Ukukhuthazwa kwezenhlalo kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okunempilo nokuphelele kwezingane, intsha, kanye nabantu abadala. Ngokusebenzelana komphakathi namasiko, abantu bafunda ukuhlobana, baqonde imibono eyahlukene, bathuthukise amakhono okuqonda nemizwa, futhi bakhe ubunjalo babo nomuzwa wokuba ngabangane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugqugquzelwa kwenhlalo-mpilo kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kozwela, ukusungula izinto, ukuqina, kanye nekhono lokubhekana nezinselele nobunzima. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza nokwazisa imisebenzi ekhuthaza ukusebenzelana komphakathi, ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko, kanye nokunothiswa kweqoqo labantu abahlangabezane nakho nolwazi.
Ukuhambisana kokuthuthukiswa komphakathi emphakathini kanye nenhlalakahle yabo bonke.
Ukukhuthazwa kosikompilo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi kanye nenhlalakahle yabo bonke abantu. Uma sibhekisela ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi, sikhuluma ngokwakha ubudlelwano obunempilo, ukukhuthaza ukulingana nokufakwa, ukwazisa ukuhlukahluka, nokuqinisa inkundla yezenhlalo.
Umphakathi otshala imali ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi udala indawo ekahle ekukhuleni nasekugcwalisekeni komuntu ngamunye. Ngokukhuthazwa kwezenhlalo namasiko, kungenzeka ukukhuthaza imfundo, amasiko, ukuzijabulisa, nokubamba iqhaza komphakathi, izici ezibalulekile zomphakathi wentando yeningi nobulungisa.
Ngokwazisa ukuhlukahluka kanye nokukhuthaza ukufakwa, umphakathi uqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu awo anamathuba alinganayo okuthuthukiswa nokubamba iqhaza empilweni yomphakathi. Lokhu kunomthelela ekwehliseni ukungalingani nokwakha indawo enobulungiswa nesekelayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuthazwa kwezenhlalo namasiko kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni impilo engokwengqondo nengokomzwelo yabantu. Ngokuthintana nobuciko, isiko, ezemidlalo, neminye imisebenzi yomphakathi, abantu bangakwazi ukuveza imizwa yabo, ukuxhumana nabanye, futhi bathole izindlela ezinempilo zokubhekana nokucindezeleka nezinselele zansuku zonke.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukutshala imali ekukhuthazeni imiphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyawathola amathuba okukhula kanye nokwaneliseka komuntu siqu.
Ukuhambisana kokukhuthazwa kokuthuthukiswa kwengane kanye nezinzuzo zako.
Ukukhuthazwa kwezenhlalo kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwengane, njengoba kunikeza izingane okuhlangenwe nakho okunomthelela ekukhuleni kwazo ngokomzimba, kwengqondo, ngokomzwelo, kanye nomphakathi. Ngokusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile nabanye abantu, izingane zinethuba lokuhlola, ukufunda, nokuthuthuka ngendlela enempilo nelinganiselayo.
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokukhuthazwa kwezenhlalo namasiko ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono ezingane ezingokwenhlalo nezomzwelo. Ngokusebenzelana nezinye izingane kanye nabantu abadala, zifunda ukuxhumana, ukuxazulula izingxabano, ukusebenza njengeqembu, nokuthuthukisa uzwela. Lawa makhono abalulekile ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi kanye nasekwakheni ubudlelwano obunempilo impilo yonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuthazwa kwezenhlalo namasiko nakho kunomthelela ekukhuleni kwengqondo yezingane, kukhuthaze ilukuluku, ukusungula izinto, kanye nokucabanga okujulile. Ngokudlala, imidlalo, nemisebenzi yamasiko, izingane zithuthukisa amakhono azo okuqonda futhi zithole ulwazi ngomhlaba ozizungezile.
Enye inzuzo ebalulekile yokukhuthazwa komphakathi ukukhuthaza impilo engokwengqondo nengokomzwelo yezingane. Ngokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yamasiko, ubuciko, nezemidlalo, izingane zinethuba lokuveza imizwa yazo, ukukhulula ukucindezeleka, nokuthuthukisa ukuzethemba. Lokhu kusiza ekuvimbeleni izinkinga ezinjengokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, nokuzihlukanisa nabantu.
