Ukujwayela indawo ezungezile kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokuphila kwezinhlobo, okuzivumela ukuba zivumelane nezimo zendawo yazo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuzivumelanisa nezimo: i-morphological, physiological, kanye nokuziphatha. I-morphological adaptation ibhekisela ezicini zomzimba zento ephilayo, njengokuma komzimba, usayizi womlenze, nombala wesikhumba. Isibonelo, amakamela anemizimba ejwayele ukugcina amanzi endaweni eyomile. Ukuzijwayeza ngokomzimba kuhilela izinguquko zangaphakathi ezivumela into ephilayo ukuthi iphile ezimeni ezimbi, njengekhono lebhere lokulala ebusika ukuze longe amandla. Okokugcina, ukuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha kubhekisela ezenzweni zento ephilayo nokusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile, njengokufuduka kwezinyoni zibalekela ubusika. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zokujwayela zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusinda nempumelelo yokuzala kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zokuzivumelanisa nezimo: funda ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuzivumelanisa nemvelo.
Ukuzijwayeza ikhono lezidalwa eziphilayo ukuzivumelanisa nendawo ezikuyo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuzivumelanisa ne-morphological, ukujwayela ngokomzimba, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha.
I-morphological adaptation ibhekisela ekushintsheni kwesakhiwo somzimba wento ephilayo ukuze ivumelane nendawo yayo. Isibonelo salokhu imilenze yezilwane, engakwazi ukujwayela izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhamba, njengemilenze yezinyoni yokundiza noma amakhangaru ngokugxuma.
Ukuzijwayeza komzimba kubhekisela ezinguqukweni zangaphakathi eziphilayo ezibhekana nazo ukuze ziphile ezimweni ezithile zemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izilwane, njengezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, ziyakwazi ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo ukuze zimelane nokuhlukahluka kwezinga lokushisa endaweni ezungezile.
Okokugcina, ukuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha kuhilela izinguquko ekuziphatheni kwento ephilayo ukuze kwandiswe amathuba ayo okusinda. Isibonelo salokhu ukufuduka kwezinyoni ezindaweni ezifudumele ebusika ziyofuna ukudla nezimo ezivumayo.
Kafushane, lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zokuzivumelanisa nezimo - i-morphological, physiological and behavioral - zibonisa ikhono elimangalisayo lezinto eziphilayo ukuze zivumelane nendawo ezihlala kuyo, ziqinisekise ukusinda kwazo nokuzala.
Inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo: ukuqonda ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zizivumelanisa kanjani nendawo yazo. Izibonelo ezingokoqobo.
Inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ibalulekile ekusindeni kwezidalwa eziphilayo endaweni yazo. Kuyindlela izinto eziphilayo ezizivumelanisa ngayo nezimo zemvelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzala kwazo kanye nokuqhubekela phambili kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuzivumelanisa nemvelo: ezomzimba , ezokuziphatha , kanye nezokwakheka . Ngayinye ihilela amasu ahlukene athuthukiswa izidalwa eziphilayo ukuze zibhekane nezinselele zendawo yazo.
Ukuzijwayeza ngokomzimba kubhekisela ezinguqukweni zangaphakathi eziphilayo ezibhekana nazo ukuze zivumelane nendawo yazo. Isibonelo esisebenzayo amandla amakamela okugcina amanzi emizimbeni yawo ukuze aphile ezindaweni eziwugwadule lapho amanzi eyindlala khona.
Ukuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhilela izenzo nokusabela kwezidalwa eziphilayo ekuphenduleni indawo ezungezile. Esinye isibonelo ukuziphatha kwezinye izinyoni ezifudukayo, ezihamba amabanga amade zifuna izimo zezulu ezikahle zokuzalanisa.
Okokugcina, ukujwayela kwe-morphological kubhekisela ekushintsheni kwesakhiwo somzimba wezinto eziphilayo. Esinye isibonelo siwumbala wamabhere asezintabeni, azifihla eqhweni ukuze azingele inyamazane yawo engabonakali.
Kafushane, inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ibalulekile ukuze kuphile izidalwa eziphilayo endaweni yazo. Ngokusebenzisa amasu okuphila, ukuziphatha, kanye ne-morphological, izinto eziphilayo zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo futhi ziqinisekise ukusinda kwazo.
Umqondo kanye nesibonelo sokujwayela esimweni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukuzijwayeza kuyinqubo eyisisekelo esimweni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okwenza izinto eziphilayo zikwazi ukuqhubeka ziphila futhi zizalane endaweni yazo. Kuyikhono lezidalwa eziphilayo ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo ezihlala kuzo, ukuthuthukisa izici ezizinikeza izinzuzo zokuncintisana ngezinsiza kanye nokumelana nezinto ezimbi.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuzivumelanisa nemvelo: ukuzivumelanisa nezimo , ukuziphatha , kanye nokusebenza komzimba . Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kubhekisela ezinguqukweni zofuzo ezenzeka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane futhi kunikeza izinzuzo kubantu abanazo. Isibonelo esivamile umbala wezimbungulu zohlobo lweBiston betularia , eziye zajwayela ukungcola kwezimboni ngokuthuthukisa izimo ezimnyama ukuze zizifihle ezindaweni ezingcolile.
