Ukuhlukumeza ngokomqondo kuwuhlobo lodlame olungenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, njengasemsebenzini, esikoleni, emndenini, noma ebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu. Kubonakala ngokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo nokunobutha okuhloselwe ukwesabisa, ukululaza, ukuphoxa, noma ukuxhaphaza isisulu. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo, okufana nokuziphatha, ucansi, kanye nesikhungo, phakathi kokunye, ngasinye sinezici zayo. Amaphrofayili abenzi bobubi nawo angahluka, kusukela kubantu abanegunya nabasebenzisa ubuqili kuye kulabo abanenkinga yokulawula imizwa yabo bagcine sebeyikhiphela kwabanye. Kubalulekile ukukhomba nokubika ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo ukuze isisulu sithole ukwesekwa kanye nomenzi wobubi athweswe icala ngezenzo zakhe.
Izinhlobo zokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo: funda ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zodlame lwemizwa emsebenzini.
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo emsebenzini kuwuhlobo lodlame olungokomzwelo olungenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo kubalulekile ekuboneni nasekulweni nalo mkhuba oyingozi.
Enye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokuhlukunyezwa ngokwengqondo ukuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini , okubonakala ngokuhlaziswa, ukwesatshiswa, ukuxhashazwa ngamazwi, kanye nezenzo zokwehlisa isithunzi ezivela kumuntu ophakeme noma osebenza naye. Lolu hlobo lokuhlukunyezwa lungadala indawo enobutha futhi kulimale impilo yengqondo yomuntu.
Olunye uhlobo lokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi , okuhlanganisa ukweshelwa okungafuneki, ukusho amazwi ahlabayo, iziphakamiso ezingafanele, nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi. Lolu hlobo lokuhlukumeza luvame kakhulu ezindaweni lapho kunokungalingani kwamandla phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezithintekayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi kuyindlela yokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo ebonakala ngezenzo eziphindaphindayo nezithatha isikhathi eside zokusabisa, ukushushisa, kanye nokukhishwa emsebenzini. Lolu hlobo lokuhlukumeza lungaholela ekukhishweni emphakathini kanye nokuhlukaniswa komuntu endaweni yomsebenzi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela izimpawu zokuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo emsebenzini futhi ufune usizo uma uyisisulu salo mkhuba. Ukulwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo kuwumthwalo wawo wonke umuntu, futhi ngokubambisana singakha indawo yokusebenza enempilo nehloniphekile yawo wonke umuntu.
Iphrofayela yomuntu ohlukumeza ngokwengqondo: izici nokuziphatha okuveza ubunjalo bazo bangempela.
Iphrofayili yomhlukumezi wengqondo yenziwe ngezici ezimbalwa nokuziphatha okuveza imvelo yabo yangempela. Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo lomhlukumezi lufuna ukulawula kanye namandla phezu kwalowo ohlukunyezwayo, ukumsebenzisa ngokomzwelo futhi alulaze ukuzethemba kwakhe.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zomhlukumezi wengqondo ukuntuleka kozwela, ukungakwazi ukuzibeka esimweni somunye umuntu nokuqonda imizwa yakhe. Bavame ukwehlisa imizwa yesisulu futhi bangazinaki izidingo zaso, bebeka phambili izintshisekelo zabo kuphela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlukumezi bengqondo bavame ukuxhaphaza nokulawula , besebenzisa amaqhinga angabonakali ukuze basebenzise amandla abo phezu kwesisulu. Bangase basebenzise ukusongela ngokomzwelo, ukuhlazeka emphakathini, kanye nezinsongo ezifihliwe ukuze balawule isimo.
Esinye isici esivamile somhlukumezi wengqondo ukungabi nasibopho ngezenzo zakhe. Bavame ukusola isisulu ngobudlova babo futhi benqaba ukuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo ngezenzo zabo, behlala befuna ukuthethelela ukuziphatha kwabo okulimazayo.
Ukuhlonza lezi zici kanye nokuziphatha kubalulekile ukuvimbela nokulwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo.
Funda ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo nemiphumela yazo enhlalakahleni yomzwelo.
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo kuwuhlobo lokuhlukumeza olungase lube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu enhlalakahleni engokomzwelo yalabo okuhlosiwe. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo, ngayinye enezici zayo nemithelela.
