Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kuyinkinga enkulu engenzeka ngezindlela nezimo eziningi ezahlukene. Kungabangelwa izingozi ezikhungweni zokuphehla amandla enuzi, ukuvuza kukadoti okhipha imisebe, ukuhlolwa kwenuzi, nokunye. Izinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwemisebe zihlanganisa umoya, amanzi, inhlabathi, nokungcoliswa kokudla. Imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwemisebe ingaba yingozi emvelweni nempilo yomuntu, ibangele izifo ezinjengomdlavuza, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ngisho nokufa. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela nokulawula ukugwema ukungcoliswa kwemisebe futhi kuvikelwe iplanethi yethu nezizukulwane ezizayo.
Izinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwemisebe: funda ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuchayeka ngemisebe.
Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kungenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Kubalulekile ukuqonda izinhlobo zokungcola ukuze uqonde kangcono izimbangela nemiphumela yalolu hlobo lokuchayeka.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ngokuyisisekelo zokungcoliswa kwemisebe: ngaphakathi, ngaphandle, kanye nokungeniswayo. Ukungcola kwangaphakathi kwenzeka lapho izinto ezikhipha imisebe ekhishwa umoya noma zimunywa, zingena emzimbeni futhi zikhipha imisebe ephuma ngaphakathi. Ukungcola kwangaphandle kwenzeka lapho imisebe ifinyelela ebusweni bomzimba futhi ingabangelwa imithombo yemisebe yangaphandle. Okokugcina, ukungcoliswa kokugwinya kwenzeka lapho ukudla okungcolile noma uketshezi kungena, okuholela ekumunceni izinto ezikhipha imisebe.
Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kungaba nezimbangela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izingozi zenuzi, ukuvuza kukadoti okhipha imisebe, ukuchayeka ezintweni ezikhipha imisebe emsebenzini, ngisho nemisebe ye-cosmic. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini imbangela, ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yezempilo, njengomdlavuza, ukuguqulwa kofuzo, ukulimala kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba, nokunye.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubungozi kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela ezihlobene nokungcoliswa kwemisebe. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuzivikela, ukuqapha imisebe ezindaweni zokusebenza, ukuhlolwa kwemithombo ekhipha imisebe, nokufundisa ngezingozi zemisebe ngezinye zezinyathelo ezingasiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokuchayeka.
Kafushane, ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kungenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukene futhi kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yezempilo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda izinhlobo zokungcola, izimbangela zazo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukugwema izinkinga ezizayo.
Funda ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcola okubangelwa imisebe endaweni yethu.
Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kuyinkinga enkulu ethinta imvelo nempilo yabantu. Imisebe ingabangela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokungcola, okuthinta umoya, amanzi, nomhlabathi.
Olunye uhlobo lokungcoliswa kwemisebe ukungcoliswa komoya. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuvuza kwento ekhipha imisebe ezikhungweni zamandla enuzi noma izingozi ezifana naleyo yaseChernobyl. Ukuhogela izinhlayiya ezikhipha imisebe kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo, kuhlanganise nomdlavuza nezinkinga zokuphefumula.
Olunye uhlobo lokungcola ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Lapho izinto ezikhipha imisebe zilahlwa emifuleni, emachibini, noma olwandle, zingangcolisa amanzi futhi zithinte nezilwane zasolwandle. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela ongemuhle kulo lonke uchungechunge lokudla futhi kubangele umonakalo ongenakulungiseka ku-ecosystem yasemanzini.
Ukungcoliswa komhlabathi nakho kuwumphumela wemisebe. Lapho imfucumfucu ekhipha imisebe ilahlwa ngendlela engafanele, ingangcolisa inhlabathi futhi ithinte izinga lokudla okulinywa lapho. Lokhu kungaba yingozi empilweni kulabo abadla lokhu kudla.
Ngamafuphi, ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kungabangela ukungcoliswa komoya, amanzi, nomhlabathi, kube yingozi enkulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo iyonke. Kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela nokulawula ukugwema imithelela emibi yemisebe emhlabeni wethu.
