Amaprotheni adlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yomzimba, esebenza njengesakhiwo, i-enzymatic, i-hormonal, izakhi zokuthutha, phakathi kokunye. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20 zamaprotheni anemisebenzi ethile emzimbeni, konke okubalulekile ekugcineni impilo nokusebenza ngendlela efanele. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo zamaprotheni kanye nemisebenzi yazo emzimbeni womuntu.
Izinhlobo zamaphrotheni nemisebenzi yawo: funda ngokuhlukahluka nokubaluleka kwalezi zakhi ezibalulekile.
Amaprotheni ayizakhi ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle komzimba womuntu, enza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaprotheni, ngalinye linesakhiwo salo kanye nomsebenzi othize.
1. I-Albumin: inesibopho sokuthutha izinto ezisegazini kanye nokulawula umfutho we-osmotic.
2. I-Collagen: ekhona esikhumbeni, emathanjeni naku-cartilage, inikeza ukusekelwa nokunwebeka kwezicubu.
3. Ama-Enzymes: enza kube lula ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni, kube lula izinqubo ze-metabolic.
4. I-Hemoglobin: ithwala umoya-mpilo usuka emaphashini uwuyise ezicutshini kanye ne-carbon dioxide usuka ezicutshini uwuyise emaphashini.
5. I-Keratin: iphrotheni yesakhiwo ekhona ezinweleni, izinzipho nasesikhunjeni, ihlinzeka ukumelana nokungangenisi.
6. I-Myoglobin: igcina umoya-mpilo emisipheni, okuvumela ukufinyela kwemisipha ngesikhathi sokusebenza komzimba.
7. I-insulin: ilawula amazinga kashukela egazini, yenza kube lula ukungena kukashukela kumaseli.
8. I-Casein: ekhona obisini, iwumthombo wama-amino acid abalulekile ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwengane.
9. I-Actin ne-myosin: ibhekele ukufinyela kwemisipha nokunyakaza komzimba.
10. Ama-globulin: enza amasosha omzimba, alwe namagciwane futhi akhiqize amasosha omzimba.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi zamaprotheni anemisebenzi eyahlukene emzimbeni. Kubalulekile ukudla ukudla okunomsoco futhi okuhlukahlukene ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi udla okwanele zonke izakhamzimba ezibalulekile empilweni.
Thola ama-amino acid angama-20 abalulekile ekwakheni amaprotheni emzimbeni womuntu.
Amaprotheni adlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini eminingana yomzimba, ebalulekile ekugcineni impilo nokusebenza kahle kwezitho nezicubu. Ukuze amaprotheni ahlanganiswe ngendlela efanele, ukuba khona kwama-amino acid, okuyizingqimba zamaprotheni, kuyadingeka.
Emzimbeni womuntu, kunama-amino acid angama-20 adingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe amaprotheni. Lawa ma-amino acid ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: ama-amino acid abalulekile, angeke akhiqizwa imizimba yethu futhi kufanele atholakale ngokudla, kanye nama-amino acid angabalulekile, angahlanganiswa ngumzimba.
Ezinye izibonelo zama-amino acid abalulekile zihlanganisa i-lysine, i-methionine, i-phenylalanine, ne-threonine. Ngayinye yalawa amino acid idlala indima ethile ekwakhekeni kwamaprotheni kanye nokugcina impilo yomzimba.
Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unamaprotheni anele ekudleni kwakho ukuze umzimba wakho ukwazi ukufinyelela kuwo wonke ama-amino acid adingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe amaprotheni. Ukuntuleka kwe-amino acid kungaholela ezinkingeni zempilo futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kahle komzimba.
Ngakho-ke, ukwazi ama-amino acid angama-20 adingekayo ukuze kwakheke amaprotheni kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni impilo nokuphila kahle kwemizimba yethu. Qinisekisa ukuthi ufaka imithombo yamaprotheni ekudleni kwakho kwansuku zonke ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zomzimba wakho futhi ugcine ukusebenza kahle kwesitho nezicubu.
Ukubaluleka kwamaprotheni ekusebenzeni komzimba womuntu: funda ngemisebenzi yawo eyinhloko.
