Inhlolokhono yocwaningo iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqoqa idatha ezifundweni ezehlukene zesayensi nezemfundo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezingxoxo, ngayinye inezici zayo kanye nezinjongo ezithile. Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqonda imininingwane yohlobo ngalunye lwenhlolokhono ukuze ukhethe indlela efaneleke kakhulu yocwaningo okukhulunywa ngalo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingxoxo zocwaningo kanye nezici zazo ezihlukile.
Izinhlobo zezingxoxo ezisetshenziswa kwisayensi: funda ngezindlela eziyinhloko nezindlela.
Izingxoxo zingelinye lamathuluzi asemqoka asetshenziswa kwisayensi ukuqoqa imininingwane nolwazi. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingxoxo zingasetshenziswa, kuye ngezinhloso zocwaningo kanye nesimo lapho kwenziwa khona. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izindlela eziyinhloko nezindlela ezisetshenziswa kwisayensi.
Olunye uhlobo lwengxoxo oluvame kakhulu yingxoxo ehlelekile , lapho imibuzo inqunywa kusengaphambili futhi ibuzwe ngendlela efanayo kubo bonke abahlanganyeli. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukubekwa kwezimpendulo ngendlela efanayo futhi kwenza kube lula ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwababuziwe. Olunye uhlobo yingxoxo ehlelekile kancane , lapho kukhona umbhalo oyisisekelo wemibuzo, kodwa umuntu obuza imibuzo unenkululeko yokuhlola ezinye izingqikithi nezinkinga ezivela ngesikhathi sengxoxo.
Ingxoxo engahlelekile ivulelekile futhi iguquguquka, okuvumela ababambiqhaza ukuthi bakhulume ngokukhululeka ngesihloko esikhulunywa ngaso. Kulolu hlobo lwengxoxo, umuntu oxoxisanayo usebenza njengomxhumanisi wengxoxo kunokuba ngumqhubi wemibuzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingxoxo ejulile inemininingwane eminingi futhi ihlose ukuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nemibono yabahlanganyeli ngokujulile.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo zezingxoxo, kunezindlela ezifana nezingxoxo zamaqembu , lapho kuxoxwa khona abantu abaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, kanye nezingxoxo zocingo noma ze-inthanethi , ezingenziwa kude. Uhlobo ngalunye lwengxoxo lunezici nezinzuzo zalo, futhi ukukhetha indlela efanele kakhulu kuzoncika ezinhlosweni zocwaningo kanye nezici zabahlanganyeli.
Ngamafuphi, ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingxoxo ezisetshenziswa kwisayensi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nokufaneleka kwedatha eqoqiwe. Indlela ngayinye nendlela yokusebenza inezici zayo futhi ingase ifaneleke kangcono ezimweni ezihlukene zocwaningo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele kakhulu lwenhlolokhono kumongo ngamunye, kucatshangelwa izinjongo nezici zocwaningo.
Qonda umqondo kanye nezici ezibalulekile zengxoxo ngendlela elula nenenjongo.
Inhlolokhono yocwaningo yindlela esetshenziswa ukuthola ulwazi ngqo ngemibuzo ebuzwe kobuzwayo. Kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, njengesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, ipsychology, ukumaketha, neminye.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zenhlolokhono ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kobuza imibuzo nomuntu okuxoxwa naye, okuvumela ukujula okukhulu ezimpendulweni ezitholiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlolokhono ingahlelwa, imiswe kancane, noma ingahlelwanga, kuye ngezinga lokugxila kwemibuzo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile senhlolokhono yikhono lokushintsha imibuzo esekelwe ezimpendulweni zalowo obuzwayo, okwenza inqubo ibe nezimo futhi ibe namandla. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi olutholiwe lucebile futhi lunemininingwane eminingi.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi izingxoxo zocwaningo zidinga ukuhlela kahle kusengaphambili, okuhlanganisa ukuchaza izinjongo, izethameli eziqondiwe, imibuzo okufanele ibuzwe, nezinye izici. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwenhlolokhono kanye nekhwalithi yedatha etholiwe.
Kafushane, inhlolokhono yocwaningo iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqoqa ulwazi ngokuqondile nangokusebenzisana. Izici zayo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukusebenzelana okuqondile phakathi kobuza imibuzo noxoxwa naye, ikhono lokuphendula imibuzo, kanye nesidingo sokuhlela ngokucophelela.