Umsuka kanye nomthelela wokunukubezeka kwe-radioactive: izimbangela kanye nemiphumela elimazayo yemvelo.
Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kuyinkinga enkulu ethinta kakhulu imvelo. Imvelaphi yokungcoliswa kwemisebe ngokuyinhloko ihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu, njengokukhiqiza amandla enuzi, ukuhlola izikhali zenuzi, izingozi zesikhungo samandla enuzi, nokulahlwa okungafanele kwemfucuza ekhipha imisebe.
Imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwemisebe ilimaza imvelo. Ukuchayeka ezintweni ezikhipha imisebe kungabangela ukulimala kwezakhi zofuzo, umdlavuza, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi eziphilayo, ngisho nokufa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kungangcolisa umhlabathi, amanzi, nomoya, kuthinte lonke uchungechunge lokudla futhi kubangele imithelela yesikhathi eside ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nempilo yabantu abavelile.
Kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemisebe, njengokuqapha okwanele kwezikhungo zamandla enuzi, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuphephile bokugcina imfucuza ekhipha imisebe, kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi ngezingozi zokuchayeka emisebeni.
Ngamafuphi, ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kuyinkinga enkulu edinga ukunakwa nokuthathwa isinyathelo ngokushesha. Imithelela yokungcoliswa kwemisebe endaweni ezungezile mibi futhi ihlala isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukufuna izixazululo ezisimeme ukuze kugwenywe umonakalo ongenakulungiseka emvelweni nempilo yabantu.
Iyini imithelela yemisebe empilweni kanye nemvelo?
Imisebe iwuhlobo lwamandla olungadala imithelela eyahlukene kwezempilo kanye nemvelo. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukene zokungcoliswa komsakazo, okuyinhloko ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiyana ze-alpha, i-beta, ne-gamma. Lokhu kungcola kungabangelwa izingozi zenuzi, njengalezo zaseChernobyl naseFukushima, noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe.
Imithelela yezempilo yemisebe iyakhathaza, futhi ingabangela yonke into kusukela ekushiseni kwesikhumba kuye ezifweni ezimbi kakhulu njengomdlavuza kanye nokuguqulwa kofuzo. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emazingeni aphezulu emisebe kungaholela ekulimaleni okungenakulungiseka emzimbeni womuntu.
Emvelweni, imisebe ingathinta imvelo, ingcolise inhlabathi, amanzi, nokudla. Lokhu kungaholela ekulimaleni kwezilwane nezitshalo, kubangele ukungalingani kwemvelo ngisho nokushabalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela kanye nokulawula ukungcoliswa kwemisebe, njengokuphatha kahle imfucuza yenuzi kanye nokuqapha izindawo eziphethe izinto ezikhipha imisebe. Ukuqwashisa umphakathi ngezingozi zemisebe kubalulekile futhi ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela yayo kwezempilo kanye nemvelo.
Ngamafuphi, imisebe ingaba nemiphumela elimazayo kokubili empilweni yomuntu nasendaweni ezungezile, okwenza kube semqoka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela nokulawula ukuze kuvikelwe ukuphila nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukungcola ngemisebe: izinhlobo, izimbangela, imiphumela
A ukungcola kwe-radioactive kuchazwa njengokufakwa kwezinto ezingafuneki zemisebe yemvelo. Lokhu kungaba ngokwemvelo (ama-radioisotopes akhona endaweni) noma okokwenziwa (ama-radioactive elements enziwe abantu).
Phakathi kwezimbangela zokungcoliswa kwemisebe kukhona ukuhlola okwenziwa ngezikhali zenuzi ngezinjongo zempi. Lokhu kungadala i-radioactive fallout ehamba amakhilomitha ambalwa emoyeni.
