Umxoxi owazi konke ungenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zomlandi ezincwadini nasefilimini. Banolwazi oluphelele lwezehlakalo, imicabango, nemizwa yabo bonke abalingiswa, futhi bangakwazi ukuthola ulwazi olungaphezu kokufinyelela abalingisi. Kulo mbhalo, sizoxoxa ngezici zomlandi owazi konke, izinhlobo ezahlukene ezikhona, futhi sethule izibonelo ezidumile zalolu hlobo lokulandisa.
Isibonelo somlandi owazi konke: incazelo nezici zomxoxi owazi konke.
Umxoxi owazi konke yilowo onolwazi oluphelele lwezehlakalo, imicabango, kanye nemizwa yabo bonke abalingiswa abasendabeni. Lolu hlobo lomxoxi lufana nesibukeli esikhona yonke indawo ngesikhathi esisodwa, esikwazi ukubika amaqiniso ngokungachemi nangobuqotho.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zomxoxi owazi konke yikhono lakhe lokuxoxa indaba ngemibono ehlukene, ngaphandle kokuzibekela umkhawulo ekuboneni umlingiswa oyedwa. Banamandla okufinyelela olwazini abalingisi ngokwabo abangalazi, okunikeza ukulandisa umbono obanzi nojulile.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zomlandisi owazi konke: umazi konke okuyinhloso, obika izehlakalo ngokungeyena umuntu, ngaphandle kokugxambukela ezenzweni zabalingiswa, kanye nowazi konke ozimele, okuthi ngaphezu kokwazi imicabango nemizwa yabalingiswa, aphinde akhiphe izahlulelo nemibono ngabo.
Isibonelo sakudala somxoxi owazi konke umxoxi we-"Dom Casmurro" ka-Machado de Assis. Kule noveli, umxoxi wazi zonke izimfihlo kanye nozungu oluzungeze abalingiswa, enikeza umfundi umbono okhethekile wesakhiwo.
Ngamafuphi, umxoxi owazi konke nguyena ophethe lonke ulwazi ngendaba exoxwayo, avumele ukulandisa okucebile ngemininingwane nobunkimbinkimbi. Ikhono labo lokufinyelela imicabango nemizwa yabalingisi linikeza ukujula okuyingqayizivele emsebenzini, okuwenza uhehe futhi uhehe umfundi.
Izinhlobo zomxoxi: funda ngezindlela ezine zokuxoxa indaba.
Kunezinhlobo ezine zababalisi ezingatholakala endabeni: umxoxi owazi konke, umxoxi ongumuntu wokuqala, umxoxi ongumuntu wesithathu, nomxoxi ongumuntu wesibili. Ngalunye lwalezi zinhlobo zabalandisi lunezici ezihlukile ezithonya indlela indaba exoxwa ngayo kanye nendlela umfundi ahlobana ngayo nabalingiswa nezehlakalo.
Umxoxi owazi konke unolwazi oluphelele lwabalingiswa nezehlakalo endabeni. Bangakwazi ukufinyelela imicabango nemizwa yabo bonke abalingiswa, futhi balindele izehlakalo zesikhathi esizayo. Lolu hlobo lomxoxi luvumela umbono obanzi nonemininingwane yendaba, lunikeze umfundi ukuqonda okujulile kwezehlakalo.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zababalisi abazi konke: umlandi owazi konke kanye nomlandi obambe iqhaza owazi konke. Umlandi obonayo owazi konke yilowo ohlukayo kubalingiswa, axoxe indaba ngokungachemi nangokuqondile. Umlandisi owazi konke obambe iqhaza yilowo ozibandakanya ngokomzwelo nabalingiswa, abelane ngemicabango nemibono yabo.
Isibonelo somlandi owazi konke umlandisi wencwadi kaGeorge R.R. Martin ethi "A Game of Thrones." Kulo msebenzi, umxoxi unolwazi oluphelele lwabo bonke abalingiswa nezenzakalo, enikeza umfundi umbono ophelele womhlaba odalwe umbhali.