Ukushintsha ukuziphatha kuhilela izinguquko ekuziphatheni kwezinto eziphilayo ekuphenduleni indawo ezungezile. Isibonelo salokhu ukuziphatha kokufuduka kwemikhomo, ehamba emanzini afudumele phakathi nobusika ukuze izale futhi iqinisekise ukuphila kwabantwana bayo.
Okokugcina, ukujwayela kokuphila kubhekisela ezinguqukweni ekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo zebhayoloji zezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo esimangalisayo yikhono lamakamela okugcina amanzi esicutshini sawo se-adipose, okuwavumela ukuba aphile isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwe-hydration ezindaweni ezomile.
Kafushane, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuzivumela ukuthi zibhekane nezinselele zemvelo futhi ziqhubekisele phambili uhlu lwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukujwayela imvelo: ukuqonda ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zizivumelanisa kanjani nendawo ezikuyo.
Ukujwayela imvelo kuyinqubo lapho izidalwa eziphilayo zizivumelanisa nezimo ezizungezile ukuze ziphile futhi zizalane ngempumelelo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokujwayela imvelo: ukuzivumelanisa ne-morphological, ukujwayela ngokomzimba, kanye nezimo zokuziphatha.
Ukujwayela kwe-morphological kubhekisela ekushintsheni kwesakhiwo somzimba wento ephilayo ukuze ivumelane kangcono nendawo yayo. Isibonelo sakudala izindlulamithi, ezashintsha izintamo ezinde ukuze zifinyelele amaqabunga ezihlahla ezinde. Esinye isibonelo izimpiko zezinhlanzi, ezajwayela ukubhukuda emanzini ngendlela ephumelelayo.
Ukuzijwayeza kwe-physiological izinguquko zangaphakathi ezenzeka emzimbeni ukuze ubhekane nezimo zemvelo. Isibonelo esisodwa yikhono lamakamela okugcina amanzi emizimbeni yawo ngezikhathi zokushoda, okuwavumela ukuba aphile endaweni eyomile. Esinye isibonelo izitshalo ezikhula izimpande ezijulile ukuze zimunce amanzi emhlabathini owomile.
Okokugcina, ukuguquguquka kokuziphatha kuwushintsho ekuziphatheni kwento ephilayo ukuze ivumelane kangcono nemvelo. Esinye isibonelo ukufuduka kwezinyoni phakathi nezinkathi zonyaka, zifuna izimo ezingcono zokondla nokuzala. Esinye isibonelo izilwane ezilala ebusika ukuze zonge amandla futhi ziphile emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Ngamafuphi, izidalwa eziphilayo zithuthukisa izinhlobonhlobo zokuzijwayeza endaweni yazo ukuze zandise amathuba azo okusinda nokuzala. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwe-morphological, physiological, kanye nokuziphatha kubalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni kanye nekhono layo lokulondoloza ibhalansi nemvelo.
Izinhlobo ezi-3 zokujwayela imvelo (ngezibonelo)
Izinhlobo ezintathu zokuzivumelanisa nemvelo ku-biology ziyizinqubo ezenziwa izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungenzeka ezingeni le-physiological, ezicini zomzimba noma ze-morphological, kanye/noma ekuziphatheni kwento ephilayo eguquke ngokukhethwa kwemvelo.
Ukujwayela indawo ezungezile kuyizinqubo zemvelo futhi ezidingekayo, njengoba izinto eziphilayo kufanele zithole izindlela zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihluka kancane kancane noma ngokuzumayo kulezo esezinazo kakade. Benza lokhu ukuze basinde.
Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kwezemvelo neyokuphila isilwane singathuthuka ngokuzijwayeza. Isici sithathwa njengokuzivumelanisa nezimo lapho sikhula ngokuphendula i-ejenti ethile ekhethiwe endaweni ethile.
Izinto eziphilayo, kusukela kumagciwane kuya ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni, zihlala ezindaweni ezingashintsha zibe zome kakhulu, zishise, zibande, zibe ne-asidi kakhulu, zibe mnyama, futhi zibe nelanga, ezinenani elicishe lingapheli lokuhlukahluka.
Izinto eziphilayo ezinenzuzo yofuzo, njengokuguquka kwezimo ezisiza ukuba ziphile ezimweni ezintsha, zidlulisela ushintsho enzalweni yazo futhi zibe ziningi kubantu, ziziveze njengokuzijwayeza.
Izinhlobo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zihlukaniswa ngezindlela ezibonakalayo noma ezilinganisekayo, kodwa ukuguqulwa kofuzo kuyisisekelo sakho konke ukujwayela.
Izinhlobo zokujwayela imvelo nezici
Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ngokusekelwe endleleni izinguquko zofuzo ezivezwa ngayo, ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo, ngokomzimba, nokuziphatha.
Ngaphakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, izinqubo ezahlukene ziyenziwa. Izinto eziningi eziphilayo zinezinhlanganisela zazo zontathu.