Izingozi ezikhungweni zokuphehla amandla enuzi zingenye imbangela enkulu yokungcoliswa kwemisebe. Eminye imithombo yokungcola ihlanganisa izimayini ze-uranium, imisebenzi yezokwelapha, nokukhiqizwa kwe-radon.
Lolu hlobo lokungcoliswa kwemvelo lunemiphumela emibi kakhulu emvelweni nakubantu. Amaketanga okudla kwe-ecosystem ayathinteka, futhi abantu bangaba nezinkinga ezinkulu zempilo ezingaholela ekufeni.
Isixazululo esiyinhloko sokungcoliswa kwe-radioactive ukuvimbela; izimiso zokuphepha zokuphatha nokugcinwa kwemfucuza ekhipha imisebe, kanye nempahla edingekayo, kufanele kugcinwe.
Phakathi kwezindawo ezinezinkinga ezinkulu zokungcoliswa kwemisebe iHiroshima neNagasaki (1945), Fukushima (2011), kanye neChernobyl e-Ukraine (1986). Kuzo zonke izimo, imiphumela yezempilo yalabo abadaluliwe yayinzima futhi yaholela ekufeni kwabantu abaningi.
Amathiphu ngemisebe
I-Radioactivity isenzakalo lapho eminye imizimba ikhipha amandla ngendlela yezinhlayiya (imisebe ye-corpuscular) noma amaza kagesi. Lokhu kukhiqizwa okuthiwa yi-radioisotopes.
Ama-Radioisotopes ama-athomu e-elementi efanayo anenucleus engaqinile futhi kufanele abole aze afinyelele esakhiweni esizinzile. Lapho ebola, ama-athomu akhipha amandla nezinhlayiya ezinemisebe.
Imisebe enemisebe ebizwa nangokuthi imisebe ye-ionizing ngoba ingabangela i-ionization (ukulahlekelwa ama-electron) yama-athomu nama-molecule. Le misebe ingaba yizinhlobo ezintathu:
I-alpha radiation
Izinhlayiya zikhishwa ku-ionized helium nuclei ezingahamba amabanga amafushane kakhulu. Lezi zinhlayiya zinamandla aphansi okungena, okusho ukuthi zingamiswa ishidi lephepha.
Imisebe ye-Beta
Ama-electron anamandla aphezulu akhishwa ngenxa yokubola kwama-proton nama-neutron. Lolu hlobo lwemisebe lungahamba amamitha amaningana futhi lungamiswa ngengilazi, i-aluminium, noma amaphaneli okhuni.
Imisebe ye-Gamma
Iwuhlobo lwemisebe ye-electromagnetic enamandla amakhulu ephuma ku-nucleus ye-athomu. I-nucleus ishintsha isuka esimweni esijabulile iye kweyamandla aphansi, ikhiphe imisebe ye-electromagnetic.
Imisebe ye-Gamma inamandla amakhulu okungena futhi ingahamba amakhulu amamitha. Ukuyimisa kudinga amasentimitha ambalwa amashidi okuhola noma kufika kumitha kakhonkolo.
Izinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwe-radioactive
Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kungachazwa njengokufakwa kwezinto ezingafuneki ezikhipha imisebe endaweni ezungezile. Ama-Radioisotopes angaba khona emanzini, emoyeni, enhlabathini, noma ezintweni eziphilayo.
Ngokuya ngemvelaphi ye-radioactivity, ukungcoliswa kwe-radioactive kunezinhlobo ezimbili:
Natural
Lolu hlobo lokungcoliswa luvela ezintweni ezenzeka ngokwemvelo ezikhipha imisebe. I-radioactivity yemvelo isuka emisebeni ye-cosmic noma uqweqwe lomhlaba.
Imisebe ye-cosmic yakhiwa izinhlayiya ezinamandla amakhulu ezivela emkhathini. Lezi zinhlayiya zenzeka lapho ukuqhuma kwe-supernova kwenzeka ezinkanyezini naselangeni.