Olunye lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo ukwesabisa, okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezinsongo, inhlamba, nokululaza ukuze kulawulwe futhi kusetshenziswe isisulu. Lolu hlobo lokuziphatha lungabangela umonakalo omkhulu ekuzethembeni nasekuzethembeni komuntu ohlukunyezwayo, okuholela emizweni yokwesaba, ukukhathazeka, nokucindezeleka.
Olunye uhlobo lokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo ukuxhashazwa ngokomzwelo, lapho umhlukumezi esebenzisa amathuluzi anjengokwephulwa kwemizwa, umuzwa wecala, nokukhohlisa ukuze athole akufunayo kumhlukumezi. Lokhu kungase kubangele imizwa yokudideka, ukungabi nakuzisiza, nokuphelelwa ithemba kumuntu osetshenziswayo, kuthinte ikhono lakhe lokwenza izinqumo kanye nokuxhumana ngendlela enempilo nabanye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzihlukanisa nabanye abantu kungenye indlela yokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo okungaba nemithelela elimazayo enhlalakahleni yomzwelo yomuntu ohlukunyeziwe. Umhlukumezi angase azame ukuhlukanisa isisulu kubangani nomndeni waso, enze ukuncika ngokomzwelo okubenza babe sengozini enkulu futhi kube lula ukulawula bona.
Imiphumela yalolu hlobo lokuziphatha enhlalakahleni engokomzwelo yomuntu othintekile ingaba mibi kakhulu, iholele ezinkingeni ezinjengokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukuzethemba, kanye nobunzima bobudlelwane.
Funda mayelana nezinhlobo ezine ezivame kakhulu zokuhlukumeza namuhla.
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo kuwuhlobo lobudlova obungenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, njengasemsebenzini, esikoleni, ngisho nasekhaya. Kubalulekile ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlukumeza ngokomqondo ukuze uhlonze futhi ulwe nalolu hlobo lodlame. Kunezinhlobo ezine zokuhlukumeza ezivame kakhulu namuhla: ukuziphatha, ubulili, izikhungo, kanye nenhlangano.
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokokuziphatha kwenzeka lapho umuntu echayeka ezimweni ezilulazayo nezibangela amahloni ngokuphindaphindiwe nangesikhathi eside. Lokhu kungabangela ukulimala ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo, kuthinte impilo yengqondo yomuntu ohlukunyeziwe. Ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhlanganisa ukunxenxa ucansi, amazwi aqanjiwe, noma ukuthinta okwenziwa ngendlela ehlaselayo nengavunyelwananga. Lolu hlobo lokuhlukumeza luthathwa njengobugebengu futhi kumele lubikwe.
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwesikhungo kwenzeka lapho isikhungo noma inhlangano ivumela noma ibekezelela imikhuba ehlukumezayo elimaza abasebenzi bayo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukucwasa, ukuhlukumeza, noma ukwesatshiswa emsebenzini. Okokugcina, ukuhlukunyezwa kwenhlangano kwenzeka lapho umuntu ecindezelwa noma ephoqelelwa ukuba amukele ukuziphatha okuthile, ngokuvamile okuphambene nezimiso nezimiso zabo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela izimpawu zokuhlukumeza ngokomqondo futhi ubike noma yiluphi uhlobo lomkhuba wokuhlukumeza. Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza indawo ephephile nenempilo lapho kugcinwa khona isithunzi nenhlonipho. Asikwazi ukubekezelela noma yiluphi uhlobo lobudlova, kungaba ngokomzimba, ngamazwi, noma ngokwengqondo. Ngokubambisana, singalwa nokuhlukumeza futhi sikhuthaze ubudlelwano obunempilo, obunobunye emphakathini wethu.
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwengqondo: izici, izinhlobo namaphrofayili
Ukuhlukumeza , okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlukumeza, kubhekisela ohlotsheni lokuphathwa komuntu siqu oluhlazisayo nolungacabangeli, olulimaza ingqondo yomuntu ohlushwa yilokhu. Ukuze sikhulume ngokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo, kubalulekile ukuthi umuntu okwenza lokhu akwenze ngendlela ephazamisa ingqondo yomunye umuntu.
Lolu hlobo lokuhlukumeza lubonakala ngokwephula isithunzi nobuqotho bokuziphatha komuntu futhi lubandakanya ukuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo nokuhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo. Isizathu esikhulu esenza lolu hlobo lokwelashwa lubizwe ngokuthi ukuhlukumeza ngokomqondo ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi kubandakanya ukuhlukumeza ngokomqondo kanye nokuhlukumeza ngokomzwelo kumuntu.
Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo sezisunguliwe, ezinjengokuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ukuhlukunyezwa esikoleni, ubuxhwanguxhwangu be-inthanethi, nokuhlukunyezwa komndeni. Ngayinye yalezi ibonakala ngomongo nemigomo yayo ethile.
Incazelo yokuhlukunyezwa ngokwengqondo
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo wukuphathwa okululazayo nokungamfaneleki komuntu, okuklanyelwe ukumthunaza ngokwengqondo. Le mpatho ihlanganisa uchungechunge lwezenzo nokuziphatha komuntu okusongela ngokuqondile isithunzi nobuqotho bokuziphatha komunye umuntu.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo kwakha inqubo ende lapho umuntu, ngokuqhubekayo engaphansi kokungaqiniseki nokungabi namandla, elahlekelwa ukuzethemba nokuzethemba.
Ngokusho kwababhali abaningana, enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu mayelana nomuntu ohlukunyezwayo ukuthi ngokuvamile abaqapheli ngokugcwele ukuhlazeka nokuphulwa; ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile abamukeli isimo sengqondo sokuphikisa ngomhlukumezi.
Leli gama laqanjwa isazi sezilwane uKonrad Lorenz, owabona ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaqembu ezilwaneni ezithile zasendle. Ubize lokhu kuziphatha ngokuthi "ubuxhwanguxhwangu."
Kamuva, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Heinz Lyeman sazinikela ekufundeni ukuhlukunyezwa kweqembu kanye nemiphumela yako ebuhlungu yengqondo emsebenzini. Umsebenzi wakhe waphumela ekwethulweni kwencazelo entsha yokuxhashazwa: ukuhlukunyezwa ngokokuziphatha.
Endabeni yabantu, ukuhlukumeza noma ukuhlukumeza kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlukunyezwa ngokokuziphatha, okungaholela ekuhlukumezeni kwengqondo nokuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba.
Nokho, udokotela wezifo zengqondo uMarie-France Hirigoyen wabheka ukuthi amacala abucayi kakhulu okuhlukunyezwa kufanele abizwe ngokuthi ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwengqondo, igama eliye lanwetshwa eminyakeni yamuva nje libhekisela ezimweni ezihlukumezayo nokuziphatha.
Izici
Ukuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo kunesethi yezimo ezingase zenzeke ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezimo futhi zibonakala ngokuthi:
- Ukwenziwa kokuziphatha kodlame oludlulele olungokwengqondo.
- Zivocavoce lokhu kuziphatha ngendlela ehlelekile nangokuqhubekayo.
- Ukwenza ukuziphatha okuhlukumezayo komunye umuntu noma iqembu elithile labantu.
- Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwengqondo kuhlala kwenziwa ngumuntu othize noma iqembu labantu.
- Ukuziphatha okuhlukumezayo kanye nobudlova obungokwengqondo kwenziwa isikhathi eside esidlula izinyanga eziyisithupha.
- Ukuziphatha okuhlukumezayo kwenziwa endaweni ethile (umsebenzi, umndeni, isikole, njll.).
Umthelela kulowo ohlukunyeziwe
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo kubonakala ngohlu lwezimo zengqondo nokuziphatha okuhlukumeza omunye umuntu. Ukuziphatha okunjalo okuhlukumezayo kwenziwa ngenhloso yokukhiqiza umphumela oqondile kulowo ohlukunyeziwe. Ngokujwayelekile, imiphumela efunwayo wukukhathala okungokwengqondo nokuzithoba komuntu.
Ukuhlukunyezwa okucashile
Izindlela zokuhlukumeza zibonakala ngokufihlwa ngobuqili nokucashile. Ukusetshenziswa kwamagama athile, ukubukeka, ukuqagela, amanga, noma ukuhlambalaza ukuziphatha okuvame kakhulu kulolu hlobo lodlame.
Ukuphoqelela intando
Umgomo we-stalker uwukuphoqelela intando yabo ngokuqhubekayo nangokuqhubekayo. Ngokuziphatha kwabo, bahlose ukuhlanekezela isimo besuka endaweni yamandla futhi bakhuthaze ukuzithoba komuntu osolwayo.
