi sifunda sokugcina somgogodla sibizwa ngokuthi i-conus terminalis.
Emilenzeni yangemuva, intambo yomgogodla inemigqa emibili ehlukene njengezinto zokunamathisela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, engxenyeni engaphansi, umgogodla uyaqhubeka ne-filum terminale, efinyelela phansi kwe-dural sac ezingeni lesibili le-sacral vertebra.
ulwelwesi
Intambo yomgogodla iqukethe ama-membrane amathathu azungeze isakhiwo sawo sonke: i-pia mater, i-arachnoid mater, ne-dura mater.
a) Piamadre
I-pia mater iyi-meninge yangaphakathi evikela ubuchopho nomgogodla. Iwulwelwesi lwe-waxy lwezakhiwo zemizwa futhi inesibopho sokupheqa ama-convolutions obuchopho.
Ngokufanayo, i-pia mater ikhiqiza ama-choroidal formations, asetshenziswa ngokumelene ne-ependymal membrane yama-ventricles.
Isikhala esigcwele uketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal esibizwa ngokuthi i-subarachnoid space siphezu kwe-pia mater. Ngaphezu kwalesi sikhala kukhona ingxenye ehluke kakhulu futhi ehluke kakhulu ye-arachnoid mater, eyenza inethiwekhi encane, esobala, futhi ekhululekile engangeni emigodini yomgogodla.
b) Ama-Arachnoid
I-arachnoid mater iyingqimba ephakathi yama-meninges ephinde ivikele ubuchopho nomgogodla. Itholakala ngaphansi nje kwe-dura mater futhi umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukusabalalisa uketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal, oluzungeza endaweni ye-subarachnoid.
Lolu lwelwesi lwakhiwe ungqimba lwangaphandle olulinganayo, ngaphezu kongqimba lwangaphakathi lwe-areolar oluqukethe ama-meshwork amakhulu futhi lwakha isikhala se-subarachnoid.
Ungqimba lwangaphandle lwe-arachnoid mater lunamathela ngqo ku-dura mater. I-subarachnoid cavity i-cylindrical futhi izungeza intambo yomgogodla kanye nezimpande zayo kuwo wonke ubude bomsele we-vertebral (kuze kufike phansi kwe-sacral dura).
c) Dura mater
Ekugcineni, i-dura mater iwulwelwesi olungaphandle kakhulu lomgogodla. Iyisilinda esingenalutho esakhiwe ngokuyinhloko udonga oluwugqinsi, oluqinile, nolunwebeka kancane.
Ingaphandle le-dura mater lihlala liyindilinga futhi lisabela ezindongeni zamathambo kanye nemigqa yomgogodla womgogodla. Ingxenye engemuva yendawo yangaphandle yale membrane ihlangene ne-posterior longitudinal ligament. Esikhundleni salokho, idlulela eceleni eduze kwenzwa ngayinye yomgogodla.
Ingaphakathi le-dura mater libushelelezi futhi lipholishiwe futhi lihambisana ne-arachnoid. Umkhawulo wayo ongaphezulu uqhubeka ngaphandle komngcele owuketshezi one-cranial dura. Ukuphela kwayo okuphansi kuhlanganisa i-fundus ye-dural sac, eyeka phakathi kwe-vertebrae yesibili neyesithathu ye-sacral.
I-anatomy yangaphakathi
Ngaphakathi, umgogodla wakhiwe ngokuyinhloko izifunda ezimhlophe kanye nezifunda ze-grey.
Ngokuphambene, intambo yomgogodla iqukethe indawo enkulu yento empunga phakathi nobude bayo kanye nokuhlukana kwayo okuhlukahlukene. Lesi sifunda sithatha umumo othi "H" noma uvemvane.
Ezungeza isifunda esakhiwe ngombala ompunga, umgogodla uqukethe esinye isifunda esakhiwe ngendaba emhlophe. Ngakho-ke, intambo yomgogodla ibonakala ngokuba ne-grey matter phakathi nendawo kanye nendaba emhlophe ezindaweni ezizungezile.
Le nhlangano ibalulekile ngoba yakha isakhiwo esiphambana naleso sobuchopho. Ngamanye amazwi, izifunda zobuchopho zibonakala ngokuba nodaba olumhlophe ezindaweni ezimaphakathi kanye nodaba olumpunga ezindaweni eziseduze; nokho, umgogodla unenhlangano ephambene.
Izandiso zangaphakathi, ezingemuva zomgogodla zincane kakhulu. Lezi zandiso zibizwa ngokuthi izimpondo ezingemuva futhi zidlulele cishe ku-posterior sulcus.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izandiso zangaphambili zibanzi futhi ziyindilinga. Zibizwa ngokuthi izimpondo zangaphambili futhi zifinyelela ezifundeni zobuchopho.
Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlangothi ezintathu kwezimpondo zangaphambili nezingemuva kuvumela ukwakheka kochungechunge lwamakholomu ahamba eduze komgogodla futhi akha amakholomu angaphambili nangemuva ampunga.