I-morphological kanye nesakhiwo
Lezi zimo zingaba zemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukulingisa kanye nombala ofihlekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulingisa kubhekisela ekufananeni kwangaphandle ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezikwaziyo ukuzithuthukisa ukuze zilingise izici zezinye ezinolaka neziyingozi kakhulu ukuze zizixoshe.
Ngokwesibonelo, izinyoka zamakhorali zinobuthi. Zingabonwa ngemibala yazo egqamile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinyoka zendlovukazi yasezintabeni azinangozi, kodwa imibala yazo izenza zifane namakhorali.
Ukubukeka kwento ephilayo kubunjwa ngokuzivumelanisa nesakhiwo, kuye ngendawo ekhula kuyo.
Isibonelo, izimpungushe zasogwadule zinezindlebe ezinkulu zokushisa imisebe, kanti izimpungushe zase-Arctic zinezindlebe ezincane zokugcina ukushisa komzimba.
Ngenxa yombala woboya bawo, amabhere amhlophe azifihla eqhweni nama-jaguar emthunzini ofile wehlathi.
Izitshalo nazo zihlushwa yilezi zinguquko. Izihlahla zingase zibe namagxolo kakhokho ukuze zizivikele emlilweni wehlathi.
Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kuthinta izinto eziphilayo emazingeni ahlukene, kusukela ekuhlanganyeleni edolweni kuya ebukhoneni bemisipha emikhulu endizayo kanye nokubona okubukhali kwezinyoni ezidla inyama.
Physiological kanye nokusebenza
Lezi zinhlobo zokuzijwayeza zibandakanya ukuguqulwa kwezitho noma izicubu. Bamele ushintsho ekusebenzeni kwento ephilayo ukuxazulula inkinga eyenzeka endaweni ezungezile.
Ngokuya nge-chemistry yomzimba kanye ne-metabolism, ukujwayela kokusebenza komzimba ngokuvamile akubonakali.
Isibonelo esicacile salolu hlobo lokuzivumelanisa nesimo sokulala, isimo sokulala noma esibuhlungu esitholwa izilwane eziningi ezinegazi elifudumele phakathi nobusika.
Izinguquko zomzimba ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokulala zihluke kakhulu kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukuzijwayeza ngokomzimba nokusebenza kungaba, ngokwesibonelo, izinso ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezilwaneni zasogwadule ezifana namakamela, izinhlanganisela ezivimbela ukujiya kwegazi ematheni omiyane, noma ukuba khona kobuthi emaqabunga ezitshalo ukuxosha izilwane ezidla uhlaza.
Izifundo zaselabhorethri ezikala okuqukethwe kwegazi, umchamo, nolunye uketshezi lomzimba, olulandelela izindlela ze-metabolic, noma izifundo ezincane zezicubu zomzimba ngokuvamile ziyadingeka ukuze kutholakale ukujwayela komzimba.
Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nzima ukubona ukuthi alikho yini idlozi elilodwa noma izinhlobo ezihlobene eduze ukuze kuqhathaniswe imiphumela.
I-Ethological noma ukuziphatha
Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kuthinta indlela izinto eziphilayo ezisebenza ngayo ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, njengokuqinisekisa ukuzala noma ukudla, ukuzivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, noma ukushintsha indawo yokuhlala lapho izimo zemvelo zingafaneleki.
Phakathi kokuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuziphatha, sithola ukufuduka, okubhekisela ekuhlanganiseni ngezikhathi ezithile nokukhulu kwezilwane zisuka ezindaweni zazo zemvelo ziye kwezinye izindawo zokuhlala.
Lokhu kushintsha kwenzeka ngaphambi nangemva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Into ethakazelisayo ngale nqubo ukuthi, ngaphakathi kwayo, kwenzeka ezinye izinguquko ezingaba yi-anatomical kanye ne-physiological, njengoba kwenzeka ezimvemvaneni, izinhlanzi, nezimvemvane.
Okunye ukuziphatha okungase kushintshe ukuqomisana noma ukugabavula. Ukwehluka kwayo kungaba yinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo. Umgomo wezilwane uwukuthola umngane womshado futhi uziqondise ekuzaleni.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zibonisa ukuziphatha okuhlukahlukene okubhekwa njengemikhuba phakathi nenkathi yokukhwelana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubonisa, ukukhiqiza imisindo, noma ukunikeza izipho.
Ngakho, singabona ukuthi amabhere alala ebusika ukuze abaleke emakhazeni, izinyoni nemikhomo ifuduka iye endaweni efudumele ebusika, kanti izilwane zasogwadule ziyanyakaza ebusuku lapho kushisa ehlobo. Lezi izibonelo zokuziphatha okusiza izilwane ziphile.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuziphatha kuvame ukudinga insimu ngokucophelela kanye nocwaningo lwaselabhorethri ukuze kwambulwe. Ngokuvamile zibandakanya izinqubo ze-physiological.
Lolu hlobo lokuzijwayeza luyabonwa nakubantu. Basebenzisa ukuzivumelanisa namasiko njengesethi engaphansi yokuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha.
Isibonelo, lapho abantu abahlala endaweni ethile befunda izindlela zokushintsha ukudla abakudingayo ukuze babhekane nesimo sezulu esithile.
Izinkomba
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