Zitholele izinhlobo ezine ezivame kakhulu zezingxoxo emakethe yemisebenzi.
Izingxoxo ziyisinyathelo esibalulekile ohlelweni lokukhetha umsebenzi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezingxoxo, ngayinye inezici zayo kanye nezinjongo ezithile. Ake sihlole izinhlobo ezine ezivame kakhulu zezingxoxo emakethe yemisebenzi.
Ingxoxo yomuntu ngamunye iyindlela evame kakhulu. Kule fomethi, umuntu ozongenela ukhetho uxoxwa ngumuntu oyedwa noma ngaphezulu abazongenela ukhetho, ababuza imibuzo mayelana nolwazi lwabo, amakhono, kanye nemigomo yabo yobungcweti. Leli yithuba lokuthi umuntu ozongenela ukhetho avelele futhi abonise ukuthi kungani engumuntu ofaneleka kakhulu kulesi sikhundla.
Izingxoxo zeqembu zihilela ukubamba iqhaza kwabantu abaningana abazongenela ukhetho ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngale ndlela, abantu abazongenela ukhetho bangahlolwa ngokusebenza njengeqembu, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye namakhono okuxhumana. Kubalulekile ukugqama phakathi kwabanye abantu abazongenela ukhetho, ubonise amakhono akho obuholi kanye nokubambisana.
Izingxoxo ezisekelwe emakhono zisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu oqokiwe esikhathini esidlule, lapho kufanele zichaze khona ukuthi zisingatha kanjani izimo ezithile kanye nemiphumela efinyelelwe. Le ngxoxo ihlose ukuhlola amakhono omuntu oqokiwe kanye nekhono lakhe lokuwasebenzisa emsebenzini.
Izingxoxo zobuchwepheshe zivame kakhulu emikhakheni ethile, njengobuchwepheshe bolwazi kanye nobunjiniyela. Kulolu hlobo lwengxoxo, abantu abazongenela ukhetho bahlolwa ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye namakhono asebenzayo ahlobene nesikhundla. Kubalulekile ukulungela ukukhombisa amakhono akho nolwazi lwakho endaweni.
Manje njengoba usuzazi izinhlobo ezine ezivame kakhulu zezingxoxo emakethe yemisebenzi, zilungiselele ukubhekana nazo zonke futhi uqinisekise impumelelo ekusesheni kwakho ithuba elisha lochwepheshe.
Iyini inhloso nokubaluleka kwenhlolokhono njengendlela yocwaningo?
Izingxoxo zingenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ocwaningweni lwesayensi, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi baqoqe imininingwane ngokuqondile nangokujulile. Inhloso eyinhloko yezingxoxo njengendlela yocwaningo ukuthola ulwazi oluningiliziwe kanye nengqikithi ngqo kubahlanganyeli, okuvumela ukuqonda okubanzi nokujulile kwesenzo esingaphansi kocwaningo.
Ukubaluleka kwezingxoxo njengendlela yocwaningo kusekundleni kwabo ukuhlola imibono, imibono, ulwazi, kanye nemizwa yabahlanganyeli, okuvumela ukuhlaziya okucebile nokuyinkimbinkimbi yolwazi oluqoqiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxoxo zivumela indlela eguquguqukayo nevumelana nezimo, evumela abacwaningi ukuba bajule ezindabeni ezithile futhi bahlole imibono emisha phakathi nenqubo yokuqoqa idatha.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezingxoxo ezingasetshenziswa ocwaningweni, njengezingxoxo ezihlelekile, ezingahlelekile, nezingahlelekile. Uhlobo ngalunye lwengxoxo lunezici ezithile ezingase zilungele kangcono izinhloso zocwaningo ezahlukene.
Ngamafuphi, izingxoxo njengendlela yocwaningo zibalulekile ekuqoqeni idatha esezingeni eliphezulu futhi sijulise ukuqonda kwethu izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuvumela ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwabacwaningi nabahlanganyeli, izingxoxo zivumela ukuhlaziywa okucebile nokunemininingwane eyengeziwe, okunikela ekukhiqizweni kolwazi olunenjongo nolufanele.
Ingxoxo yocwaningo: izinhlobo nezici
Ingxoxo yocwaningo ingxoxo yobuso nobuso phakathi komcwaningi (umxoxisani) kanye nesihloko socwaningo (umuntu oxoxisana naye).