Ezingeni lokusebenza, izimpondo ezingemuva zinesibopho somsebenzi we-somatosensory. Aqukethe ama-sensory neurons athola ama-impulses afinyelela ezimpandeni zangemuva.
Ngalo mqondo, umsebenzi oyinhloko wezimpondo ezingemuva (lezo ezikude kakhulu nogebhezi lwekhanda) ukuthola izinto ezishukumisayo futhi zizidlulisele ezindaweni zobuchopho.
Izimpondo zangaphambili, nokho, ziyi-somatomotor esebenzayo. Akhiwa ama-motor neurons ama-axon awo aphuma ngezimpande zangaphambili.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphondo oluncane lwe-lateral lutholakala ezingxenyeni eziphezulu ze-thoracic ne-lumbar. Ivela ekuhlanganiseni kwezimpondo zangaphambili nezangemuva futhi ibonakala ngokuqukatha ama-neurons e-visceral anozwela.
Ekugcineni, ohlangothini oluhlangothini lwesisekelo sophondo olungemuva lwezingxenye ezingenhla zomlomo wesibeletho yisifunda esibizwa ngokuthi ukwakheka kwe-reticular. Lokhu kwakheka kubonakala ngokuqukatha okumhlophe nokumpunga okuxubile.
1- Grey udaba
I-grey of the spinal cord yisifunda esakhiwe ngokuyinhloko imizimba ye-neuron namaseli asekelayo. Lesi sifunda sinezimpondo ezimbili ezimpunga zangaphambili nezimpondo ezimbili ezimpunga zangemuva, ezihlanganiswe ne-grey commissure.
I-grey commissure yomgogodla, yona, ihlukaniswe isifunda esingemuva kanye nesifunda sangaphambili. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwe-commissure kwenziwa imbobo encane emaphakathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-ependymal duct noma intambo yomgogodla.
Ezifundeni ze-thoracic ne-lumbar zomgogodla, izimpondo ezimpunga, ezimise okwe-wedge zitholakala. Lezi zimpondo zakhiwe ama-soma of neurons ohlelweni lwe-autonomic oluzwelayo.
Izimpondo ezimpunga ezisemaceleni ziyafana ngokuvumelana, nakuba into ezungeze umgudu we-ependymal isobala kancane futhi ithambile kunezinye. Lesi sifunda esithile se-spinal cord of grey saziwa ngokuthi i-central gelatinous substance.
2- Indaba emhlophe
Indaba emhlophe yomgogodla ibonakala ngokumpunga okuzungezile. Okusho ukuthi, yakha isifunda esizungeza ngokuphelele okumpunga ngaphakathi.
Udaba olumhlophe lomgogodla lwakhiwa ama-axon ama-neurons (hhayi ama-nuclei awo). Lawa ma-axon ayizingxenye zeseli ezithwala ulwazi; ngakho-ke, lesi sifunda sihlukaniswa njengesakhiwo sokudlulisela.
Indaba emhlophe yomgogodla ihlukaniswe izifunda ezintathu eziyinhloko: izifunda zangaphambili, ezingemuva, nezingemuva.
Indawo yokungena yempande engemuva itholwa yi-dorsal-lateral sulcus futhi ukungena kwezimpande ze-ventral kunqunywa i-ventro-lateral sulcus.
Le migqa emibili ivumela udaba olumhlophe ukuthi luhlukaniswe lube yi-funiculus engemuva ebizwa ngokuthi i-lateral funiculus kanye ne-ventral funiculus.
Amaseli nemisebenzi
Ezingeni le-microscopic, umgogodla ubonakala ngokuqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli. Lesi sifunda somzimba sinamaseli ependymal, amaseli amade, namaseli wezinzwa.
Lezi zinhlobo zamaseli zihlelwe ngendlela ehlukile esifundeni ngasinye somgogodla. Izindawo ezithakazelisa kakhulu ezincanyana yizinto ezimpunga nomhlophe.
Amaseli ezinto ezimpunga
I-grey ye-spinal cord iyahlukahluka emsebenzini wayo kanye nohlobo lwe-neurons ehlala kuyo endaweni ngayinye. Ngakho, inezici ezihlukile ophondweni lwayo lomhlane, uphondo oluphakathi nendawo eliseceleni, uphondo lwalo oluphakathi nendawo, nendawo emaphakathi.
Uphondo lwe-dorsal of the gray matter lwamukela ama-axon avela ku-dorsal ganglia ngesifunda sawo esingemuva. Lokhu kudluliselwa kwe-axonal kusuka ku-dorsal ganglia kwenziwa ngezimpande ezingaziwa futhi kubonakala ngokuqukatha ngokuyinhloko izinyanda zezinzwa.
Ngalo mqondo, uphondo lwasemhlane lwento empunga luhlanganisa i-nucleus ye-Clarke's commune, lapho ama-synapses enziwa khona phakathi kwemicu edlulisa ukuzwela okujulile kokungazi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphondo lwasemhlane lwento empunga luqukethe ne-gelatinous ye-Rolando, isifunda lapho kwenziwa khona ama-synapses emicu edlulisa ukuzwela kwe-thermo-analgesic.