Amaprotheni adlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni komzimba womuntu, abalulekile emisebenzini eminingana ebalulekile. Akhiwe ngama-amino acid, okuyizingqimba zomzimba, futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekulungiseni izicubu, ekulawuleni izinqubo ze-metabolic, kanye nokuthuthwa kwezinto emzimbeni wonke.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamaprotheni akhona emzimbeni, ngalinye linemisebenzi ethile. Funda ngezinhlobo ezingama-20 zamaprotheni kanye nemisebenzi yawo eyinhloko:
1. Ama-enzyme: Anesibopho sokusheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni.
2. Ama-antibodies: Asebenza ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba ekulweni nezinto ezihlaselayo ezifana namagciwane namagciwane.
3. I-Hemoglobin: Ithutha umoya-mpilo usuka emaphashini uye emangqamuzaneni omzimba.
4. I-Collagen: Igcina ubuqotho besikhumba, imisipha, imisipha kanye namalunga.
5. I-Keratin: Ivikela isikhumba, izinwele, kanye nezinzipho ekulimaleni kwangaphandle.
6. I-insulini: Ilawula amazinga kashukela egazini.
7. I-Actin ne-myosin: Ibangela ukufinyela kwemisipha.
8. I-Fibrinogen: Ihlanganyela ekuqineni kwegazi.
9. Amaprotheni okuthutha: Ahambisa izinto emzimbeni wonke, njengomoya-mpilo kanye nezakhamzimba.
10. Amaprotheni esakhiwo: Lawa abangela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezifana namathambo kanye ne-cartilage.
11. Amaprotheni okugcina: Gcina izakhamzimba ezifana nama-amino acid kanye nensimbi.
12. Amaprotheni avuvukalayo: Avumela ukunyakaza komzimba, njengokuvuvuka kwemisipha.
13. Amaprotheni okubonisa izimpawu: Adlulisela izimpawu phakathi kwamaseli omzimba.
14. Amaprotheni alawulayo: Lawula izinqubo ze-metabolic kanye nemisebenzi yamaseli.
15. Ukulungisa amaprotheni: Kusiza ekulungiseni izicubu ezonakele.
16. Amaprotheni okuzivikela: Alwa namagciwane futhi avikele umzimba ezifweni.
17. Amaprotheni okuthutha igesi: Athutha amagesi afana nomoya-mpilo kanye ne-carbon dioxide emzimbeni wonke.
18. Amaprotheni okugcina: Gcina izakhamzimba ukuze uzisebenzise esikhathini esizayo.
19. Amaprotheni alawula i-pH: Gcina ibhalansi ye-acid-base emzimbeni.
20. Amaprotheni okuhlangana kwamaseli: Agcina amaseli ndawonye futhi ahlelwe ezicutshini.
Njengoba sibona, amaprotheni enza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebalulekile ukuze umzimba womuntu usebenze ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi udla amaprotheni anele ngokudla ukuze ugcine impilo nokuphila kahle.
Thola ama-amino acid angama-21 abalulekile ekusebenzeni komzimba womuntu.
Amaprotheni adlala indima ebalulekile emizimbeni yethu, anesibopho semisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile. Amaprotheni akhiwe ngama-amino acid angu-20 ahlukene, ayisishiyagalolunye kuwo athathwa njengebalulekile—okusho ukuthi awakwazi ukuhlanganiswa ngumzimba futhi kufanele atholakale ngokudla.
Lawa ma-amino acid abalulekile yilawa: i-phenylalanine , i-valine , i-threonine , i-tryptophan , i-isoleucine , i-methionine , i-histidine , i-leucine , kanye ne -lysine . Abalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwemizimba yethu, asebenza ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni, ekulawulweni kwama-hormone, ekuthuthweni kwezakhamzimba, kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi.
Ngayinye yalawa ma-amino acid idlala indima ethile emzimbeni, inikela empilweni nasenhlalakahleni. Isibonelo, i-lysine ibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwe-collagen, kuyilapho i-threonine ihilelekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-glucose. I-Valine, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibalulekile ekulungiseni izicubu zemisipha ngemva kokuvivinya umzimba.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unamaprotheni anele ekudleni kwakho ukuze unikeze umzimba ngama-amino acid owadingayo ukuze usebenze kahle. Ukudla okunomsoco nokuhlukahlukene kubalulekile empilweni nempilo yesikhathi eside.
