I-subculture yiqembu lezenhlalo elinezici ezihlukile ezilehlukanisa nesiko elibusayo emphakathini. Lawa maqembu angavela ngenxa yezintshisekelo ezifanayo, izinkolelo, izindinganiso, indlela yokuphila, noma ukwabelana ngobunikazi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zama-subcultures, njengamapunk, ama-goths, ama-skaters, ama-otakus, namanye. Ngayinye yalezi subcultures inamakhodi ayo, izilimi, izimpawu, nezindlela zokukhuluma ezizikhomba futhi zibahlanganise. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umsuka wama-subcultures, izinhlobo ezahlukene ezikhona, futhi sethule izibonelo zama-subcultures awaziwayo.
Izinhlobo ze-subculture: funda mayelana nokubonakaliswa okuhlukile kwamasiko okukhona emphakathini wamanje.
Ama-Subcultures amaqembu omphakathi azihlukanisa nesiko elivelele ngokuba nezindinganiso ezihlukene, imikhuba, nemikhuba. Zivela njengendlela yokumelana noma njengendlela yokuveza okunye ubunikazi emphakathini. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-subcultures, ngayinye enezici zayo ezithile kanye nokubonakaliswa kwamasiko okuyingqayizivele.
Enye yamasiko angaphansi aziwa kakhulu yi- punk subculture , eyavela ngawo-1970 njengenhlangano ephikisana namasiko. Ama-punk aziwa ngobuhle bawo obuvukelayo, umculo onolaka, kanye nesimo sengqondo sokungahlaliseki. Esinye isibonelo yi- gothic subculture , ebonakala ngokuthanda izingubo ezimnyama, umculo odabukisayo, kanye nesithakazelo ezindikimbeni ezihlasimulisayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinkambiso zasemadolobheni , njengabadlali be-skateboarding nabaculi be-graffiti , abaqoqana emikhubeni ethile futhi bakhe imiphakathi yabo emadolobheni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkambiso eziku-inthanethi zivela endaweni ebonakalayo, njengabadlali bamageyimu namalungu , ababelana ngezintshisekelo nezinkomba nge-inthanethi.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ama-subculture awamile futhi ahlala eguquguquka. Zibonisa izinguquko zezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, namasiko enkathi ngayinye, zithonya futhi zithonywe umphakathi ezikuwo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-subcultures kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zokukhuluma ezikhona emphakathini wamanje.
Umsuka wama-subcultures: qonda ukuthi ukunyakaza kwamasiko okuhlukile kwavela kanjani kuwo wonke umlando.
I-Subcultures amaqembu omphakathi azihlukanisa nesiko elivelele ngokusebenzisa izici ezihlukile, njengamagugu, ukuziphatha, izinkolelo, ngisho nezingubo. Lokhu kunyakaza kwamasiko kuye kwavela kuwo wonke umlando njengendlela yokumelana noma ukucinga ubuwena emphakathini obanzi.
Ama-subculture anemvelaphi yawo ezimweni ezehlukene, njengokuvela komnyakazo wama-punk ngeminyaka yawo-1970, owawusekelwe ekunganelisekini ngohlelo lwamanje kanye nokufuna inkululeko yokukhuluma. Esinye isibonelo inhlangano yama-hippie yawo-1960, eyayifuna ukuthula, uthando, nenkululeko ngokungafani nezindinganiso zokungaguquguquki zangaleso sikhathi.
Lawa maqembu avame ukwakha phakathi kwentsha ezizwa ikhishwe inyumbazane noma ibandlululwa umphakathi wayo, ifuna indlela yokuziveza futhi ihlobane nabanye abanemibono efana neyabo. Ngomculo, izingubo zokugqoka, ukuziphatha, ngisho ne-slang, ama-subcultures adala umuzwa wokuhlanganyela nomphakathi phakathi kwamalungu awo.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ama-subculture awamile futhi ahlala eguquguquka, ethonywa izici ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, namasiko. Zibonisa izinguquko kanye nezinselelo zomphakathi ezigxiliswe kuwo, zibonisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokumelana nokufuna ubuwena kuwo wonke umlando.