Lapho izakhi ezinemisebe zifika eMhlabeni, ziphambukiswa yinkambu kazibuthe yeplanethi. Kodwa-ke, ezigxotsheni, isivikelo asisebenzi kahle futhi singangena emkhathini.
Omunye umthombo we-radioactivity yemvelo ama-radioisotopes akhona kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Lezi zakhi ezinemisebe zinesibopho sokugcina ukushisa kwangaphakathi kweplanethi.
Izakhi eziyinhloko zama-radioactive emgqeni woMhlaba yi-uranium, i-thorium, ne-potassium. Umhlaba ulahlekelwe izakhi ezinesikhathi sokuphila esifushane semisebe, kodwa ezinye zinesikhathi sokuphila sezigidigidi zeminyaka. Phakathi kwalokhu, i-uranium igqamile. 235 , uranium 238 , abantu 232 kanye ne-potassium 40 .
I-uranium 235 , uranium 238 kanye ne-thorium 232 yakha ama-nuclei amathathu emisebe akhona othulini aveza izinkanyezi. Lawa maqembu abolayo anemisebe adala ezinye izakhi ezinohafu wokuphila okufushane.
Kusukela ekuhlakazweni kwe-uranium 238 , kwakhiwa umbani kanye ne-radon (isici esikhipha imisebe yegesi). I-radon ingumthombo oyinhloko wokungcoliswa kwemvelo ngemisebe.
I-Artificial
Lokhu kungcola kubangelwa imisebenzi yabantu efana nemithi, izimayini, izimboni, ukuhlolwa kwenuzi kanye nokuphehla ugesi.
Ngo-1895, isazi sefiziksi saseJalimane uRoëntgen sathola ngephutha imisebe yokwenziwa. Wathola ukuthi ama-X-ray kwakungamaza kagesi kagesi asuka ekushayisaneni kwama-electron ngaphakathi kweshubhu le-vacuum.
Ama-radioisotopes okwenziwa akhiqizwa kulabhorethri ngokusabela kwenuzi. Ngo-1919, i-isotope yokuqala yokufakelwa kwemisebe yakhiqizwa ku-hydrogen.
Ama-isotopi emisebe yokwenziwa akhiqizwa ngokuqhumisa ama-athomu ahlukene ngama-neutron. Uma i-neutron ingena ku-nuclei, iyawaphazamisa futhi iwakhokhise ngamandla.
I-radioactivity yokwenziwa inezinhlelo eziningi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, njengezokwelapha, izimboni, nezempi. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zakhi ezinemisebe zidedelwa ngengozi endaweni ezungezile, zibangele izinkinga ezinkulu zokungcola.
Izimbangela
Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kungasuka emithonjeni eyahlukene, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuphatha okungalungile kwezakhi zemisebe. Ezinye zezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zibalwe ngezansi.
Ukuhlola Nuclear
Kubhekiselwa ekuqhunyisweni kwezikhali zenuzi ezivivinywayo, ikakhulukazi ezokwakhiwa kwezikhali zempi. Kuye kwenziwa nokuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi ukuze kumbiwe imithombo, kukhishwe uphethiloli, noma kwakhiwe ingqalasizinda.
Ukuhlola kwenyukliya kungaba wumkhathi (ngaphakathi komkhathi woMhlaba), i-stratospheric (ngaphandle komkhathi womhlaba), ngaphansi kwamanzi, noma ngaphansi komhlaba. Ukuhlolwa kwe-atmospheric yikona okungcolisa kakhulu, njengoba kukhiqiza inani elikhulu le-radioactive fallout esabalala kumakhilomitha ambalwa.
Izinhlayiya ezikhipha imisebe zingangcolisa imithombo yamanzi futhi zifinyelele emhlabathini. Le radioactivity ingafinyelela emazingeni ahlukene e-trophic ngochungechunge lokudla, ithinte izitshalo futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, ifinyelele kubantu.
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokungcoliswa kwemisebe engaqondile ubisi, olungathinta izingane.
