Imbewu yizakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokuzalanisa izitshalo, njengoba zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza izitshalo ezintsha. Kodwa imbewu ivelaphi ngempela? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, kuyadingeka ukuqonda umjikelezo wempilo yezitshalo kanye nenqubo yokuzalanisa ngokocansi. Imbewu yakhiwa ngokuvundiswa kwezakhi zokuzala zezitshalo, njengezimbali, izithelo, namacones. Phakathi nale nqubo, ukuhlangana kwama-gametes esilisa nesifazane kwenzeka, okuholela ekwakhekeni kombungu kamuva okhula ube yimbewu. Ngakho-ke, imbewu isuka ekuzalweni kwezitshalo ngokobulili futhi ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo.
Izibonelo zokudla okune-albuminous nokudla okune-albuminous kokudla okunomsoco nokunempilo.
Imbewu iyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwethu, njengoba inothe ngemisoco futhi ingaba nomthelela ekudleni okunomsoco nokunempilo. Kodwa imbewu ivelaphi? Imbewu ingumphumela wokuzalana kwezitshalo, okukhiqiza lezi zakhiwo ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo.
Ezinye izibonelo zokudla okune-albuminous, okunothe ngamaprotheni, imbewu ye-chia, imbewu yethanga, nembewu kabhekilanga. Lezi zinhlamvu ziyimithombo emihle yamaprotheni asekelwe ezitshalweni futhi zingafakwa kumasaladi, iyogathi, noma zidliwe njengokudla okulula okunempilo.
Ukudla okune-exalbuminous, okungacebile ngamaprotheni, kufaka phakathi imbewu efana ne-flaxseeds, imbewu ye-poppy, nembewu yesesame. Nakuba ingacebile ngamaprotheni, lezi zinhlamvu ziseyimithombo ye-fiber, ama-fatty acids anempilo, nezinye izakhi ezibalulekile empilweni.
Ngakho-ke, ukufaka imbewu enhlobonhlobo ekudleni kwakho kungaba yindlela enhle kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola imisoco ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle komzimba wakho. Zama ukungeza imbewu ekudleni kwakho kwansuku zonke futhi ujabulele izinzuzo zezempilo ezikunikezayo.
Unesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ngokuzalanisa.
Imbewu yizakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokuzalanisa izitshalo, eziqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo. Kodwa uyazi ukuthi imbewu ivelaphi?
Imbewu isuka ekuvundiseni izimbali. Lapho uhlamvu lwempova, oluqukethe ama-gametes wesilisa, luhlangana ne-ovule, equkethe ama-gametes wesifazane, ukuvundiswa nokwakheka kwembewu kwenzeka. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekuzaleni kwezitshalo nokuqhubeka kwezinhlobo.
Ngemva kokukhulelwa, imbewu ikhula ngaphakathi kwesibeletho sembali, esishintsha sibe yisithelo. Ngaphakathi kwembewu, lonke ulwazi lofuzo oludingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwesitshalo esisha lukhona. Ngakho-ke, imbewu ibhekwa njengama-capsules eqiniso okuphila, alungele ukuhluma futhi anikeze isitshalo esisha.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwembewu ekongeni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokugcina imvelo. Ngokusatshalaliswa kwembewu, izitshalo zingakwazi ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezintsha futhi ziqinisekise ukuphila kwezinhlobo zazo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
Ngamafuphi, imbewu inesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ngokuzalana. Ziyizakhiwo ezibalulekile zokugcina izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuqhubeka kokuphila emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sazise futhi silondoloze imbewu, ngaleyo ndlela siqinisekise ikusasa elisimeme lezizukulwane ezizayo.
Ukubaluleka kwe-photosynthesis ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo namandla ezitshalweni.
Imbewu ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni izitshalo, njengoba iyindlela yokukhula kwezitshalo ezintsha. Kodwa imbewu ivelaphi? Impendulo ilele ku-photosynthesis, inqubo ebalulekile ekusindeni kwezitshalo.
I-Photosynthesis inqubo lapho izitshalo ziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube amandla, zisebenzisa i-carbon dioxide namanzi. Phakathi nale nqubo, izitshalo zikhiqiza umoya-mpilo, obalulekile ukuze siphile. Ngaphandle kwe-photosynthesis, izitshalo bezingeke zikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla adingekayo ukuze zikhule futhi zizalane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-photosynthesis nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni imbewu. Izitshalo zisebenzisa amandla atholakala nge-photosynthesis ukuze zikhiqize izimbali, zona zibe izithelo eziqukethe imbewu. Ngakho, i-photosynthesis iyinqubo eyenza imbewu ikwazi ukwakheka, iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo.
Ngakho-ke, i-photosynthesis ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo namandla ezitshalweni, okwenza zikwazi ukuqhubeka ziphila futhi zizalane. Ngaphandle kwale nqubo, izitshalo bezingeke zikwazi ukukhula futhi imbewu ibingeke ivele, kube nomthelela kuyo yonke i-ecosystem.