Inhloso yalolu hlobo lwenhlolokhono ukuthola ulwazi olufanele mayelana nesihloko socwaningo, ngezimpendulo zomlomo ezinikezwa isihloko socwaningo.
Lolu hlobo lwenhlolokhono lugxile emibuzweni ethile ehlobene nenkinga ehlongozwayo.
Ngenxa yesimo sayo esivumelana nezimo, kucatshangwa ukuthi, ngengxoxo, ulwazi oluthe xaxa futhi olungcono lungatholakala kunalolo oluzotholakala kuhlu lwemibuzo (Dudovskiy, 2017).
Ibonakala ngokuthi umcwaningi akwazi ukuzichazela yena ngesihloko okuzokhulunywa ngaso ngesikhathi senhlolokhono.
Ngale ndlela, uma isifundo sinokukhathazeka, ungakuveza ngokukhululekile futhi kuzobhekwana nayo ngokushesha. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izimpendulo ezingcono.
Ngomqondo obanzi, inhlolokhono yocwaningo iwuhlelo lokuthola ulwazi ngomlomo, olungenzeka ngendlela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, njengoba lungathathwa njengengxoxo phakathi komcwaningi nesihloko socwaningo (Amador, 2009).
Imibuzo kulolu hlobo lwenhlolokhono yakhelwe ukuthola ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kwenziwe isifundo esifike ngesikhathi. Imibuzo ibuzwa ngokuhambisana nezinjongo ezichazwe ucwaningo.
Kuyithuluzi lokucwaninga elikahle lokuqoqa ulwazi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezethameli, njengoba lingadingi izimpendulo ezibhaliwe.
Izinhlobo zezingxoxo zocwaningo
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zenhlolokhono yocwaningo: ehlelekile, engahlelekile kanye ne-semi-structured (BDJ, 2008).
– Inhlolokhono yocwaningo ehleliwe
Inkhulumomphendvulwano yocwaningo ehlelekile ibuswa isethi yemibuzo esezingeni. Le mibuzo ibuzwa ngendlela efanayo nokuhleleka kwento ngayinye yocwaningo.
Lolu hlobo lwenhlolokhono yocwaningo ludinga ukulungiswa kwefomu, elihlanganisa yonke imibuzo ehambisana nophenyo.
Ngalesi sizathu, umcwaningi unenkululeko encane yokubuza imibuzo yesifundo socwaningo. Lesi simo sikhawulela ukuxhumana komuntu siqu phakathi kwabahlanganyeli benhlolokhono.
Izinzuzo
Izingxoxo zocwaningo ezihleliwe ziqinisekisa ukuthi imibuzo efanayo iyabuzwa kuzo zonke izifundo. Ngakho-ke, ukwaziswa okuwumphumela kungacutshungulwa ngendlela evamile, elula, nenenjongo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, obuza imibuzo udinga ukuqeqeshwa okuncane ngesihloko socwaningo ngaphambi kokwenza inhlolokhono, njengoba ukuxhumana nesihloko socwaningo kulinganiselwe.
Okubi
Ububi obukhulu bezinhlolokhono zocwaningo ezihlelekile izindleko zabo zokuzilungiselela. Izinga lobunkimbinkimbi benhlolokhono kufanele libalwe ukuze kube lula ukuthi isifundo siliqonde.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lwenhlolokhono lunciphisa amathuba okuthi lowo obuza imibuzo enze ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Isifundo socwaningo sona sinqunyelwe ukwakheka kwenhlolokhono, yingakho engakwazi ukubuza imibuzo ngokukhululekile kumcwaningi.
– Inhlolokhono yocwaningo olungahlelekile
Lolu hlobo lwenhlolokhono luvuleleke kakhulu futhi luyavumelana nezimo, ngaphandle kokudebeselela izinjongo ezisungulwe ekuqaleni ocwaningweni.
Indlela imibuzo ebuzwa ngayo, ukuqoqwa kokuqukethwe, ukujula kanye nenani lemibuzo ebuziwe kuncike kulowo obuza imibuzo.
Umcwaningi kulolu hlobo lwenhlolokhono ukhululekile ukubuza imibuzo ngendlela eyenza kube lula ukuthi isifundo siyiphendule.