Izinhlobo ezingama-20 zamaprotheni nemisebenzi yawo emzimbeni
Amaprotheni ayizakhamzimba ezinkulu ezakhiwe ngekhabhoni, i-hydrogen, i-oxygen, ne-nitrogen , yize amanye aqukethe nesibabule ne-phosphorus. Lezi zakhi, ezifundwe yi-biology (nesayensi ehlobene), zichaza okuningi ngendlela imizimba yethu esebenza ngayo, kokubili ngokunyakaza kanye, isibonelo, ezingqondweni zethu. Kodwa-ke, amaprotheni akhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila, hhayi nje ezinhlotsheni zethu.
Izitshalo zihlanganisa amaprotheni e-nitrogen e-inorganic, kodwa izilwane, ezingakwazi ukwenza le nqubo, kufanele zihlanganise lezi zinto ekudleni kwazo. Amaprotheni akhiwa ukuhlangana kwama-amino acid amaningana, axhunywe ngamabhondi e-peptide.
Njengoba la ma-biomolecule ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi imizimba yethu isebenza kanjani, kuyasiza ukwazi ezinye zezinhlobo zamaprotheni ezivame kakhulu noma ezifanele kithi, kanye nama-amino acid awakhayo. Kulesi sihloko, uzothola incazelo eningiliziwe yalezi zinto ezimbili: ama-amino acid namaprotheni. Ake siqale ngeyokuqala.
- Ungase ube nentshisekelo kulokhu: ” Umehluko o-4 phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane nezitshalo “
Ayini ama-amino acid?
Njengoba sesibonile, ama-amino acid ayizakhi zokwakha noma izinto zokusetshenziswa zamaprotheni . Empeleni, yizinto zokusetshenziswa ezakha umzimba wethu wonke: imisipha, izinwele, amathambo, isikhumba, ngisho nezicubu zobuchopho ezikhiqiza imicabango yethu, imizwa, kanye nokuqaphela.
Nakuba amakhulu ama-amino acid angatholakala emvelweni, angu-20 kuphela asetshenziswa ekwakhekeni kwamaprotheni. Abizwa ngokuthi: ama-amino acid amaprotheni.
Izinhlobo ezingama-20 zamaprotheni amino acid
Amaphrotheni amino acid, abuye abizwe ngokuthi ama-canonical amino acid, enza imisebenzi yemvelo ngokwawo, njenge-glycine noma i-glutamate, okuyi-neurotransmitters. Ngezansi, uzothola ama-neurotransmitters angama-20 amaprotheni:
- Isihloko esinconyiwe: "Izinhlobo zamaNeurotransmitters: Imisebenzi kanye nokuhlukaniswa"
1. I-Glutamic acid
Le amino acid ibhekwa njengophethiloli wobuchopho , futhi omunye wemisebenzi yayo eyinhloko ukumunca i-ammonia eningi emzimbeni.
2. I-Alanine
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wale amino acid ukubandakanyeka kwayo ekugayweni kweglucose.
3. I-Arginine
Ikhona enqubweni yokukhipha ubuthi emzimbeni , emjikelezweni we-urea, kanye nasekuhlanganisweni kwe-creatinine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihilelekile ekukhiqizweni nasekukhishweni kwe-growth hormone.
4. I-Asparagine
Yenziwe nge-aspartic acid futhi , kanye ne-glutamine, isusa i-ammonia eningi emzimbeni futhi ibandakanyeka ekuthuthukiseni ukumelana nokukhathala.
5. I-cysteine
Kuhilelekile enqubweni yokususa izinsimbi ezisindayo emzimbeni futhi kubalulekile ekukhuleni kwezinwele kanye nempilo yazo.
6. Phenylalanine
Ngenxa yale amino acid, kungenzeka ukulawula ama-endorphin, abangela imizwa yenhlalakahle . Inciphisa isifiso sokudla ngokweqile futhi iyasiza ekunciphiseni ubuhlungu.
7. I-Wisteria
Kusiza umzimba wakhe imisipha , kukhuthaze ukuphulukiswa okufanele, kuvimbele izifo ezithelelanayo, futhi kunegalelo ekusebenzeni kahle kobuchopho.
8. Glutamine
I-Glutamine itholakala ngobuningi emisipheni. Le amino acid ithuthukisa ukusebenza kobuchopho kanye nomsebenzi wengqondo futhi isiza ekuxazululeni izinkinga zokungabi namandla okusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibalulekile ekulweni nezinkinga ezihlobene notshwala.
9. I-Histidine
Le amino acid iyisandulela se-histamine . Itholakala ngobuningi ku-hemoglobin futhi iyadingeka ekukhiqizweni kwamaseli egazi abomvu namhlophe, kanye nokubandakanyeka ekukhuleni, ekulungisweni kwezicubu, kanye nasekubunjweni kwama-sheath e-myelin.