Kusukela ngo-1945, cishe izivivinyo zenuzi eziyi-2.000 zenziwe emhlabeni wonke. ENingizimu Melika, ukuphuma kwemisebe kuthinte kakhulu iPeru neChile.
Amajeneretha amandla enuzi (ama-nuclear reactors)
Njengamanje, inani elikhulu lamazwe asebenzisa iziphehlimandla zenuzi njengomthombo wamandla. Lezi ziphehlisi zikhiqiza ukusabela kweketango lenuzi okulawulwayo, ngokuvamile nge-nuclear fission (ukuhlukaniswa kwenucleus ye-athomu).
Ukungcola kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuvuza kwezakhi ezikhipha imisebe ezikhungweni zamandla enuzi. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1940, kube nezinkinga zemvelo ezihlobene nezikhungo zamandla enuzi.
Lapho izikhali zenuzi zivuza, lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingahamba amakhilomitha angamakhulu emoyeni, okubangele ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, umhlaba, nemithombo yokudla okuye kwathinta imiphakathi eseduze.
Izingozi ze-radiological
Ngokuvamile zenzeka ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi yezimboni, ngenxa yokuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe. Kwezinye izimo, opharetha bayehluleka ukuphatha imishini ngendlela efanele, okuholela ekuvuzeni kwemvelo.
Imisebe ye-ionizing ingakhiqizwa futhi ibangele ukulimala kubasebenzi bezimboni, imishini, noma ikhishwe emkhathini.
Ukumba i-uranium
I-Uranium iyisici esitholakala kumadiphozithi emvelo emhlabeni wonke. Isetshenziswa kabanzi njengempahla eluhlaza yokukhiqiza amandla ezimbonini zamandla enuzi.
Lapho lezi zinsalela ze-uranium zimbiwa, kukhiqizwa izakhi zemfucuza enemisebe. Izinto ezilahlwayo ezikhiqizwayo zidedelwa phezulu, lapho zinqwabelana khona futhi zingahlakazwa umoya noma imvula.
Udoti okhiqizwayo ukhiqiza inani elikhulu lemisebe ye-gamma, eyingozi kakhulu ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngokufanayo, amazinga aphezulu e-radon ayenzeka, futhi imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ingangcoliswa ukucwiliswa kwamanzi.
I-radon iwumthombo omkhulu wokungcola kwabasebenzi kulezi zimayini. Le gesi ekhipha imisebe ingahogela kalula futhi ihlasele imigudu yomoya, ibangele umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Imisebenzi yezokwelapha
Ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kwemithi yenuzi, kukhiqizwa ama-isotopes anemisebe, okumele alahlwe. Izinto zaselabhorethri kanye namanzi angcolile ngokuvamile angcoliswa izakhi ezinemisebe.
Ngokufanayo, imishini ye-radiotherapy ingakhiqiza ukungcoliswa kwe-radioactive kuma-opharetha neziguli.
Izinto ezikhipha imisebe emvelweni
Izinto ezenzeka ngokwemvelo ezikhipha imisebe (NORMs) zivame ukutholakala endaweni ezungezile. Ngokuvamile azikhiqizi ukungcoliswa kwe-radioactive, kodwa imisebenzi eyahlukene yabantu ivame ukugxila kuyo futhi iba yinkinga.
Eminye imithombo yokugxiliswa kwezinto ze-NORM ukushiswa kwamalahle, izinto zokubasa ezisekelwe ku-petroleum, nokukhiqizwa kukamanyolo.
Ezindaweni lapho kushiswa khona udoti nemfucumfucu ehlukahlukene eqinile, i-potassium inganqwabelana. 40 kanye ne-radon 226 . Ezindaweni lapho amalahle anguwoyela oyinhloko, lawa ma-radioisotopes nawo ayenzeka.
Itshe le-Phosphorus elisetshenziswa njengomanyolo liqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-uranium ne-thorium, kuyilapho i-radon nomthofu kunqwabelana embonini ye-petroleum.