Ngakho-ke, ukugqugquzelwa kwenhlalo-mpilo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwengane, kuhlinzeka izingane ngolwazi olucebisayo olufaka isandla ekukhuleni nasenhlalakahleni yazo. Ukutshala imali ekukhuthazeni izingane ngokwesikompilo kuwukutshalwa kwezimali ekusaseni lazo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ziba ngabantu abadala abanempilo, abajabule, nabaphumelelayo.
Kuyini ukuhambisana kokuvuselela ukuqonda ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo nokusebenza?
Ukukhuthazwa kwengqondo kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo nokusebenza kwabantu babo bonke ubudala. Uma sivuselela ukuqonda, sithuthukisa imisebenzi yobuchopho ethuthukisiwe njengenkumbulo, ukunaka, ulimi, nokucabanga. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula okunempilo kanye nokugcinwa kwamakhono okuqonda impilo yonke.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukukhuthazwa kwengqondo kungasiza ekuvimbeleni izifo ze-neurodeergenerative njenge-Alzheimer's, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuguga okunempilo nokusebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokusebenza okusebenzayo-ikhono lokwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke ngokuzimela nangempumelelo.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuvuselela ukuqonda ngemisebenzi ebekela ubuchopho inselele, njengemidlalo yokucabanga, ukufunda, ukufunda amakhono amasha, nokuxhumana nabantu. Ngokugcina ubuchopho busebenza futhi bunempilo, sibamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni okugcwele kwengqondo nokusebenzayo kuyo yonke impilo.
Kungani kubalulekile ukukhuthazwa kosikompilo?
Ukukhuthazwa kosikompilo kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komuntu jikelele, njengoba kuhlanganisa izici zomphakathi nezamasiko ezibalulekile ekwakhekeni kobunikazi, ukuzethemba, namakhono omphakathi. Ukusebenzelana nabanye, ukubamba iqhaza emisebenzini yamasiko, kanye nokuba nolwazi oluhlukahlukene kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kohlu lwemicabango yomuntu kanye nemizwelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugqugquzelwa kwenhlalo-masiko kukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa komphakathi, ukuhlonipha ukuhlukahluka, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuxhumana nokuzwelana. Lezi zici ziyisisekelo enhlalakahleni yomzwelo kanye nobudlelwano obuphumelelayo phakathi kwabantu.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwazisa ukukhuthazwa kwezenhlalo namasiko njengengxenye ebalulekile yentuthuko yomuntu, njengoba kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwabantu abaqaphela kakhudlwana, abanobuhlakani, nabaqinile, abakwazi ukubhekana nezinselele zempilo ngendlela eqinisekisayo negculisayo.
Ukuhambisana kokuxhumana komphakathi ekukhuleni kwezingane: kungani kubalulekile?
Ukusebenzelana komphakathi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwezingane. Kungalokhu kusebenzisana lapho befunda khona ukuxhumana, ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana nabantu kanye nemizwa, kanye nokwakha ubudlelwano obunenjongo nabanye. Ukukhuthazwa kwezenhlalo kubalulekile ekukhuleni okunempilo nokulinganiselayo kwezingane, njengoba kuzinikeza amathuba okuhlola umhlaba ozizungezile, ukuzwa izimo ezintsha, nokuthuthukisa ubunjalo bazo.
Lapho izingane zisebenzelana nontanga yazo, amalungu omkhaya, nabanye emphakathini, zihlala zithola ukwaziswa okusha, zithuthukisa amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga, futhi ziqinisa ukuzethemba kwazo. Ngalokhu kusebenzisana, izingane zifunda ukusebenzelana, ukwabelana, ukuxoxisana nokuhlonipha ukungezwani—amakhono abalulekile okuphila emphakathini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzelana komphakathi kunomthelela ekukhuleni kwengqondo yezingane, kuvuselele ilukuluku lazo, ukusungula izinto, namakhono okucabanga okujulile. Ngokusebenzelana nabanye, izingane ziphonselwa inselelo yokucabanga ngendlela ehlukile, zicabangele imibono eyahlukene, futhi zandise ama-horizons azo.