Ekugcineni, i-nucleus yophondo lwangemuva ngokwayo ibonakala nge-synapse of fibers edlulisa ukuzwela okuthintekayo.
Izingxenye eziphezulu ze-thoracic ne-lumbar kuphela zomgogodla womgogodla zitholakala ophondweni oluphakathi oluphakathi lwe-gray matter. Lesi sifunda sigcwele ama-preganglionic neurons.
Ekugcineni, isigxobo esimaphakathi sakhiwe ama-axon e-multipolar motor neuron futhi indawo emaphakathi ibonakala ngokubamba inani elikhulu lama-interneurons.
Amaseli amhlophe
Udaba olumhlophe lomgogodla lwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko inani elikhulu lemicu yezinzwa, i-neuroglia, nemithambo yegazi.
Entanjeni yangemuva yendaba emhlophe kukhona ama-axon ama-sensory neurons, ama-nuclei awo atholakala ku-dorsal ganglia. Lawa ma-neuron abamba iqhaza ezindleleni ezimbili ze-conscious proprioception: i-kinesthesia kanye ne-epicritical touch.
Intambo yangemuva yento emhlophe nayo ibonakala ngokuthi yakhiwe izinyanda ezimbili ezihlukene: i-Goll bundle ezindaweni ezimaphakathi kanye nenqwaba yeBurdach ezindaweni ezisemaceleni.
Intambo engemuva yento emhlophe iqukethe izindlela ezikhuphukayo nezehlayo. Ama-axon akhuphukayo anesibopho sokuphatha ubuhlungu, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokugqugquzela ukuthinta okuqinile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imicu eyehlayo ngokuyinhloko iyi-motor neurons, enesibopho sokulawula ukunyakaza kokuzithandela.
Ekugcineni, intambo yento emhlophe engaphambili nayo iqukethe izindlela ezikhuphukayo nezehlayo. Ama-neuron akhuphukayo adlulisa ulwazi olusuka ku-spinotectal (ukunyakaza kwe-reflex), i-spino-olivary (ukuzwela kwesikhumba), kanye ne-spinothalamic (indlela yokuthinta nokucindezela). Izindlela ezehlayo ziqukethe ama-motor neurons anesibopho sokulawula ukunyakaza.
Ukulimala komgogodla
Ukulimala okungaphelele
Esithombeni esingenhla, ungabona ama-syndromes akhiqizwa ukulimala okungaphelele komgogodla.
I-Myelopathy
Isimo somgogodla (i-myelopathy) yisifo esibonakala ngokubangela ukuguqulwa okungapheli komgogodla.
Lesi sifo sivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubiza izimo zomgogodla ezingabangelwa ukuhlukumezeka.
Imiphumela ye-myelopathy ingase incike ezingeni lomonakalo owenziwe entanjeni yomgogodla, ngakho-ke ingase ibangele isilonda esiphelele (uma zonke izimpawu zesifo zenzeka) noma isilonda esingaphelele (uma kwenzeka okunye).
Ukulimala komgogodla kungaveza izimpawu eziningana, okuyinhloko: ukukhubazeka noma ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa emisipha ye-trunk, intamo nasemaphethelweni, isinye, i-anal sphincter noma ukuphazamiseka kwesidoda kanye nokuvinjelwa kwesistimu yozwela, okubangela i-hypotension, i-bradycardia noma i-distension yesisu.
Ukulimala ngokwesifunda
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulimala komgogodla, ngenxa ye-myelopathy noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwezifunda zomgogodla, kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isifunda esithintekile. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kubalulekile ukukhomba isifunda somgogodla esilimele.
Njengoba sesibonile, ingxenye ngayinye emaphakathi inesibopho sokwenza uchungechunge lwezenzo ezithile ezihlobene nokunyakaza, ukubona, ukusebenza kwesistimu ye-parasympathetic kanye nokulawulwa kwezitho ezahlukene.
Mayelana nalokhu, manje sekutholakele ukuthi ukulimala kwama-vertebrae amane nesikhombisa omlomo wesibeletho kubangela ukukhubazeka kwemigqa emine, futhi ukubandakanyeka kwe-thoracic vertebra yeshumi nanye kubangela ukukhubazeka kwemigqa ephansi.
Izinkomba
- UBryan Kolb, u-Ian Q. Whishaw (2006): I-Neuropsychology Yomuntu. Umhleli wePanamerica Médica, Barcelona.
- Junqué, C. I Barroso, J (2009). I-Neuropsychology yaseMadrid, u-Ed. I-synthesis.
- Kaufman, Bard. "Intambo yomgogodla - ukuthuthukiswa kanye nama-stem cells" . I-Life Map Discovery Compendium . Ibuyiselwe phakathi Disemba 12 2015 .
- UMichael J. Aminoff ... [et al.] (2008). I-Neuropsychology kanye ne-neurology yokuziphatha.
- I-Gross Anatomy ye-Spinal Cord ». Ibuyiselwe ngoDisemba 27, 2015.
- Isayensi ye-CSM ». org: Insiza eku-inthanethi ye-cervical spondylotic myelopathy . Ikhasi livakashelwe ngo-2015-11-05.
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