Ukucindezeleka kwesisulu
Ubuxhwanguxhwangu bufaka isisulu ekucindezelekeni okungase kubangele ukuzilimaza noma ukuzibulala. Ngokukadokotela wezengqondo uMarie-France Hirigoyen, izigameko ezimbi kakhulu zokuxhashazwa zingahunyushwa ngokuthi ukubulawa kwabantu ngemilingo.
Ekuqaleni, ukuhlukunyezwa kuqala ukuthunaza isisulu kuze kube yilapho kancane kancane silahlekelwa ukuzethemba kuye nakwabanye. Ngakho, umgomo wokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo uwukwenza isimo sokungabi nakuzisiza ngokuphelele kwabahlukunyezwayo.
Ukukhathazeka nokushuba
Ngokufanayo, inqubo yokuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo ibonakala ngokubangela ukukhathazeka nokungezwani kumuntu ohlukunyeziwe, okuyiqiniso elikhuthaza ukubonakala kwesimo sengqondo sokuzivikela.
Lesi simo sengqondo somuntu ohlukunyezwayo ngokuvamile sishukumisa ulaka olusha olucashile, ukuze umgomo womhlukumezi ungabi ukubhubhisa isisulu sakhe ngokushesha, kodwa ukumnqoba nokusilawula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinhlobo zokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo kwenzeka ezimweni ezehlukene. Kungenziwa yibo bobabili abadala kanye nezingane kanye/noma intsha.
Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo sezisunguliwe ngenxa yezakhi ezihlukanisayo ezivezwa lolu hlobo lokuziphatha ezimeni ezahlukene zesenzo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuhlukumeza ngokomqondo yilezi: ubuxhwanguxhwangu emsebenzini, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ubuxhwanguxhwangu, ubuxhwanguxhwangu base-inthanethi, ubuxhwanguxhwangu basesikoleni, ubuxhwanguxhwangu bezindlu, kanye nobuxhwanguxhwangu bomndeni.
Ukuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini
Ukuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini, okuvame ukwaziwa ngegama lesiNgisi elithi “monbing”, kuhlanganisa uchungechunge lwezenzo ezenziwa umhlukumezi noma abahlukumezi abambalwa kulowo ohlukunyeziwe noma iqembu lezisulu.
Izenzo zabacuphi zibonakala ngezinhloso zabo zokukhiqiza ukwesaba, ukwethuka, indelelo noma ukudangala komunye umuntu emsebenzini, ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamise ukusebenza kwabo kanye nesimo sabo sochwepheshe.
Ukuziphatha okuhlukumezayo emsebenzini kwenziwa ngendlela engafanele ngokuphelele futhi akuhlobene nezinjongo zomsebenzi noma izidingo; ngakho-ke, igama lomsebenzi lisetshenziselwa kuphela ukubhekisela kumongo lapho ukuziphatha okuhlukumezayo kwenzeka khona.
Izindlela zokuziphatha eziyinhloko ezenziwa ekuhlukumezeni emsebenzini yilezi:
- Memeza, cindezela, noma uthuke isisulu lapho sisodwa.
- Nikeza imigomo noma amaphrojekthi anezinsuku zokugcina ezingafinyeleleki.
- Khetha ugcwalise isisulu ngomsebenzi omningi kakhulu.
- Isongela njalo.
- Susa izindawo ezibalulekile zesibopho.
- Ukuphatha ngendlela enokubandlulula.
- Unganaki futhi uyisuse ngokuhlelekile.
- Londoloza ulwazi olubalulekile lomsebenzi wakho.
- Hlaza isisulu ngokusabalalisa amahlebezi kuyo yonke inkampani.
- Ayibongi ngisho umzamo owenziwa yisisulu.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo Ekukhaleni ngokuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini: kwenziwa nini futhi kanjani.
Ukuhlukunnyezwa ngokobulili
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kusho uhla lwezimo zengqondo nokuziphatha okusabisayo noma okuphoqelelayo ngokocansi, kanye nesithembiso esingafuneki noma esingalungile semiklomelo ngokushintshisana ngezenzo zocansi.
Lolu hlobo lokuziphatha alukho emthethweni ezimweni eziningi zezomthetho futhi lungathinta abantu babo bobabili ubulili.
Nokho, ngokwezibalo, amacala amaningi okuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili ahilela abesifazane. Ngokufanayo, abenzi bobubi abakhulu ngabesilisa, abenza lolu hlobo lokuziphatha emsebenzini, ezifundweni, ngisho nasekhaya.