Incazelo yegama elithi subculture nokubaluleka kwayo emphakathini wanamuhla.
Igama elithi subculture libhekisela eqenjini elincane ngaphakathi kwesiko elikhulu elabelana ngamavelu ahlukene, imikhuba, nokuziphatha. Lawa maqembu angase aqhamuke ngenxa yezintshisekelo ezifanayo, ubunikazi okwabiwe, noma isipiliyoni sempilo esifanayo. I-subcultures idlala indima ebalulekile emphakathini wamanje, njengoba ifaka isandla ekwehlukahlukaneni kwamasiko futhi ikhuthaza ukukhuluma komuntu ngamunye.
Ama-Subcultures angazibonakalisa ngezindlela eziningi, okuhlanganisa izizwe zasemadolobheni, amaqembu omculo, ukunyakaza kobuciko, nokuningi. Izibonelo zifaka ama-punk, ama-hippie, ama-goth, nabadlali bamageyimu. Ngayinye yalezi subcultures inezici ezihlukile eziyihlukanisayo nejwayelekile.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kwama-subcultures emphakathini wamanje, njengoba ehlinzeka ngendawo yokubonisa ubuciko, ukwakhiwa kokunye ukuhlonza, kanye nokusesha okungokwakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-subcultures abekela inselele izinkambiso zomphakathi ezimisiwe futhi akhuthaze ukuzindla ngezindaba ezinjengokwehlukahlukana, ukubekezelelana, nokufakwa.
Bavumela abantu ngabanye ukuthi bathole umphakathi kanye nokukhuluma emhlabeni okhulayo futhi oxhumene.
Umthelela wama-subcultures emphakathini wamanje: ukuqonda indima yawo kanye nomthelela womphakathi.
I-Subcultures ibambe iqhaza elikhulu emphakathini wanamuhla, ithonya ukuziphatha, imikhuba, ngisho nemfashini. Isuka njengamaqembu abantu abanezintshisakalo ezifanayo kanye namagugu, ama-subcultures ahlangane abe amafomu ahlukahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kukhona ama-subcultures asemadolobheni, afana nama-skateboarders kanye nabaculi be-graffiti, anomthelela oqondile esikweni lasemadolobheni. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa amasiko angaphansi komculo, njengamapunk nabaculi bomculo we-rap, abangagcini nje ngomculo kodwa nemfashini ngisho nolimi olusetshenziswa intsha emhlabeni wonke.
Lawa ma-subcultures anamandla okuthonya hhayi kuphela ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye kodwa nokuziphatha okuhlangene, inselele imikhuba yezenhlalakahle futhi ngokuvamile engabaza isimo se-quo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngomculo, imfashini, noma ngisho nobuciko, ama-subcultures anamandla okuguqula umphakathi futhi avuse inkulumo-mpikiswano ngezindaba ezibalulekile.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda nokwazisa ukuhlukahluka kwama-subcultures akhona emphakathini wanamuhla, eqaphela indima yawo kanye nomthelela wezenhlalakahle. Kunokuba siwalahle noma siwabeke eceleni, kufanele samukele ukunotha kwamasiko okulethwa ama-subcultures emhlabeni wethu owandayo futhi oxhumene.
I-Subculture: imvelaphi, izinhlobo nezibonelo
I-subculture yigama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza amaqembu amancane emphakathini anezinkolelo nokuziphatha okuhlukile kulokho kwesiko elibusayo. Lokhu kungafani kungaba ngokwemibono, ngokwezepolitiki, ngokwenkolo, ngokobuhle, ngokweminyaka, ngokobuzwe, ngokobulili, noma okunye.
Nakuba ingeyona ingxenye yesichazamazwi se-Royal Spanish Academy (RAE), igama elithi subculture lisetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yezemfundo ye-sociology, i-anthropology kanye ne-semiotics.