Umsuka wezithelo: lapho zivela khona nokuthi zikhula kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Imbewu ingumthombo wezithelo, enesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuzala kwezitshalo. Zikhula kusukela ekuvundiseni izimbali, lapho iqanda lihlangana khona nokusanhlamvu kwempova. Le nqubo ibangela umbungu wesitshalo, okhula ngaphakathi kwesibeletho sembali bese ushintsha ube yimbewu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imbewu ikhula ngaphakathi kwesithelo, okuyisakhiwo esivikela futhi sondle imbewu ize ilungele ukuhluma. Phakathi nale nqubo, isithelo siyavuthwa futhi sithandeke ezilwaneni, okusiza ekusakazeni imbewu ngokudla isithelo bese siyiqeda kwenye indawo.
Ngakho, umsuka wezithelo uxhumene ngokuqondile nembewu, ekhula kusukela ekuvundiseni izimbali. Izithelo zona ziyizakhiwo ezivikela futhi zondle imbewu ize ilungele ukuhluma, okuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo.
Imbewu ivelaphi?
Imbewu ivela eqandeni lesitshalo, ngokuvamile ngemva kokukhulelwa. Yisigaba sokuqala ekukhuleni kwesitshalo esisha.
Enye imbewu ivela ezimbalini ezithela izithelo. Kwezinye izitshalo ezingenazo izimbali, imbewu ivezwa emagatsheni akhulayo akhiqiza amaqabunga avundile.
Imbewu umbungu wesitshalo ophelezelwa isitolo sokudla, uvikelwe izingqimba eziningana zamagobolondo angaphandle.
Phakathi nesigaba sokuzala sezinye izitshalo, izimbali ziyavela. Lezi zibhekwa njengezitho eziqukethe ingxenye evundile yesitshalo.
Futhi kusezimbalini lapho kwakhiwa khona izinhlamvu noma ama-gametes. Lapho, ukuvundiswa kwenzeka, okuholela ekwakhekeni kombungu. Eyakamuva yilapho imbewu ilele khona ithule.
Lapho isithelo esivuthiwe sikhipha imbewu yaso, iwela phansi, iqhume futhi yakhe isitshalo esisha, iqala umjikelezo omusha wokuzala.
Imbewu ngayinye ikhiqiza isithelo, okuthi, simila emhlabeni, sikhule sibe isitshalo esisha.
Imbewu ibonakala ngobulukhuni bayo, obuvela ekumbozeni kwabo. Lesi sembozo sakhiwe yizingqimba, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-teguments, ekuqaleni azungeze i-ovule.
Uma iqanda selivuthwe libe yimbewu, le mvilophi nayo iyavuthwa futhi ingase ibe isembozo esincanyana.
Imbewu ikhiqizwa ezitshalweni eziqhakaza, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-angiosperms, nama-gymnosperms. Imbewu iqukethe umbungu, ijazi lembewu, kanye nesitolo sokudla.
Inqubo okuvela ngayo imbewu
Imbewu njengeyunithi yokuzala iyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze uqonde ukwakheka kwayo, kufanele uqonde umjikelezo wokuphila kwezitshalo okwenzeka ezimbalini.
Kulezi, izakhiwo zocansi ezifana nama-stamens nama-ovari zenza umsebenzi.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, impova kufanele iqale yenzeke. Izinhlamvu zempova, ama-gametes angamaduna, kufanele ahambe emoyeni, emanzini, noma ngosizo lwezinambuzane ukuya kuma-ovari esitshalo.
Lapho impova ifika ku-pistil, okuyisitho sowesifazane, yehlela e-ovule ngendlela yayo.
Njengasezilwaneni, le nyunyana, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuvundiswa noma ukuvundiswa, ikhiqiza i-zygote.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, imbali iqala ukulahlekelwa ingxenye yesakhiwo sayo, kuyilapho enye ingxenye iguqulwa.
Lolu shintsho luhambisana nokuvundiswa, okugcina kuguquke kube izithelo ezigcina imbewu.
Izithelo nembewu
Umkhiqizo odliwayo wesithelo waziwa ngokuthi isithelo, okungeyona into engaphezu kwesembozo esiyinyama esivikela imbewu, esibizwa ngokuthi i-mesocarp.
Emvelweni, kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zesakhiwo sezithelo kanye nezindlela zokusabalalisa imbewu. Ngakho-ke, akuzona zonke izimbali ezidalwe zilingana.
Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa ezitshalweni ezingenazo izimbali ezisobala futhi ezimibalabala njengoba ezivame kakhulu zingabonakala ziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kodwa-ke, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuye kwavumela ukuphindaphindeka kwezinhlobo zokukhiqiza ngokwezimo zazo.
Imbewu nayo yaba umkhiqizo wezifundo eziningi futhi, kusukela kulezi, zavunyelwa ukulawula ukukhiqizwa kwazo kwezolimo.
Izinkomba
- De la stable, C. (1992). Ukuhluma, ukulala nokulala kwembewu. Kubuyiswe ku-mamama.gob.es
- The imbewu Digital Library. Kubuyiswe ku-Bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.m
- Megias, M.; Molist, P. and Pombal, M. (2015) Izitho zezitshalo SEED. Kubuyiswe ku-mmegias.webs.uvigo.es
- I-Royal Botanical Garden. (2010). Ishabhu yesayensi yezitshalo: Izithelo. Kubuyiswe ku-rjb.csic.es
- Isihloko 24: Ukuvundisa kanye ne-embryogenesis. (2013). I-Morphology yezitshalo ze-Vascular - I-Faculty of Agricultural Sciences. Kubuyiswe ku-biologia.edu.ar.