Ukubuka okuqondile kuyindlela yokuqoqa idatha esetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene yolwazi, njengesayensi yezokusebenza kwengqondo, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye neminye. Kule ndlela, umcwaningi ubheka ngokuqondile ukuziphatha noma isenzakalo esifundwayo, ngaphandle kokungenelela kwangaphandle noma ukuphazamiseka. Lolu hlobo lokubuka lungahlukaniswa lube izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukubhekwa komhlanganyeli, lapho umcwaningi eyingxenye yeqembu elibhekiwe, kanye nokubhekwa okungahlanganyeli, lapho umcwaningi ebuka khona ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo.
Isibonelo sokubuka okuqondile kungase kube ukubheka ukuziphatha kwezingane enkundleni yokudlala. Umcwaningi angabona indlela izingane ezisebenzisana ngayo, ukuthi ziziphatha kanjani ezimweni ezihlukene, nokuthi yiziphi izinto ezithandwayo zokudlala zazo. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kubuka, umcwaningi angafinyelela iziphetho mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwengane, ubudlelwano bomphakathi phakathi kwezingane, nezinye izici.
Ukuqonda indlela yokubuka eqondile: ukubaluleka kwayo nokusebenza ezimeni ezahlukene.
Ukubuka okuqondile kuyindlela yocwaningo ebandakanya ukubheka nokuqopha ukuziphatha noma isenzakalo esingaphansi kocwaningo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwangaphandle. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, efana nokusebenza kwengqondo, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, i-anthropology, kanye nezemfundo, njengoba ivumela ukuqoqwa kwedatha eseduze neqiniso, okuvumela ukuhlaziya okunembe kakhudlwana nokunemininingwane.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zokubuka okuqondile umgomo walo, njengoba umcwaningi ebona nje futhi alobe okwenzekayo, ngaphandle kokuthonya ukuziphatha kwezifundo. Lokhu kuvumela ulwazi oluyiqiniso noluthembekile mayelana nento efundwayo.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokubuka okuqondile, njengokubheka komhlanganyeli, lapho umcwaningi ebamba iqhaza ngokuqondile esimweni esibhekiwe, kanye nokubhekwa okungahlanganyeli, lapho umcwaningi avele abheke ngaphandle kokuphazamisa. Uhlobo ngalunye lokubuka lunobuhle kanye nokubi, futhi kubalulekile ukukhetha olufaneleka kakhulu kumongo wocwaningo ngalunye.
Isibonelo esisodwa sokubhekisisa okuqondile sisezifundweni zokuziphatha kwezilwane, lapho abacwaningi bebheka ukuziphatha kohlobo oluthile endaweni yalo yemvelo. Lokhu kuvumela ukuqonda kangcono ukuxhumana kwezilwane, imikhuba yokudla, namasu okusinda, okunikela ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ngamafuphi, ukubuka okuqondile kuyithuluzi eliyisisekelo locwaningo lwesayensi, njengoba kuvumela ukuqoqwa kwedatha enembe nenemininingwane, kanye nokwenza ukuhlaziya okujulile kwento yocwaningo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimeni ezahlukahlukene, njengezifundo zokuziphatha komuntu nezilwane, kwenza le ndlela ibaluleke ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi emikhakheni eyahlukene.
Funda ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokubuka kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo okungokoqobo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Ukubuka okuqondile kuyindlela yokuqoqa idatha ebandakanya ukubheka izehlakalo, ukuziphatha, noma izenzakalo ngendlela yazo yemvelo, ngaphandle kokungenelela kobabukeli. Lolu hlobo lokubuka lusetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, njengesayensi yezengqondo, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, i-biology, neminye.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokubuka okuqondile, ezingahlukaniswa ngokwendlela yazo. Ukubhekwa komhlanganyeli, isibonelo, kuhilela ukusebenzisana komuntu obukele nendawo ezungezile esicwaningwayo, kuyilapho ukubhekwa okungahlanganyeli kwenzeka kancane kancane, ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu obukele.
Isibonelo esisebenzayo sokubheka ngokuqondile ukuhlaziya ukuziphatha kwezingane esikhungweni sokunakekela izingane. Umbukeli angaqopha ukuxhumana kwezingane komphakathi, ukudlala, nokusabela ezimweni ezihlukene ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuziphatha kwazo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usocwaningweni lwesayensi, ukuhlaziya imakethe, noma ucwaningo lokuziphatha komuntu, ukubuka okuqondile kunganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile kanye nemininingwane ehambisana nokwenziwa kwezinqumo.
Umehluko phakathi kokubhekwa okuqondile nokungaqondile: qonda izici eziyinhloko kanye nezicelo.