Ivela kusiqalo sesiLatini esithi "sub", okusho ukuthi "ngezansi" futhi "isiko", okubhekisela kusethi yezindlela zokuphila, amasiko kanye nolwazi lomphakathi ngesikhathi esithile.
Ngokuvamile, ama-subcultures ahlanganisa okuthandayo okukhethekile, izimo zengqondo, izimpawu, izindlela zokugqoka kanye nokuphathwa kolimi, okukhomba futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubehlukanisa kwamanye amalungu omphakathi abayingxenye yawo.
Ezimweni eziningi, isikhundla sabo sisho ukuphikiswa kwemibono nezindinganiso zesiko le-hegemonic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njenganoma iyiphi inkambiso eshiya ama-canon amisiwe, ama-subcultures avame ukubandlululwa kanye nokucwaswa okuvela emaqenjini amaningi.
Origem do termo
Igama elithi subculture laqala ukusetshenziswa maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, lapho isazi sezenhlalo saseMelika uDavid Riesman (1909-2002) eshicilela incwadi ethi The Lonely Crowd: A Study in the Changing American Character ngo-1950.
Lo msebenzi, owawubhekwa njengengqopha-mlando ekuhlaziyeni isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kulelo zwe, wahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zabantu: labo abamukela ngokunganaki indlela yokuphila ebusayo nabanye abazembula futhi bakhetha ukuphila “indlela yabo siqu.”
Lawa maqembu amancane akhethe amanani namazinga ahlukene, kude nemodeli yendabuko, abizwa ngokuthi ama-subcultures.
Phakathi kwabo, ama -beatnik asemasha angaleso sikhathi avelela , ephethe isimo sokulwa nobukhapitali futhi egcizelela ukubaluleka kokuthuthukisa uhlangothi olungokomoya lomuntu ngamunye, kude nezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemithetho ebekwe yilolu hlelo.
Laba babezihlukanisa neningi, elalihlale lifuna ukuvunyelwa omakhelwane babo futhi lalihlala ngokwesaba ukushiywa ngaphandle emphakathini.
Incwadi kaRiesman yaba edayiswa kakhulu futhi yengeza imibono emisha namagama achazayo esikweni elidumile, kuhlanganise ne-subculture.
Izinhlobo
I-subcultures iza ngezindlela eziningi. Ezinye ezivame kakhulu zinezici zesifunda, zenkolo, zobuhlanga, ezihlobene nobudala, zemibono, nezomculo.
Ubuzwe:
Amaqembu obuzwe avela ngenxa yokuthi abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe bavamile emazweni amaningi, befika nemibono yabo, amasiko nezindlela zabo zokuphila. Ngokuhambisa isiko labo kwenye indawo lapho lingekho khona kakhulu, babhekwa njenge-subculture.
Ezenkolo
Kungokufanayo nangenkolo. Ezifundeni eziningi, kunohlelo lwenkolelo olulandelwa iningi labantu, elihlala nabanye abanabalandeli abambalwa.
Okwehlanga
Ngokunjalo, lokhu kubonakala futhi ngokombono wobuhlanga, lapho izinhlanga ezithile ziyingcosana futhi zinemikhuba yazo yobuntu ngokuphathelene nawo wonke umphakathi.
Abadala
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-subculture zivame ukuvela ngenxa yezinkinga zeminyaka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha kanye nentsha, efuna ukuphikisa noma ukuzihlukanisa namamodeli namasiko abantu abadala abawalandelayo.
Lawa maqembu avame ukuzama ukuziveza kumasiko abusayo, anomuzwa wokuthi afuna ukuwaphoqelela ngesikole, imikhuba yabazali, uhlelo lokukhiqiza, abezindaba, kanye nezinhlangano zokulawula nengcindezelo.
nezinye
I-subcultures ingenzeka futhi ngezizathu zezepolitiki, ezocansi noma zemibono, noma ngenxa nje yokuthi inokunambitheka kwesici okungalandelwa iningi.