Imiphumela
Mayelana nemvelo
Imithombo yamanzi ingangcoliswa ngama-isotopes anemisebe, ethinta imvelo ehlukahlukene yasemanzini. Ngokufanayo, la manzi angcolile adliwa yizinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ezithintekayo.
Lapho ukungcola kwenhlabathi kwenzeka, iba mpofu, ilahlekelwa ukuvunda, futhi ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa imisebenzi yezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcoliswa kwe-radioactive kuthinta amaketanga okudla kuma-ecosystem.
Ngakho, izitshalo zingcoliswa ama-radioisotopes emhlabathini futhi adlulele ezilwaneni ezidla uhlaza. Lezi zilwane zingase ziguquke noma zife ngenxa ye-radioactivity.
Izilwane ezidla ezinye ziyathinteka ngenxa yokuncipha kokutholakala kokudla noma ukungcoliswa ukudla kwezilwane ezilayishwe ama-radioisotopes.
Mayelana nabantu
Imisebe ye-ionizing ingadala umonakalo obulalayo kubantu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ama-isotopes anemisebe alimaza isakhiwo se-DNA esakha amaseli.
I-Radiolysis (ukuqhekeka kwemisebe) kwenzeka ku-DNA nasemanzini aqukethwe kumaseli. Lokhu kubangela ukufa kwamangqamuzana noma ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungabangela ukungafani kofuzo okuhlukahlukene okungaholela ekukhubazekeni okuzuzwe njengefa noma izifo. Phakathi kwezifo ezivame kakhulu umdlavuza, ikakhulukazi we-thyroid, njengoba ibopha i-iodine.
Umnkantsha nawo ungathinteka, ubangele izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-anemia ngisho ne-leukemia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni singaba buthakathaka, senze kube lula ukungenwa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane namagciwane.
Eminye imiphumela ihlanganisa ukungazali kanye nokukhubazeka kwengane komama abachayeka emisebeni. Izingane zingase zibe nezinkinga zokufunda nokukhula, kanye nobuchopho obuncane.
Ngezinye izikhathi, umonakalo ungabangela ukufa kwamangqamuzana, kuthinte izicubu nezitho zomzimba. Uma izitho ezibalulekile zithinteka, kungaholela ekufeni.
Ukuvimbela
Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kunzima kakhulu ukukulawula uma kwenzeka. Yingakho kumele imizamo igxile ekuvimbeleni.
Imfucuza enemisebe
Ukulawulwa kwemfucuza ngemisebe kungenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuvimbela. Kufanele ihlelwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho yezokuphepha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwalabo abawuphethe.
Imfucuza ekhipha imisebe kufanele ihlukaniswe kwezinye izinto futhi umthamo wayo wehliswe ukuze kube lula ukuwuphatha. Kwezinye izimo, le mfucumfucu iphathwa ukuze iguqulwe ibe amafomu aqinile alawulekayo.
Ngokulandelayo, imfucuza ekhipha imisebe kufanele ifakwe ezitsheni ezifanele ukugwema ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Iziqukathi zigcinwa ezindaweni ezingazodwa ezinezimiso zokuphepha noma zingangcwatshwa phansi olwandle.
Izitshalo zamandla enuzi
Izitshalo zamandla enuzi zingomunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwemisebe. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthi zakhiwe okungenani amakhilomitha angama-300 kude nezikhungo zasemadolobheni.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi abasebenzi besikhungo samandla enuzi bathole ukuqeqeshwa okwanele ekuphatheni amathuluzi nokuvikela izingozi. Ngokufanayo, kunconywa ukuthi izakhamuzi eziseduze nalezi zikhungo ziqaphele ubungozi obungaba khona kanye nezinyathelo okufanele zithathwe uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi yenuzi.
Ukuvikelwa kwabasebenzi abasebenza ngezinto ezikhipha imisebe
Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemisebe iwukuba abasebenzi baqeqeshwe futhi bahlonyiswe ngokuvikela okwanele. Isikhathi sokuchayeka kubantu ku-radioactivity kufanele sehliswe.