Ngalokhu kusebenzisana, izingane zifunda ukuxhumana nabanye, ukuqonda izwe elibazungezile, nokuthuthukisa amakhono adingekayo ukuze zibe abantu abadala abanokwethenjelwa nabaphumelelayo.
Kungani kubalulekile ukukhuthazwa kosikompilo?
Ezikhathini eziningi, ochwepheshe emkhakheni wezengqondo yezenhlalo baye bawuvikela umbono wokuthi abantu bayizidalwa zomphakathi ngokwemvelo.
Kodwa sisho ukuthini ngempela lesi sitatimende futhi imiphi imithelela engaba nayo ukuntuleka kwabantu ebuhlotsheni babo nemvelo?
Izidingo zomuntu: ziyini?
I-Hierarchy of Needs ka-Abraham Maslow yethulwa ngo-1943 njengemodeli emise okwephiramidi, emele izinhlobo ezinhlanu zezidingo okufanele kuhlangatshezwane nazo abantu, ezihlelwe ngokuya ngobunkimbinkimbi bazo kanye nokuhambisana nokuzuza ukukhula okuphezulu. Ezingeni eliyisisekelo izidingo zomzimba (isb., ukudla), okulandelwa yizidingo zokuphepha (ukuvikelwa komuntu), izidingo zokwamukelwa komphakathi (okungokwakho nothando), izidingo zokuzethemba (ukuhlolwa kwesimo somuntu), futhi, ezingeni eliphezulu, izidingo zokuzenzakalela (ukuzigcwalisa).
Izinhlobo ezine zokuqala zezidingo zibizwa ngokuthi "izidingo zokushoda," ngoba zingahlangatshezwa ngesikhathi esithile, kanti eyesihlanu yaziwa ngokuthi "isidingo," ngoba ayikwazi ukwaneliswa ngokugcwele; iyaqhubeka. Njengoba umuntu ezuza ukwaneliseka kwezidingo eziyisisekelo kakhulu, intshisekelo yabo yokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezisezingeni eliphezulu iyakhula. Lokhu kushintsha ukuya phezulu kwephiramidi kuchazwa njengamandla okukhula . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehla kokuzuzwa kwezidingo zakudala ngenxa yesenzo samandla ahlehlayo.
idinga umhlangano
UMaslow uyaqonda ukuthi wonke umuntu ufisa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo emazingeni akhuphukayo , nakuba sivuma ukuthi akubona bonke abafisa ukufeza isidingo sokuzenza ongokoqobo, kubonakala sengathi lona kuwumgomo oqondile, kuye ngezici zomuntu. Omunye umqondo obalulekile wemodeli yombhali ukuthi ugqamisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwesenzo (ukuziphatha) kanye nesifiso sokufeza amazinga ahlukene ezidingo. Ngakho, izidingo ezingahlangatsheziwe yizo kuphela ezikhuthaza ukuziphatha, hhayi esezihlanganisiwe kakade.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe, zonke izingxenye zemodeli yephiramidi lika-Maslow kufanele zihlobane eduze nokuhambisana okubalulekile okwenziwa imvelo kubantu. Ngakho-ke, kokubili izakhi eziyisisekelo noma zomzimba, njengokuphepha, ukuba yingxenye, kanye nokuzethemba, zingaqondwa kuphela futhi zibonakale njengoba umuntu ekhula emphakathini (okungenani ngokwengqondo ngendlela eguquguqukayo).
Ukufaneleka kokukhuthazwa kwemvelo kubantu
Ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuthi ukuthuthuka komuntu kuthonywa kanjani yizici zebhayoloji noma zofuzo, izici zemvelo, nokusebenzisana phakathi kwazo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthambekela kwangaphakathi kushintshwa yisimo lapho umuntu ekhula khona, okuholela ekumisweni okukhethekile kakhulu kwezici azibonisayo, kokubili ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo nangokuziphatha.
Phakathi kwezici zemvelo okufanele zibhekwe njengezinqumo ekukhuleni kwengqondo yezingane yilezi:
- Ubudlelwano bengane nemvelo , izibopho ezingokomzwelo ezisungulwe ngezibalo eziyisithenjwa ezisuselwe ekuziphatheni kwabo okukhathalelayo nothando.
- Umbono wohlaka lokuzinza nxazonke (umndeni, isikole, njll.).