Ngamafuphi, umxoxi owazi konke yilowo ophethe lonke ulwazi ngendaba, enikeza umfundi umbono obanzi nonemininingwane ngezigameko. Lolu hlobo lomxoxi luvumela ukuqonda okujulile kwesakhiwo nabalingisi, kwenze ukufunda kuhlobise futhi kuhehe.
Isibonelo somlandi owazi konke: Iyiphi enye indlela eyethula umxoxi owazi imicabango nemizwa yabalingisi?
Umxoxi owazi konke yilowo onolwazi oluphelele lwendaba nabalingiswa bayo, okuhlanganisa nemicabango nemizwa yabo. Isibonelo esicacile somxoxi owazi konke yilowo okwazi ukufinyelela ezingqondweni zabalingisi futhi aveze izisusa zabo ngokuningiliziwe.
Ezincwadini, umxoxi owazi konke uvame ukusetshenziswa ukuze anikeze umbono obanzi nojulile wesakhiwo, okuvumela umfundi ukuba aqonde kangcono ama-nuances obudlelwano phakathi kwabalingiswa nokuthuthuka kwendaba. Ngakho, umxoxi owazi konke uba umuntu obalulekile ekwakhiweni kokulandisa.
Isibonelo somlandi owazi konke owazi imicabango nemizwa yabalingisi yilowo ochaza izenzo zomlingisi ngamunye kuyilapho eveza izinhloso zabo ezijulile. Leli khono lokufinyelela emicabangweni yabalingisi livumela umfundi ukuthi agxile kakhulu endabeni futhi azuze ukuqonda okujulile kwezisusa eziqhuba isakhiwo.
Ngakho-ke, ngokukhetha umxoxi oqonda imicabango nemizwa yabalingisi, umbhali ukhetha indlela enikeza inkimbinkimbi nokujula okukhulu ekulandiseni, enothisa ulwazi lomfundi nokwenza indaba ihehe.
Izinhlobo zababalisi ezikhona kuma-Chronicles: yini ebonisa ngamunye wabo?
Ezincwadini, ababalisi baneqhaza elibalulekile ekwakheni indaba nasekudluliseleni ulwazi kumfundi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zababalisi abakhona emibhalweni yezemilando, ngayinye inezici zayo ezithile. Enye yalezi zinhlobo umxoxi owazi konke, ogqama ngokuba nolwazi oluphelele ngezehlakalo nemizwa yabalingisi.
Umxoxi owazi konke uyakwazi ukufinyelela yonke imicabango, imizwa, nezenzo zabalingisi, futhi angalindela izehlakalo zesikhathi esizayo. Lolu hlobo lomxoxi lunikeza umfundi umbono obanzi nophelele wendaba, okuvumela ukuqonda okujulile kwezenzakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umxoxi owazi konke angakwazi ukuzibeka njengomuntu ongathathi hlangothi futhi ongakhethi, noma aphazamise ukulandisa ngokuthanda kwakhe.
Kunezinhlobo ezincane ezihlukene zomlandi owazi konke, njengesibukeli owazi konke, olandisa izehlakalo ngendlela eqondile, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa endabeni, kanye nomhlanganyeli owazi konke, ongazi nje kuphela konke okwenzeka esakhiweni kodwa futhi ohlanganyela kuso njengomlingiswa. Lokhu kwehluka komlandi owazi konke kuvumela ukwehluka okukhulu endleleni indaba exoxwa ngayo.
Isibonelo somlandi owazi konke singatholakala endabeni emfushane ethi "The Alienist" kaMachado de Assis. Kulo msebenzi, umxoxi wazi konke okwenzeka emiqondweni yabalingisi, eveza izisusa zabo nemicabango engaphakathi. Lo mbono obanzi nonemininingwane unomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwesakhiwo nasekuqondeni ubunkimbinkimbi bobudlelwano phakathi kwabalingiswa.
Umlandi Owazi konke: Izimpawu, Izinhlobo, kanye Nezibonelo
Umlandisi onolwazi oluphelele yilowo onolwazi oluphelele lwezehlakalo endabeni kanye nezisusa nemicabango engachazwanga yabalingiswa abahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi oluphelele luyikhwalithi yomlandisi olwazi lwakhe alunamingcele.