Ukuqaphela okuqondile nokungaqondile amasu amabili ahlukene okuqoqwa kwedatha asetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene yolwazi, njengesayensi yezokusebenza kwengqondo, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye neminye. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo usekutheni ulwazi lutholwa futhi luqoshwe kanjani.
Ukubhekisisa okuqondile yilapho umcwaningi ebuka khona into ocwaningwayo ngqo, ngaphandle kokungenelela kwabaxhumanisi. Kulolu hlobo lokubheka, umcwaningi ukhona endaweni lapho kwenzeka khona lesi simo, okubavumela ukuthi baqophe ulwazi ngokushesha. Lokhu kuvumela ukusondelana okukhulu kwento okufundwayo kanye nokuqoqwa kwedatha enembe kakhudlwana nenemininingwane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubhekwa okungaqondile kuhilela ukuthi umcwaningi angabi khona endaweni yesigameko, ethembele emithonjeni yesibili ukuze athole ulwazi oludingekayo. Kulokhu, umcwaningi angase asebenzise imibhalo, ama-akhawunti ofakazi, amarekhodi omlando, neminye imithombo yolwazi ukuze aqoqe idatha ayifunayo.
Ngokuphathelene nezinhlelo zokusebenza, ukubuka okuqondile kusetshenziswa kakhulu ezifundweni zasensimini, ucwaningo lokuhlola, kanye nokubhekwa kokuziphatha. Ukuqaphela okungaqondile kuvamile ocwaningweni oluhilela ukuhlaziya idatha yomlando, izinhlolovo zezibalo, nokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi.
Isibonelo sokubuka okuqondile singatholakala ezifundweni zokuziphatha kwezilwane, lapho umcwaningi ebuka ngokuqondile izilwane endaweni yazo yemvelo ukuze ahlaziye ukuxhumana kwazo komphakathi kanye namaphethini omsebenzi. Isibonelo sokubuka okungaqondile singabonakala ocwaningweni lwemakethe, lapho umcwaningi esebenzisa idatha yokuthengisa nemibiko yezezimali ukuze ahlaziye ukusebenza kwemakethe komkhiqizo othile.
Izici zokubuka: qonda ukuthi iyini le nqubo eyisisekelo nokuthi isebenza kanjani.
Ukubuka okuqondile kuyindlela yokuqoqa idatha esetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene yolwazi, efana nokusebenza kwengqondo, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye neminye. Kubandakanya inqubo lapho umcwaningi abheka futhi aqophe ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye, amaqembu, noma izenzakalo zemvelo endaweni yabo yemvelo, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa noma ukukhohlisa okuguquguqukayo okungaphansi kocwaningo.
Okukodwa okuyinhloko izici Inzuzo yokubuka okuqondile wukuhlosisa kwakho, njengoba umcwaningi emane ebuka futhi alobe okwenzekayo, ngaphandle kokwenza ukuhumusha ngokuxhamazela noma ukucabangela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuka okuqondile kuvumela ukuqoqwa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukuhlaziya okunembe kakhudlwana nokunemininingwane yento engaphansi kocwaningo.
Enye isimilo Okubalulekile ngokubhekisisa okuqondile yikhono lakhona lokuthwebula ulwazi ngokuvamile obekungeke lutholakale ngezinye izindlela zocwaningo, ezifana nohlu lwemibuzo noma izingxoxo. Ukubhekisisa okuqondile kuvumela umcwaningi ukuthi abone ukuziphatha okungasho lutho, amaphethini okusebenzelana, namandla omphakathi angase angabonakali kwezinye izinhlobo zokuqoqwa kwedatha.
Kukhona ezahlukene izinhlobo ukubuka okuqondile, njengokubheka kombambiqhaza, lapho umcwaningi eyingxenye yeqembu elibhekiwe, kanye nokubuka okungahlanganyeli, lapho umcwaningi ebuka khona ngaphandle kweqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqaphela kungahlelwa, lapho umcwaningi elandela umbhalo osusungulwe ngaphambilini, noma ongahlelekile, lapho umcwaningi ezivumela ukuba azibonele ngendlela ekhululekile futhi eguquguqukayo.
Um isibonelo Ucwaningo lokubheka okuqondile lungaba ucwaningo lokuziphatha kwezingane esikhungweni sokunakekela izingane. Umcwaningi angabona ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezingane, ukuziphatha kwazo kokuxhumana nabantu, izinto ezithandwayo zokudlala, nezinye izici ezifanele. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kubuka, umcwaningi angakwazi ukubona amaphethini okuziphatha, izici ezithonyayo, kanye nezindawo ezingase zingenele ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula kwengane okunempilo.
Ukuqaphela okuqondile: izici, izinhlobo kanye nesibonelo
A ukuqaphela ngqo iyindlela yokuqoqa idatha mayelana nesenzakalo noma isimo ngasinye. Ibonakala ngokuthi umcwaningi usendaweni lapho kwenzeka khona isigameko ngaphandle kokuphazamisa noma ukushintsha indawo ezungezile, njengoba kungenjalo idatha etholiwe ngeke isebenze.