10. Isoleucine
Le amino acid iyingxenye yekhodi yezakhi zofuzo futhi iyadingeka ekwakhekeni kwezicubu zemisipha kanye ne-hemoglobin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiza ekulawuleni ushukela egazini.
11. I-Leucine
Njenge-amino acid yangaphambilini, ihilelekile ekwakhekeni nasekulungiseni izicubu zemisipha futhi isiza ekwelapheni isikhumba namathambo. Isebenza futhi njengomthombo wamandla ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca ngamandla amakhulu futhi isiza ekwandiseni ukukhiqizwa kwe-hormone yokukhula.
12. Lysine
Kanye ne-methionine, ihlanganisa i-amino acid carnitine futhi ibalulekile ekwelapheni i-herpes.
13. I-Methionine
Kubalulekile ukugwema izinhlobo ezithile zokuvuvukala , i-cholesterol ephezulu, kanye nokulahlekelwa izinwele.
14. I-Proline
Inesibopho sokwenziwa kwama-neurotransmitter amaningana obuchopho ahlobene nokucindezeleka kwesikhashana futhi isebenzisana futhi ekwakhiweni kwe-collagen.
15. Serina
Kuyi-amino acid ehlanganyela ekugayweni kwamafutha futhi iyisandulela sama-phospholipids ondla uhlelo lwezinzwa.
16. Ukulwa Nezinkunzi
I-Taurine iqinisa imisipha yenhliziyo futhi ivimbele ukungasebenzi kahle kwenhliziyo. Ithuthukisa umbono futhi ivimbele ukuwohloka kwe-macular.
17. Tyrosine
I-Tyrosine ivelele ngomsebenzi wayo njenge-neurotransmitter futhi ingasiza ekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka noma ukucindezeleka.
18. Threonine
Kuyadingeka enqubweni yokususa ubuthi emzimbeni futhi kuhilelekile ekwakhiweni kwe-collagen ne-elastin.
19. I-Tryptophan
I-Tryptophan iyi-amino acid ebalulekile, okusho ukuthi umzimba awukwazi ukuyikhiqiza futhi kumele itholakale ngokudla. Iyisandulela se-neurotransmitter serotonin, ehlotshaniswa nesimo sengqondo. I-Tryptophan ibhekwa njengesidakamizwa semvelo sokucindezeleka futhi ikhuthaza nokulala. Futhi iyisakhi esinempilo kakhulu futhi kulula ukuyithola ekudleni okunempilo.
- Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nale neurotransmitter kulesi sihloko: "Tryptophan: izici nemisebenzi yale amino acid"
20. Valine
Njengamanye ama-amino acid okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, kubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekulungiseni izicubu zemisipha . Ngaphezu kwalokho, idlala indima ekulawuleni isifiso sokudla.
Ama-amino acid abalulekile futhi angabalulekile
Ama-amino acid angahlukaniswa njengabalulekile kanye nalawo angabalulekile. Umehluko phakathi kwawo ukuthi awokuqala awakwazi ukukhiqizwa ngumzimba ngakho-ke kumele agwinywe ngokudla. Ama-amino acid ayisishiyagalolunye abalulekile yile :
- Umlando
- Isoleucine
- I-Leucine
- Lysine
- I-Methionine
- I-Phenylalanine
- Threonine
- I-Tryptophan
- Valine
Akuwona wonke ukudla okunamaprotheni anenani elifanayo lama-amino acid. Amaprotheni ane-amino acid ephezulu kakhulu ngamaqanda.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaprotheni
Amaprotheni angahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezahlukene . Ngezansi ungathola izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaprotheni.
1. Ngokwemvelaphi yayo
Enye yezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu ngokwemvelaphi: amaprotheni ezilwane nemifino.
1.1 Amaprotheni ezilwane
Amaprotheni ezilwane, njengoba negama lisho, lawo avela ezilwaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqanda noma ingulube amaprotheni.
1.2 Amaprotheni emifino
Amaprotheni asekelwe ezitshalweni yilawo atholakala ezitshalweni (indumba, ufulawa kakolweni, amantongomane, njll.). Isibonelo, amaprotheni e-soy noma amantongomane.