Kuwo wonke umlando, abaningi baye bagqama ekuveleni kwemibono yabo kanye nefa eliqinile abalishiya.
Izibonelo
Izibonelo zamasiko amancane zifaka phakathi ama-beatnik , ama-mods , ama-hippie , ama-punk , ama-rockers , ama-metalheads , ama- gamers , ama-goth , nama -emos.
Beatniks
AmaBeatnik akhanya kakhulu ngawo-50 nawo - 60. Ayevelele ngokuphikisana nezindinganiso zakudala zaseMelika, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, inkululeko yocansi, kanye nokulwa nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. Izingubo zawo ezivamile zazihlanganisa i-beret yaseFrance, izibuko ezimnyama, kanye ne-turtleneck emnyama. Ithonya lawo eliyinhloko kwakuyimbongi u-Allen Ginsberg kanye nomlobi uJack Kerouac.
Ama-Mods
AmaMods ayevela enkathini efanayo, amadoda evelele ngamasudi awo ase-Italy enziwe ngokwezifiso kanti abesifazane babevelele ngeziketi zabo ezincane namabhuzu. Ngokuvamile babethanda i-jazz, ama-beats aseBrithani, kanye ne - blues yaseMelika. Babebonakala nangokusika izinwele zabo ezimise okwesigqoko kanye nokugibela isithuthuthu. Ababebamele kakhulu kwakungumodeli we-guitarist uTwiggy no-Who, uPete Townshend.
hippie
Inhlangano yama-hippie, eyavela ngawo-60 no-70, yayihlukile ngezinwele zayo ezinde nezingubo ezimibalabala, igqoke izimbadada futhi izama izidakamizwa njengendlela yokukhulisa ingqondo.
Balalela i-rock ne-folk ye-psychedelic futhi bakholelwa ku-pacifism, ukuphila komphakathi, inguquko yobulili, nothando lwamahhala. Ezinye zezithombe zabo kwakungabaculi uJohn Lennon noJanis Joplin, kanye no-LSD guru uTim Lear.
Amapunk
AmaPunk aqala maphakathi nawo-1970. Imibono yawo yaholela ekungalawuleki, yaphikisana nemigomo eyayimisiwe, futhi yenqaba yonke imithetho. Iziqubulo zawo eziyinhloko zazithi "akukho ikusasa" nokuthi "zenzele wena. "
Ngobuhle, zazibonakala ngokugundwa kwezinwele ze-mohawk, amajakhethi esikhumba, namakholomu anezingidi. Izikhuthazo zabo eziyinhloko kwakunguJohnny Rotten noSid Vicius.
nezinye
Ezinye izibonelo zamasiko angaphansi akhona kuze kube namuhla yilezo zabadlali be-rock , abathandi bomculo we-rock and roll; ama-metalhead , alalela umculo we-heavy metal; abadlali begeyimu , abalandeli bemidlalo yevidiyo; ama-goth , aheha abantu abamnyama, ukulila nokufa; kanye nama-emos , ahlobene nemizwelo nokucindezeleka ebuntwaneni.
Izinkomba
- I-Counterculture kanye ne-Subculture. Umbhali: J. Milton Yinger. Umthombo: American Sociological Review, Vol. 25, No. 5. Ishicilelwe yi: American Sociological Association. Itholakala ku: jstor.org
- UDavid Riesman, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu othi "Isixuku Esinesizungu" esathengiswa kakhulu, ushona eneminyaka engama-92. Isihloko se-New York Times. May 11, 2002. Itholakala ku: nytimes.com
- Lezi yizizwe ezingama-30 zasemadolobheni odinga ukwazi ngazo njengamanje. I-athikili kaNoel Ceballos kumagazini we-GQ. Mashi 15, 2019. Itholakala ku: revistagq.com
- I-Subculture, iWikipedia Itholakala ku: en.wikipedia.org
- Isichazamazwi seRoyal Spanish Academy (RAE). Itholakala ku: rae.es