Umlandi owazi konke ungufakazi obona yonke into futhi onombono okhethekile ngesenzo. Ngakho-ke, akayena omunye wabalingisi basendabeni ulwazi lwabo ngabantu nezenzakalo lulinganiselwe kulokho okubonwayo noma okushiwo.
Laba babali ngezinye izikhathi baziwa ngokuthi i-telepathic, njengoba ulwazi lwabo luvame ukudlulela ngalé kwazo zonke izinto ezibonakalayo, izenzo, namagama ashiwoyo. Bayakwazi ukufinyelela emicabangweni, emizweni nasezinkolelweni zabalingisi.
Umxoxi owazi konke angase azi futhi atshele umfundi izinto mayelana nabalingiswa abangazazi bona. Abalandisi abawazi konke bangakwazi ukugxambukela futhi bangenelele ekuletheni kwabo ukuze bakhulume ngqo nomfundi. Ukwengeza, bangase bakhulume ngezenzo, inqubo, noma ngisho nokunikeza izifundo zokuziphatha.
Izici
Umxoxi owazi konke unikeza ukuqonda ngemicabango nemizwa yabo bonke abalingiswa. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi endabeni ende noma eyinkimbinkimbi enabalingiswa abaningi.
Ngokubonisa imicabango nemizwa yabalingiswa abahlukahlukene, umxoxi unikeza umbono ohluke kakhulu wezenzakalo. Kuphinde kusize umfundi aqonde amandla ashayela bonke abalingiswa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umlandisi onolwazi angenza lula indaba, anikeze ulwazi oludingekayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izincazelo zabalingiswa engxoxweni noma ukusebenzisa amanye amasu, njengokubuyela emuva.
Lolu hlobo lwendaba lunikeza ukwethembeka endabeni. Lokhu akwenzeki uma kukhulunywa ngokombono womlingiswa oyedwa (ukulandisa komuntu wokuqala).
Esinye isici somlandi owazi konke ukuthi udala ibanga elithile phakathi komfundi nezigigaba. Lokhu kunomthelela ekuqondeni okukhulu kochungechunge lwezinto ezinquma inkambo yezenzakalo.
Ngenxa yokuthi ukulandisa akuhambisani nemibono yomlingiswa, indaba ayihlukaniswa ngolwazi noma imizwa. Kunalokho, indaba ixoxwa ngezwi elingenabo ubuntu, elinomgomo.
Izinhlobo
Umuntu wesithathu owazi konke
Ezincwadini, umbono owazi konke yilowo lapho umxoxi azi khona imicabango nezenzo zawo wonke umlingiswa ekulandiseni. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umuntu wesithathu owazi konke.
Umxoxi womuntu wesithathu owazi konke angagxuma ngokukhululekile phakathi kwemiqondo yabalingiswa abahlukene, kungaba ezahlukweni ezihlukene noma ngisho nangaphakathi kwesigcawu esifanayo.
Ngale ndlela, kudalwa umuzwa wokuthi umxoxi ungumuntu waphezulu futhi udala ukuzethemba okuthile kokuthi umxoxi unenhloso futhi ukhuluma iqiniso.
Omniscient Limited
Abalandisi bomuntu wesithathu bangase babe nolwazi olulinganiselwe, bagxile kuphela kulokho umlingiswa oyinhloko noma wesibili ahlangabezana nakho.
Ngamanye amazwi, izehlakalo zinqunyelwe ekuboneni umlingiswa oyedwa futhi akukho lutho oluvezwayo angakaboni, engezwa, engezwa, noma akacabangi.
Izibonelo
Kusukela emsebenzini kaLeo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina (1877)
"UStepan Arkadych wayeyindoda eqotho ekusebenzelaneni kwakhe naye. Wayengenakuzikhohlisa futhi azikholise ukuthi aphenduke ekuziphatheni kwakhe.
Kuleli qophelo, akakwazanga ukuzisola ngokuthi yena, indoda ebukekayo futhi esengozini yeminyaka engu-34, yayingathandani nomkakhe, unina wezingane ezinhlanu eziphilayo kanye nezingane ezimbili ezifile, futhi kuphela ngonyaka omncane kunaye.