Le ndlela yokuqoqa idatha, ebizwa nangokuthi ucwaningo oluyisisekelo, isetshenziswa ezikhathini lapho ezinye izinhlelo (ezifana nokuhlola, uhlu lwemibuzo, phakathi kokunye) zingasebenzi.
Ngesikhathi sokubukwa okuqondile, umuntu angaqhubeka ngezindlela ezimbili: ngasese (uma into ingazi ukuthi iyabonwa) noma ngokusobala (uma into iyazi ukuthi iyabonwa).
Nokho, indlela yesibili ayisetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile, njengokuhlaziya ukuziphatha komuntu, njengoba abantu bengase benze ngendlela ehlukile ngenxa yokuthi bayagadwa.
Izici zokubuka okuqondile
Okungaphazamisi
Ukubuka okuqondile kubonakala ngokungaphazamisi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi into ebhekiwe iyavuleka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa umuntu obukele.
Ngalesi sizathu, idatha etholwe ngale ndlela iyabonakala futhi inegama emkhakheni wocwaningo.
Ukungahlanganyeli kombukeli
Ngokubuka okuqondile, isibukeli sithatha indima ehlakaniphile, njengempukane odongeni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akufanele uphakamise noma ubeke amazwana kubahlanganyeli.
Isikhati eside
Izifundo zokubuka okuqondile ngokuvamile zihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kweviki. Lokhu kwenziwa ngezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isihloko sizizwa sikhululekile uma sibuka futhi senza ngokwemvelo.
Okwesibili, ukuze kutholwe yonke imininingwane edingekayo ocwaningweni olwenziwayo.
Imiphumela yenjongo kanye ne-subjective
Imiphumela etholwe ngale ndlela ingaba inhloso futhi incike.
Izinjongo zibandakanya izibalo (isibonelo, isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze into yenze umsebenzi othile), kuyilapho okucatshangwayo kuhlanganisa okuvelayo (isibonelo, ukukhathazeka okwenziwe umsebenzi othile entweni).
Isidingo sababukeli abambalwa
Ukubuka okuqondile kunikeza izinzuzo ezinye izindlela zokuqoqa idatha ezingenazo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kuvumela ukutadisha ukusebenzisana kweqembu elikhulu ngaphandle kokwandisa inani lababukeli: umcwaningi oyedwa angakwazi ukutadisha iqembu labantu abangu-10.
Izinhlobo zokubuka okuqondile
Ukubuka okuqondile kungaba yizinhlobo ezimbili: okucashile nokucashile. Ukubuka okucashile yikhona okusetshenziswa kakhulu kokubili. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukubuka into ngaphandle kokuthi into iyazi ukuthi iyabonwa.
Ukubuka ngokusobala
Ukubuka okusobala kwenzeka lapho into ibukwa. Le ndlela ayivame ukusetshenziswa ngoba "umphumela we-Hawthorn" ungenzeka.
Lo mphumela uwukuthi abantu bangase baziphathe ngendlela ehlukile uma beqaphela ukuthi bayabhekwa. Ngakho-ke, idatha etholiwe ngeke ithembeke.
Abanye ababhali baveza ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile kungaba mahhala noma kwakhiwe. Kumahhala uma ifomethi ethile ingalandelwa. Kulokhu, umcwaningi uqoqa okubhekwayo kodwa angakunikezeli uhlelo oluthile.
Ukubuka okuhlelekile
Ngokulandelayo, ihlelwa lapho izimo ezehlukene zilungiselelwa ukubona izinguquko ekuziphatheni kwento. Kulokhu, umcwaningi uhlanganisa imibono etholiwe, enze ukuhlaziya kwedatha okulandelayo.
Uma kubhekwa izinto ezingaphezu kweyodwa, ukubhekwa okuhlelekile kuvame ukuthandwa, njengoba kuvumela ukuqhathaniswa kwemiphumela ekhiqizwe ngayinye yalezo ezibukiwe.
Kusetshenziswa nini ukubuka okuqondile?
Ukuqaphela okuqondile kusetshenziswa uma ufuna ukufunda ukuziphatha komuntu noma iqembu labantu esimweni esithile.
Ngezinye izikhathi isimo singokwemvelo, futhi isibukeli singena endaweni yalowo obhekiwe. Kwezinye izimo, isimo senziwa kabusha abacwaningi, sibeka okuphawulwe endaweni yokwenziwa.
Icala lokuqala lenzeka ikakhulukazi ezifundweni zomphakathi. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha kwabafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme.