Ukuxhashazwa
Ubuxhwanguxhwangu bubhekisela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlukumeza ngokwengqondo, ngamazwi, noma ngokomzimba okwenzeka phakathi kwezingane ezisafunda. Lezi zenzo ezihlukumezayo zenziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe isikhathi eside, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwekilasi.
Kulokhu, uhlobo oluvelele lodlame olungokomzwelo futhi ngokuvamile lusuka ikakhulukazi ekilasini nasezinkundleni zokudlala zesikole.
Abenzi balolu hlobo lwesimo kuvame ukuba abafana namantombazane angena ebusheni. Ngokufanayo, iphrofayili yesisulu ngokuvamile ivame kakhulu phakathi kwamantombazane kunabafana.
Ungase ube nentshisekelo ezinhlotsheni ezi-7 ezivame kakhulu zobuxhwanguxhwangu noma imiphumela emibi engu-9 yobuxhwanguxhwangu ezinganeni (kanye nakubantu abadala).
Ukuxhaphazwa kwe-Cyberbullying
Ubuxhwanguxhwangu be-Cyberbullying, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlukumeza okubonakalayo noma ubuxhwanguxhwangu be-inthanethi, bubhekisela ekuziphatheni okuhlukumezayo nokukhawulelayo okwenziwa ngemidiya yedijithali.
Izici ezijwayelekile zalokhu kuziphatha ziyefana nezinye izinhlobo zokuhlukumeza. Eqinisweni, izimo zobuxhwanguxhwangu emsebenzini noma ubuxhwanguxhwangu zingafaka ubuxhwanguxhwangu be-inthanethi emisebenzini yabo.
Isici esiyinhloko sobuxhwanguxhwangu be-inthanethi ukuthi sivumela ukuziphatha okuhlukumezayo ukuthi kwenziwe kulowo ohlukunyeziwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi nanoma yisiphi isimo, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulise ubukhali kanye nemiphumela elimazayo kulowo ohlukunyeziwe.
Ngokusetshenziswa kokuxhumana kwedijithali, i-stalker iyakwazi "ukuhlasela isisulu sayo," ngisho nalapho ingathintana nabo ngokomzimba. Ukuziphatha okuyinhloko okuhlotshaniswa nobuxhwanguxhwangu be-inthanethi yilezi:
- Ukumangalela okungamanga: ukulimaza isithunzi sesisulu ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ngokukhohlisa.
- Ukuthumela ulwazi olungamanga mayelana nesisulu kumawebhusayithi.
- Ukuqoqa ulwazi mayelana nesisulu.
- Ukuqapha imisebenzi yezisulu.
- Ukuvezwa kwezinhlamba nezinsongo ngamawebhusayithi.
- Ukuhlanzeka
Ubuxhwanguxhwangu basesikoleni
Ubuxhwanguxhwangu basesikoleni buwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lobuxhwanguxhwangu be-inthanethi futhi lubonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwemidiya ukuhlukumeza umuntu endaweni yesikole.
Lo mkhuba wenziwa kakhulu yintsha noma izingane ezisanda kweva eshumini nambili futhi ngokuvamile ugqugquzelwa “ubuxhwanguxhwangu obungebona ku-inthanethi”.
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezindlu
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezindlu nezindlu kuhlanganisa ukuhlukumeza ukuze uziphuce ilungelo lokujabulela umuzi noma indawo eqashiwe. Inhloso yalolu hlobo lokuziphatha ukunothisa okuhlukumezayo.
Izenzo eziyinhloko zalolu hlobo lokuhlukunyezwa zibonakala ngokudala isimo esinobutha ekhaya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyingxenye yezinto ezibonakalayo, yomuntu siqu noma yezenhlalakahle, ngenhloso yokugcina yokuphoqa umuntu ukuba athathe isinqumo esingafuneki sokuvikela ilungelo lokuhlala endlini.
Lolu hlobo lokuhlukumeza luvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlukunyezwa komakhelwane, nakuba ohlotsheni lwakamuva lokuhlukumeza umgomo awukona ukucebisa ngamasu kodwa kunalokho isisulu sokushiya ikhaya.