Kodwa-ke, noma yiziphi izinguquko eziqhamukayo ngesikhathi semibuzo akumele ziphikise izinjongo zophenyo (Jaen, 2005).
Ucwaningo lwenhlolokhono olungahlelekile luwusizo ekwenzeni izifundo ezinemininingwane eminingi. Ngakho-ke, ivame ukusetshenziswa phakathi nesigaba sokuhlola socwaningo ukuklama amathuluzi okuqoqa idatha.
Izinzuzo
Inzuzo enkulu yengxoxo engahlelekile ukuthi inikeza umcwaningi ukuguquguquka okukhulu kokubuza imibuzo efanele esifundweni.
Umcwaningi angangena ngokuzenzakalelayo kwezinye izindawo ezihlobene ezihambisana nocwaningo.
Ngale ndlela, kugqanyiswa ulwazi olubalulekile obelunganakwa ngesikhathi kubhekwa izinhloso zocwaningo.
Okubi
Enye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu zalolu hlobo lwenhlolokhono ukuthi, ngokuzenzakalelayo, isikhathi esimisiwe senhlolokhono singasetshenziswa ngokungalungile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umcwaningi angase ahlanganise nowakhe umbono lapho ebuza imibuzo, ahlanekezele izimpendulo.
Ngalo mqondo, imiphumela ingashintshwa umcwaningi, ongase ayiqoqe futhi ayihumushe ngokungeyikho noma ngaphandle kwezinhloso ezithile zophenyo.
– Inhlolokhono yocwaningo enesakhiwo esincane
Kuwuhlobo lwengxoxo exubile, lapho umcwaningi enochungechunge lwemibuzo azoyibuza esifundweni.
Kodwa-ke, imibuzo ivuliwe, ivumela oxoxwa naye ukuthi anikeze impendulo ekhululekile, ejulile nephelele (McNamara, 2017).
Ngalesi sizathu, kuyaqondakala ukuthi inhlolokhono yocwaningo enesakhiwo esincane ivumela isihloko socwaningo ukuthi sicacise izimpendulo zabo futhi sijule ezihlokweni ezingazange ziphakanyiswe ekuqaleni ngesikhathi semibuzo.
Izinzuzo
Inzuzo enkulu yalolu hlobo lwengxoxo yisakhiwo salo esihlelekile nesiguquguqukayo. Kuyisitayela senhlolokhono esizizwa singokwemvelo ukuxoxa nabahlanganyeli, ngaphandle kokudebesela isihloko senhlolokhono.
Ngokunjalo, obuza imibuzo angakwazi ukuhlobanisa izimpendulo zesifundo emibuzweni esesifundweni, ahlanganise izihloko ngokubanzi.
Okubi
Obuza imibuzo udinga ukunaka kakhulu izimpendulo ezinikezwa isifundo ukuze agweme ukuchezuka esihlokweni sophenyo.
Imibandela yenhlolokhono yocwaningo eyimpumelelo
Ukuze inhlolokhono yocwaningo iphumelele, kufanele ucabangele le mibandela ebalwe ngezansi:
1 - Isifundo kumele sibe nolwazi oludingekayo ukuze siphendule imibuzo.
2 - Oxoxwa naye kumele abe nesisusa sokuphendula imibuzo ngokwethembeka nangokuphelele.
3 - Umcwaningi kanye nesifundo socwaningo kumele babe nolwazi ngesihloko okufanele kukhulunywe ngaso.
Izinkomba
- Amador, MG (May 29, 2009). Indlela yocwaningo . Itholwe kungxoxo yocwaningo: manuelgalan.blogspot.com
- (Mashi 22, 2008). Izindlela zokuqoqa idatha ocwaningweni lwekhwalithi: izingxoxo kanye namaqembu okugxilwe kuwo. Ijenali Yamazinyo yaseBrithani , p. 291-295.
- U-Dudovsky, J. (2017). Indlela Yokucwaninga . Kutholwe ezingxoxweni: research-methodology.net
- UJaen, U. D. (2005). Inhlolokhono yocwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu. UJaen: Inyuvesi yaseJaen.
- McNamara, C. (2017). Ilabhulali Yokuphatha Yamahhala . Kubuyiswe Imihlahlandlela Ejwayelekile Yokuqhuba Izingxoxo Zocwaningo: managementhelp.org.