Icala lesibili lenzeka kaningi kunanoma yini enye ezifundweni zezohwebo. Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukwethula umkhiqizo omusha emakethe, ukubhekwa okuqondile kwenziwa ukuze kunqunywe ukusabela kwenani labantu kumkhiqizo.
Izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kubhekwe ngqo
Izimo zengqondo
Ngezinye izikhathi inqubo yokubuka ingathatha amasonto. Ngakho-ke, into eyinhloko yale ndlela yokuqoqa ukuzibophezela, kokubili okuvela kumbukeli kanye nobhekiwe.
Ngaphezu kokuzibophezela, ukubekezela nokubekezela kubalulekile. Izikhathi ezimbalwa zokuqala zokubuka zingase zingaqoqi idatha efanele yocwaningo. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqhubeke uma ufuna ukwenza isiphetho esifanele ocwaningweni.
Ithimba lobuchwepheshe
Kuye ngohlobo lophenyo olwenziwayo, okokusebenza okulalelwayo nevidiyo kungase kudingeke.
Ukuhlaziya okurekhodiwe kudinga umsebenzi owengeziwe ohlangothini lomseshi. Nokho, imele inzuzo ngoba inikeza irekhodi elingunaphakade ledatha eqoqiwe.
Amalayisense angenzeka
Okokugcina, kuyadingeka ukuthola imvume hhayi kuphela ezifundweni ezibhekwayo, kodwa nasesikhungweni lapho ucwaningo lwenziwa khona. Uma izifundo zizincane, kubalulekile futhi ukuthola imvume kubamele bazo.
Ukuqhuba ukuqaphela ngaphandle kwemvume yabahlanganyeli kuphakamisa izingqinamba zokuziphatha ezibeka ukungabaza emiphumeleni yocwaningo. Kungadala izinkinga zomthetho.
Izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho ubheka ngokuqondile
Izinto ezimbalwa zingathinta imiphumela etholiwe. Uma isihloko socwaningo sazi ukuthi bayabhekwa, kufanele kubhekwe ubudlelwano phakathi kobukeli kanye nobhekiwe: ingabe bahlobene noma abantu abangabazi?
Uma bethandana, into ingase ikhululeke, kodwa uma bengaziwa, bangase bazizwe besaba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi into iyazi noma cha ukuthi yini ebonwayo, ukungakhethi kombukeli kufanele kucatshangelwe: ingabe umbonisi unaso isizathu sokushintsha imiphumela etholiwe noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, akakhethi?
Isibonelo socwaningo lokubheka ngqo
E-Doñana Natural Park (eSpain), enesimo sezulu esipholile saseMedithera, ama-emperor penguin, afana nesimo sezulu esishisayo, enza isimangaliso. Njengoba bebhekene nokuvakasha okungaka okungaka, izazi zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezazi zezokongiwa kwemvelo bazisa ochwepheshe balolu hlobo lwezilwane, abavakashela kulesi siqiwu ukuze bahlole ukuthi kungani benqume ukuthuthela khona.
Emasontweni ambalwa, ochwepheshe babheka konke umnyakazo wamaphengwini endaweni yawo entsha (ukuziphatha, imikhuba yokudla, ukuxhumana nendawo ezungezile, njll.). Ukuze zenze lokhu, zihlala ziqhelelene ukuze zingashintshi ukuziphatha kwezinyoni.
Lapho becabanga ukuthi banenani eliphezulu lolwazi olurekhodiwe, bayalishiya ipaki futhi baqale ukuhlaziya okujulile ukuze bafinyelele iziphetho.
Lokhu kungaba indlela yokubuka eqondile, ngoba:
- Ochwepheshe bebesendaweni ukuze babone lesi sigameko
– Kuyimfihlo, njengoba kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokuvimbela amaphengwini ekuboneni ukuba khona komuntu.
– Sekuyisikhathi eside, ukuqoqa idatha amasonto amabili.
– Bekungeyona into ehlaselayo, obukele eneqhaza elingangcolisi.
Izinkomba
- Holmes (2013). Ukubuka okuqondile. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Septhemba 19, 2017, kusuka ku-link.springer.com
- Ukubuka okuqondile. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Septhemba 19, 2017, kusuka ku-idemployee.id.tue.nl
- Izindlela Ezifanelekile. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Septhemba 19, 2017, kusukela ku-socialresearchmethods.net
- Ukubuka okuqondile njengendlela yocwaningo. Ibuyiselwe ngoSepthemba 19, 2017, isuka ku-jstor.org
- Ukubuka okuqondile. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Septhemba 19, 2017, kusuka ku-depts.washington.edu
- Ukusebenzisa Amasu Okubuka Okuqondile. Ibuyiselwe ngoSepthemba 19, 2017, kusuka ku-beterevaluation.org
- Ithini incazelo yokubuka okuqondile? Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Septhemba 19, 2017, kusukela ku-classroom.synonym.com