Ukuhlukunyezwa komndeni
Okokugcina, ukuhlukunyezwa komndeni kubhekisela ekuziphatheni kobuxhwanguxhwangu kanye nokuziphatha okwenzeka phakathi kwendawo yomndeni phakathi kwamalungu omndeni owodwa.
amaphrofayli
Iphrofayela yalabo abahlukunyeziwe
Ngokuvamile, kushiwo ukuthi ayikho iphrofayili ethile yezisulu zokuhlukunyezwa. Kungaba amadoda nabesifazane bobudala obuhlukene, izimo, nezici zomuntu siqu.
Nokho, ngokwezibalo, abesifazane baye babonakala bebhekana namazinga aphezulu kakhulu okuxhashazwa kunamadoda. Ngokufanayo, amaqembu athile eminyaka yobudala, afana nobusha kanye nangaphambi kobusha, nawo abonakala enamazinga aphezulu okuhlukunyezwa ngokomqondo.
Ngokuphathelene nezici zobuntu, izici eziningana ziye zachazwa ezingase zihlobane nezisulu zokuxhashazwa. Eziyinhloko yilezi:
- Bayakwazi ukuzakhela owabo umbono ngaphandle kokuwuhlanganisa noma ukwamukela imibono yabanye.
- Bayakwazi ukubuza imibono nezahlulelo.
- Bangase babonise ukuzihlukanisa nabanye abantu.
- Bangase bantule ukuzivikela emphakathini.
- Bangabantu abazimele, abazimele futhi abakhuthele.
- Bangase bangabi nangqondo ngokweqile futhi/noma bathembeke ngezikhathi ezithile.
- Bangase babe nezici ezicindezelayo.
Iphrofayela ye-Stalker
Mayelana nephrofayili ye-stalker, izici ezithile sezichaziwe. Ngokuvamile, izici zobuntu be-narcissistic kanye ne-paranoid yizo ezihlotshaniswa kakhulu nabaqaphi bezengqondo.
Ngokufanayo, izindlela ezingokwengqondo ezilandelayo nazo zivame ukubonwa engxenyeni enkulu yamacala:
- Abashushisi babheka izisulu njengomfanekiso wezimfanelo abazama ukuzifanelekela kunokuba babe njengabantu, futhi kwezinye izimo bangase babe nezinga eliphansi ngenxa yokuthi abanazo lezi zimfanelo.
- Ukuziphatha komcuphi kuvame ukuba umzamo wokufihla noma ukufihla amaphutha akhe.
- Ama-Stalkers avame ukuba abantu abanokuncintisana, abalawulayo, abakhohlisayo nabayengayo.
- Abalandelanayo bavame ukukhombisa i-schema yengqondo neyokuziphatha mayelana nokuhanjiswa kokubusa.
Izinkomba
- Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokokuziphatha emsebenzini: isiqondiso sokuvimbela kanye nezinyathelo zokulwa nokuhlukunyezwa kokuziphatha. I-Lettera Publicaciones, SL 2006.
- eCrespo Hervás, Dolores; uGonzález Lucas, uRaúl; Pando González, Fuencisla (2007) Ubuxhwanguxhwangu: ukuhlukunyezwa ngokokuziphatha (isikole ebuntwaneni nasebusheni): okushiwo odokotela. I-Ergón Creation, S.A.
- Levinson, Edward M.; Levinson, Edward M. (2004). »Ukuhlola Ubuxhwanguxhwangu: Ukubuyekezwa Kwezindlela Namathuluzi«. Ijenali Yokwelulekwa Nokuthuthukiswa. I-American Counselling Association. 82 (4): 496–503.
- UJoseph Bolton; UStan Graeve (2005). Alikho Igumbi Leziqhwaga: Kusukela ekilasini kuya ku-Cyberspace. Boys Town Press ISBN 978-1-889322-67-4. Ikhasi livakashelwe ngo-2013-10-29.
- Rodríguez López, Teresa, 2006. Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokokuziphatha, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokokuziphatha. Ithiyori yokuhlela CEP, SL
- Vanderbilt, Douglas; Augustyn, Marilyn (2010). »Imiphumela Yokuxhashazwa». Izifo Zezingane kanye Nezempilo Yezingane. 20 (7): 315-320.
- Witted, Kathryn Suzanne (2005), »Imibiko Yabafundi Yokuhlukunyezwa Ngokomzimba Nangokwengqondo Ezikoleni: Ingxenye Engahloliwe Kancane Yokuhlukunyezwa Kwabafundi Ezikoleni», incwadi kadokotela, iNyuvesi yaseTennessee, ibuyiselwe ngo-2013-10-29