2. Ngokomsebenzi wayo
Kuye ngomsebenzi wawo emizimbeni yethu , amaprotheni angahlukaniswa kanje:
2.1 I-Hormonal
Lawa maprotheni akhiqizwa yizindlala ze-endocrine. Ngokuvamile ethuthwa egazini, ama-hormone asebenza njengezithunywa zamakhemikhali ezidlulisela ukwaziswa kusuka kwelinye ingqamuzana kuya kwelinye.
Ungafunda kabanzi ngalolu hlobo lwe-peptide hormone esihlokweni sethu: "Izinhlobo zama-hormone nemisebenzi yawo emzimbeni womuntu."
2.2 Ama-Enzymes noma ama-catalysts
Lawa maprotheni asheshisa izinqubo ze-metabolic kumaseli, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kwesibindi, ukugaya noma ukuguqulwa kwe-glycogen ibe yi-glucose, njll.
2.3 Isakhiwo
Amaprotheni esakhiwo, aziwa nangokuthi amaprotheni ane-fibrous, ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zemizimba yethu. Zihlanganisa i-collagen, i-keratin, ne-elastin. I-Collagen itholakala kuzicubu ezixhumeneyo, amathambo, noqwanga, njenge-elastin. I-Keratin iyisakhi sesakhiwo sezinwele, izinzipho, amazinyo, nesikhumba.
2.4 Ukuzivikela
Lawa maprotheni anomsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba, noma amasosha omzimba, agcina amagciwane ekhona. Ama-antibodies akheka kumaseli amhlophe egazi futhi ahlasele amagciwane, amagciwane, namanye amagciwane ayingozi.
2.5 I-Armazenamento
Amaprotheni okugcina agcina ama-ion amaminerali afana ne-potassium noma insimbi. Umsebenzi wabo ubalulekile ngoba, isibonelo, ukugcinwa kwensimbi kubalulekile ukuvimbela imiphumela emibi yale nto.
2.6 I-Transporte
Omunye wemisebenzi yamaprotheni ukuthutha ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, njengoba ethutha amaminerali kumaseli. Ngokwesibonelo, i-hemoglobin ithwala umoya-mpilo isuka ezicutshini iye emaphashini.
2.7 Abamukeli
Lawa ma-receptors ngokuvamile atholakala ngaphandle kwamaseli ukulawula izinto ezingena kuwo. Isibonelo, ama-neuron e-GABAergic aqukethe ama-protein receptors ahlukene kulwelwesi lwawo.
2.8 Inkontileka
Ayaziwa nangokuthi amaprotheni emoto. Lawa maprotheni alawula amandla kanye nesivinini sokufinyela kwenhliziyo noma kwemisipha. Isibonelo, i-myosin.
3. Ngokuvumelana kwayo
Ukuguquka kwesimo kuyisimo esinobukhulu obuthathu esitholwa amaqembu ahlukile e-molecule yamaprotheni esikhaleni, ngenxa yenkululeko yayo yokujikeleza.
3.1 Amaprotheni ane-fibrous
Akhiwa ngamaketanga e-polypeptide aqondaniswe ngokuhambisana. I-Collagen ne-keratin yizibonelo. Zinamandla aphezulu okugunda futhi azincibiliki emanzini nezixazululo ezinosawoti. Zingamaprotheni esakhiwo.
3.2 Amaprotheni e-globular
Amaketanga e-polypeptide azithandela, akha i-macrostructure eyindilinga. Ngokuvamile awancibiliki emanzini futhi ngokuvamile angamaprotheni okuthutha.
4. Ngokusho kokwakheka kwayo
Ngokuya ngokwakheka kwawo, amaprotheni angaba:
4.1 Ama-Holoprotein noma amaprotheni alula
Akhiwa ikakhulukazi ama-amino acid.
4.2 Ama-Heteroprotein noma amaprotheni ahlanganisiwe
Ngokuvamile akhiwa ingxenye engeyona i-amino acid futhi ingaba:
- Ama-Glycoprotein : isakhiwo esinoshukela
- AmaLipoprotein : ukwakheka kwe-lipid
- Ama-Nucleoprotein : enamathiselwe ku-nucleic acid. Isibonelo, ama-chromosomes nama-ribosomes.
- Ama-Metalloprotein : aqukethe i-ion yensimbi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ku-molecule yawo. Isibonelo: amanye ama-enzyme.
- Ama-hemoprotein ou ama-chromoprotein : Baneqembu le-heme esakhiweni sabo. Isibonelo: i-hemoglobin.