Zombili lezi zici zinethonya elibalulekile ohlotsheni lokusebenza kwengqondo nemizwa ingane eyifaka ngaphakathi, ikhwalithi yamakhono ayo okuxhumana, ukuzivumelanisa nesimo esishintshayo kanye nesimo sengqondo sayo ngokufunda.
Isibonelo salokho okushiwo esigabeni esandulele sikhonjiswe ukuhlolwa kwesayensi kukadokotela uJean Itard ngekati lasendle lase-Aveyron. Umfana watholwa ehlathini eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, futhi wabonisa ukuziphatha okufana nokwesilwane esingafuyiwe. Ngemva koshintsho olukhulu endaweni yomfana, wakwazi ukufunda amakhono athile omphakathi, nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi inqubekelaphambili yayinomkhawulo kusukela ukungenelela kwezemvelo kwenzeka esigabeni esithuthuke kakhulu sokuthuthuka.
intersubjectivity yesibili
Ebhekisela ephuzwini elishiwo kumabhondi athintekayo, indima yomqondo we "secondary intersubjectivity" futhi kungabhekwa njengokufanelekile I-intersubjectivity yesibili ibhekisela kwinto eyenzeka ezinganeni ezicishe zibe unyaka owodwa ubudala futhi ehlanganisa uhlobo lokusebenzelana okungokomfanekiso lwakudala phakathi kwengane nomama, lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zezenzo zamabomu zihlanganiswa kanyekanye: i-praxic (njengokukhomba entweni) kanye nokuhlangana kwabantu (ukumomotheka, ukuthintana ngokomzimba nomunye, phakathi kokunye).
Ukuntula ikhono lokufinyelela lesi senzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunqunywa ukusungulwa kokunamathiselwe okungavikelekile futhi kungaba nemiphumela ebalulekile njengobunzima bokwakha umhlaba wakho ongokomfanekiso, ukushoda ekuxhumaneni kwabantu phakathi kwabantu nokusebenzelana okuhlosiwe, noma ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha okungokwenkolo njengalokho okubonakala ku-autistic spectrum.
Umnikelo wetiyori yemvelo noma yesistimu
Elinye lamagalelo abalulekile kulokhu kwaba iziphakamiso zethiyori ye-ecological-systemic, evikela ukuhlobana kokungenelela hhayi kuphela esihlokweni okukhulunywa ngaso, kodwa nasezinhlelweni zenhlalo ezehlukene lapho kusebenzisana khona, njengomndeni, isikole, nezinye izindawo, ezifana nomakhelwane, iqembu lontanga, njll. amasistimu ahlukahlukene anomthelela wodwa nakwamanye ngesikhathi esisodwa .
Kusukela kulo mbono wesistimu, kuyaqondwa ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye kuwumphumela wobudlelwane phakathi kwesihloko, indawo ezungezile, nokusebenzelana phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili (ukusebenza). Ngakho-ke, uhlelo alulingani nesamba sezingxenye zalo; inemvelo ehlukile. Ngalo mqondo, le modeli ihlinzeka ngombono ophelele wenqubo yokukhula komuntu, kucatshangwa ukuthi wonke amakhono omuntu ebuntwaneni (ezokuqonda, ezolimi, ngokomzimba, ezenhlalakahle, nezomzwelo) ahlobene futhi akha umhlaba wonke ongakwazi ukuhlukaniswa ezindaweni ezithile.
Esinye isici salesi siphakamiso sethiyori sokuthuthukiswa kwengane ukuguquguquka kwayo, okusho ukuthi umongo kufanele uvumelane nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye ukuze kube lula inqubo yokuvuthwa. Umndeni, njengesimiso esiyinhloko lapho ukukhula kwengane kwenzeka khona, futhi uveza lezi zici ezintathu ezishiwo (i-holism, dynamism, kanye ne-transaction) futhi kufanele ube nesibopho sokuhlinzeka ingane ngendawo ephephile engokomzimba nengokwengqondo eqinisekisa ukukhula kwengane kukonke kuzo zonke izici zezindawo ezibonisiwe zokukhula.