Izinsiza kufanele zakhiwe kahle, kugwenywe izimbotshana kanye nemifantu lapho ama-radioisotopes anganqwabelana khona. Izinhlelo ezinhle zokungenisa umoya ezinezihlungi zokuvimbela udoti ukuthi ungaphumi endaweni ezungezile zibalulekile.
Abasebenzi kumele babe nesivikelo esanele, njengezikrini nezimpahla zokuzivikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingubo ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nezinto zokusebenza kufanele zisuswe ukungcola ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukwelashwa
Kunezinyathelo ezithile ezingathathwa ukuze kudambiswe izimpawu zokungcoliswa kwemisebe. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukumpontshelwa igazi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasosha omzimba, noma ukufakelwa umnkantsha.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela zokwelapha ziyadambisa, njengoba kunzima kakhulu ukuqeda i-radioactivity emzimbeni womuntu. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje ukwelashwa kuyaqhubeka ngama-molecule e-chelating angahlukanisa ama-radioisotopes emzimbeni.
Ama-Chelators (ama-molecule angewona anobuthi) abophezela kuma-isotopi anemisebe, enze ama-complexes azinzile angasuswa emzimbeni. Ama-chelators akhiwe akwazi ukuqeda ukungcola okungafika ku-80%.
Izibonelo zamasayithi angcoliswe i-radioactivity
Njengoba amandla enuzi esetshenziswa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yabantu, kuye kwenzeka izingozi eziningana zemisebe. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abathintekile bayabuqonda ubucayi bengozi, kwasungulwa isikali sengozi yenuzi.
I-International Nuclear Incident Scale (INES) yahlongozwa yi-International Atomic Energy Organization ngo-1990. I-INES inesilinganiso esisuka ku-1 kuya ku-7, lapho u-7 ekhombisa ingozi embi kakhulu.
Izibonelo ezibucayi kakhulu zokungcoliswa kwemisebe zibalulwe ngezansi.
I-Hiroshima ne-Nagasaki (Japan)
Amabhomu enuzi aqala ukuthuthukiswa ngawo-40, ngokusekelwe ezifundweni zika-Albert Einstein. Lezi zikhali zenuzi zasetshenziswa yi-United States phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
Ngo-August 6, 1945, ibhomu le-uranium elinothile laqhuma phezu kwedolobha laseHiroshima. Lokhu kwaveza igagasi lokushisa elingaba ngu-300.000°C nokuqhuma okukhulu kwemisebe ye-gamma.
Kamuva, i-radioactive fallout yasakazwa umoya, kwasakaza ukungcola. Cishe abantu abayi-100.000 bafa ngenxa yalokhu kuqhuma, kanti abanye abayi-10.000 babulawa yi-radioactivity eminyakeni eyalandela.
Ngo-August 9, 1945, kwaqhuma ibhomu lesibili lenuzi phezu kwedolobha laseNagasaki. Leli bhomu lesibili lanothiswa nge-plutonium futhi lalinamandla kunalelo elawiswa eHiroshima.
Kuwo womabili amadolobha, abasinde kulokhu kuqhuma bahlushwa izinkinga eziningi zempilo. Ngakho-ke, ingozi yomdlavuza phakathi kwabantu inyuke ngamaphesenti angama-44 phakathi kuka-1958 no-1998.
Namuhla, imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwemisebe evela kula mabhomu isazwakala. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi bangaphezu kuka-100.000 XNUMX abantu abasaphila nanamuhla, kuhlanganise nabasesibelethweni.
Kulesi sibalo, kunamazinga aphezulu e-leukemia, i-sarcoma, i-carcinoma, ne-glaucoma. Iqembu lezingane ezithole imisebe esibelethweni lathuthukisa ukuphambuka kwe-chromosomal.
I-Chernobyl (Ukraine)
Ibhekwa njengenye yezingozi zenuzi ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni. Kwenzeka ngo-April 26, 1986, endaweni yokuphehla amandla enuzi futhi ihlukaniswa njengeleveli 7 ku-INES.