Into azisola ngayo ukuthi akazange aphumelele ukufihla umkakhe. Kodwa wezwa ubunzima obugcwele besikhundla sakhe futhi wahawukela umkakhe, izingane zakhe, kanye naye ngokwakhe.
Kusukela emsebenzini kaGeorge Orwell, 1984 (1949)
"Emgwaqweni, umoya wanyakazisa uphawu lapho igama elithi Ingsoc livela khona futhi lanyamalala. I-Ingsoc. Izimiso ezingcwele ze-Ingsoc. Ulimi olusha, ukucabanga kabili, ukuguquka kwesikhathi esedlule.
UWinston wayebonakala ezulazula emahlathini angaphansi kwamanzi, elahlekile emhlabeni omubi owawuyisilo sakhe. Wayeyedwa. Isikhathi esidlule sasifile, ikusasa lalingenakucatshangwa.
Wayengaqiniseka kangakanani ukuthi akekho noyedwa umuntu owayengakuye? Futhi ngangingazi kanjani ukuthi ukubusa kweQembu ngeke kuhlale unomphela?
Ephendula, iziqubulo ezintathu ezisengaphambili elimhlophe loMnyango Weqiniso zamkhumbuza ukuthi: IMPI INGUKUTHULA, INKULULEKO IWUBUGQILA, UKUNGAZI NGAMANDLA.
Kusukela emsebenzini kaDave Eggers, The Circle (2013)
Bangene ekheshini lengilazi ewolintshi egqame kancane. Amalambu akhanya, futhi uMae wabona igama lakhe livela ezindongeni, kanye nesithombe sakhe sencwadi yesikole samabanga aphezulu.
Siyakwamukela, Mae Holland. UMae wenza umsindo emphinjeni wakhe, wacishe wahefuzela. Wayeseneminyaka engasiboni lesi sithombe futhi wakujabulela kakhulu ukungabonwa.
Kumelwe ukuba kwakungu-Annie, emhlasela futhi ngalesi sithombe. Kwakusobala ukuthi intombazane esesithombeni kwakunguMae—umlomo obanzi, izindebe ezincanyana, isikhumba esiphaphathekile, nezinwele ezimnyama (…)
Kusukela emsebenzini kaJane Austen, Orgulho e Preconceito (1813)
“Ngesikhathi uMnu. Darcy ekunikeza le ncwadi, wayengalindele ukuthi u-Elizabeth azovuselela izipesheli zakhe lapho, kodwa wayengalindele neze ukuthi iquketheni.
Kulula ukucabanga ukuthi wayekufunde ngokukhathazeka kangakanani lokho ayekushilo nokuthi imiphi imizwa engqubuzanayo eyayiyishukumisa esifubeni sakhe. Imizwa yakhe yayingacaci kahle njengoba efunda.
Wabona ngokumangala ukuthi uDarcy wayesazithola izaba ngokuziphatha kwakhe, lapho eqiniseka ngokuqinile ukuthi wayengayitholi incazelo okwakungamphoqeleli ukuba afihle isimilo esihle.
Waqala ukufunda okwenzeka eNetherfield, ayenokucwasa kakhulu ngakho konke ayengakusho.
Izinkomba
- Baldick, C. (2008). Isichazamazwi se-Oxford Semibandela Yemibhalo. ENew York: I-Oxford University Press.
- Maunder, A. (2013). I-Encyclopedia Yendaba Efushane YaseBrithani. ENew York: I-Infobase Learning.
- Magher, M. (s/f). Iyini indima yomxoxi owazi konke emsebenzini obhaliwe? Kubuyiswe ku- education.seattlepi.com.
- Imishini yokufunda (n/f). Owazi Konke Kubuyiswe ku-literarydevices.com.
- Wiehardt, G. (2017, Disemba 27). Iphuzu Lokubuka Lomuntu Wesithathu: Owazi konke noma Unomkhawulo. Kutholwe ku-thebalancecareers.com.
- Kirszner, L.G. kanye noMandell, S.R. (1993). Inganekwane: Ukufunda, Ukusabela, Ukubhala. I-Fort Worth: I-Harcourt Brace.