Ubudlelwano phakathi komqondo wokuqina kanye nokuncishwa kwezenhlalo namasiko
Ithiyori yokuqina yavela emsebenzini ka-John Bowlby, umbhali ophambili wethiyori yokunamathisela eyasungulwa phakathi kwezinsana nezibalo zazo ezithintanayo. Lo mqondo wamukelwa ukunyakaza kwe-Positive Psychology futhi wachazwa njengekhono lokubhekana nobunzima ngenkuthalo, ngempumelelo, futhi uqiniswe. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu abaqinile banamazinga aphansi okuphazamiseka kwengqondo, njengoba lesi simo siba isici esivikelayo.
Mayelana nodaba lokuncishwa kwezenhlalo kwamasiko, i-Resilience Theory ichaza ukuthi umuntu ovezwe endaweni engakhuthazi kakhulu futhi elungele ukuthuthuka (engaqondwa njengobunzima) inganqoba le nkinga futhi izuze intuthuko egculisayo lokho kukuvumela ukuthi udlule ezigabeni zempilo ezahlukene ngokuguquguquka.
Ukungenelela ezimeni zokuncishwa kwezenhlalo namasiko: izinhlelo zemfundo eyisinxephezelo
Izinhlelo zemfundo eyisinxephezelo zihlose ukunciphisa imikhawulo yemfundo emaqenjini anokwentuleka kwezenhlalo namasiko nezomnotho okuvimbela ukufakwa emphakathini uwonke. Umgomo wawo omkhulu uwukufinyelela isibopho esihle phakathi komndeni, isikole nomphakathi .
Lezi zinhlelo zifakwe ngendlela echazayo yemvelo noma yesistimu, ngakho-ke, zibeka phambili ukuqondisa ukungenelela kwazo esimweni semvelo lapho umuntu esokiwe khona, ahlaziye futhi aguqule (uma kunesidingo) izici zomnotho, enikeza isiqondiso se-psychoeducational mayelana nokufaneleka kokubambisana nendawo yesikole, ukubhekana nezinkinga zemizwa yabafundi kanye nokusebenzela ukukhuthaza ukuqeqeshwa kothisha .
Njengesiphetho
Kuwo wonke umbhalo, kuye kwaqashelwa futhi kwaqhathaniswa njengesinqumo sekhwalithi nesimo esicebisa kakhulu somongo lapho umuntu ethuthuka khona ukuze kube lula noma ukumsondeza enhlalakahleni enkulu yemizwa noma yengqondo. Kwaphinda lokho, kuboniswa ukuthi indlela lapho izici ezahlukene , kwangaphakathi noma komuntu siqu, kanye nangaphandle noma kwemvelo, kukhona inter - kuhlobene ukulungisa indlela intuthuko yomuntu ngamunye ekhiqizwa ngayo yehlukene kakhulu .
Ngakho-ke, emkhakheni wezengqondo, ukuchazwa komcimbi othile noma ukusebenza kwengqondo endaweni eyodwa ekhonkolo kanye nesizathu esizimele ngeke kube okulungile.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
- Baeza, MC Ukungenelela Kwezemfundo ezinkingeni ezibalulekile zokungalungi kahle komphakathi. (2001) http://www.um.es/dp-teoria-historia-educacion/programas/educsocial/interv-educ.doc.
- U-Cano Moreno, J. (2000). Ukunakwa kwezemfundo ezidingweni ezikhethekile ezihlobene komongo wezenhlalo namasiko.
- Del Arco Bravo, I. (1998). Ibheke esikoleni samasiko. Abasebenzi bokufundisa: ukuqeqeshwa nokulindelwe. I-Lleida: Imfundo kanye ne-món yamanje.
- U-Domingo Segovia, J. kanye no-Miñán Espigares, A. (2001). Izidingo zemfundo ezikhethekile ezihlobene nengqikithi yezenhlalo namasiko. Isahluko 25, I-Psychopedagogical Encyclopedia of Special Educational Needs. UMálaga: umgodi.
- Grau, C.; Zabala, J.; Buquês C. Izinhlelo zokungenelela kusenesikhathi njengemfundo enxephezelayo: imodeli yohlelo oluhlelekile: Bereiter–Engelmann. Iyatholakala lapha .
- UMartínez Coll, JC (2001) "Izidingo Zomphakathi kanye nephiramidi kaMaslow", ku-Market Economy, izici ezinhle nezithiyo.