Abasebenzi bebesenza isivivinyo sokulingisa ukucisha kukagesi, kanti esinye seziphehlisi sishise kakhulu. Lokhu kubangele ukuqhuma kwe-hydrogen ngaphakathi kwe-reactor, kukhiphe amathani angaphezu kuka-200 wezinto ezikhipha imisebe emkhathini.
Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, kwafa abantu abangaphezu kuka-30, futhi imisebe ye-radioactive yasakazeka amakhilomitha ambalwa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi bangaphezu kuka-100.000 XNUMX abantu abafa ngenxa yalesi senzo se-radioactivity.
Izigameko zezinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza zikhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-40 ezindaweni ezithintekile zaseBelarus nase-Ukraine. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zomdlavuza umdlavuza wegilo kanye ne-leukemia.
Izimo ezihambisana nezinhlelo zokuphefumula nezokugaya ziye zabonwa ngenxa yokuchayeka ku-radioactivity. Ezinganeni ezizalwa zisesiswini, zingaphezu kuka-40% ezinenkinga yokuzivikela komzimba.
Kwakukhona nokungalungi kwezakhi zofuzo, ukwanda kwezifo zesimiso sokuzala nesomchamo, nokuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
I-Fukushima Daiichi (Japan)
Le ngozi yaba umphumela wokuzamazama komhlaba okuyisilinganiso esingu-9 ku-magnitude 11 okwazamazamisa eJapane ngo-March 2011, XNUMX. Ngemva kwalokho, kwaba ne-tsunami, yakhipha izimiso zokupholisa nezikagesi zezikhungo ezintathu eziphehla amandla esikhungweni senuzi saseFukushima.
Kube nokuqhuma okuningana nemililo kuma-reactors, futhi kwavuza ukuvuza kwemisebe. Le ngozi iqale yathathwa njengeyezinga lesi-4, kodwa ngenxa yemiphumela yayo, yabe isinyuselwa ku-level 7.
Iningi lokungcoliswa kwemisebe yaphelela emanzini, ikakhulukazi olwandle. Njengamanje, kunamathangi amakhulu okugcina amanzi angcolile kulesi sitshalo.
La manzi angcolile athathwa njengengozi ku-ecosystem ye-Pacific Ocean. Enye yama-radioisotopes eyinkinga kakhulu i-cesium, ehamba kalula emanzini futhi enganqwabelana ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla.
Ukuqhuma akuzange kubangele ukufa kwemisebe eqondile, futhi amazinga okuchayeka kwe-radioactivity ayephansi kunalawo aseChernobyl. Kodwa-ke, abanye opharetha babonise izinguquko ze-DNA ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kwengozi.
Ngokufanayo, kuye kwatholakala izinguquko zofuzo kwezinye izilwane ezihlushwa imisebe.
Izinkomba
- IGreenpeace International (2006) Inhlekelele yaseChernobyl, imiphumela empilweni yabantu. Isifinyezo esiphezulu. 20 pp.
- I-Hazra G (2018) Ukungcola kwe-radioactive: uhlolojikelele. Indlela ephelele yemvelo 8:48-65.
- I-Pérez B (2015) Ucwaningo lokungcoliswa kwemvelo ngenxa yezakhi zemvelo ezikhipha imisebe. I-Thesis yeziqu ku-Physics. I-Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University yasePeru. Lima, Peru. 80 iphe.
- U-Osores J (2008) Ukungcoliswa komsakazo wemvelo kuma-neotropics. Isazi sezinto eziphilayo 6: 155-165 .
- U-Siegel noBryan (2003) I-geochemistry yemvelo yokungcoliswa kwe-radioactive. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA. 115 pp.
- Ulrich K (2015) Imiphumela ye-Fukushima, ukwehla kwemboni yenuzi, iyanda. Umbiko weGreenpeace. 21 pp.