Ama-Mirror neurons awuhlobo olukhethekile lwe-neuron oludlala indima ebalulekile ekhonweni lethu lokulingisa nokuqonda izenzo nemizwelo yabanye. Lamangqamuzana ezinzwa anendima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwempucuko, njengoba esivumela ukuba sifunde kwabanye, sihlakulele uzwela, futhi siqonde ukuziphatha komphakathi. Kulo mongo, ama-neurons esibuko adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwemiphakathi kanye nokudluliselwa kolwazi namagugu amasiko kuwo wonke umlando womuntu. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukubaluleka kwama-neurons esibukweni enqubweni yokwakha nokuqonda impucuko, igqamisa ithonya lawo emandleni ethu okusebenzelana nokubambisana nabanye.
Abaluleke kangakanani ama-mirror neurons ekuqondeni komuntu nozwela?
Ama-Mirror neurons amangqamuzana obuchopho adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni komuntu nasekuhawukeleni. Ngokukwazi kwawo ukulingisa kanye nokulingisa izenzo nemizwelo yabanye, lawa ma-neurons asivumela ukuba siqonde izinhloso nemizwa yabanye ngendlela eyingqayizivele nejulile. Leli khono libalulekile ekwakheni nasekugcineni ubudlelwano bomphakathi kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko.
Ama-Mirror neurons anesibopho sokusenza sizwe ukuthi omunye umuntu uzizwa kanjani, okusivumela ukuthi sizibeke ezicathulweni zomunye futhi siqonde ngozwela isipiliyoni sabo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekusunguleni izibopho zokuthembana nokubambisana phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kanye nokwakha umphakathi osekelwe phezu kozwelo nobumbano.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-neuron esibukweni adlala indima ebalulekile ekufundeni kokulingisa. Ngokubuka nokuphindaphinda izenzo zabanye, singathola amakhono amasha nolwazi ngempumelelo nangokushesha. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze kudluliswe amasiko, izindinganiso, nemikhuba yamasiko ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, okunikela ekuguqukeni kwemvelo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwempucuko.
Ukubaluleka kwayo ekuqondeni komuntu nasekuzwelaneni akunakuphikwa, futhi indima yayo ekubumbeni ubudlelwano bomphakathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi ibalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kanye nokuphila kahle kwesintu.
Umthelela we-mirror neurons kumthamo wokuzwela: qonda lobu budlelwano obubalulekile.
Ama-Mirror neurons amangqamuzana obuchopho adlala indima ebalulekile emandleni ozwela abantu. Lawa ma-neurons atholwe yithimba lika-Giacomo Rizzolatti eNyuvesi yaseParma ngeminyaka yawo-1990s futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abe yisihloko socwaningo olujulile lwesayensi yezinzwa.
Lawa maseli akhethekile anekhono lokulingisa izenzo , imizwa, kanye nemizwa yabanye, okuvumela abantu ukuthi bazibone futhi baqonde ukuthi abanye bazizwa kanjani. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni uzwela, okuyikhono lokuzibeka esimweni somunye umuntu nokuqonda imizwa nemibono yabo.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu abanesibuko esikhulu se-neuron activation bavame ukuba namandla amakhulu okuzwelana, okubenza bazwele kakhulu izidingo nemizwa yabanye. Leli khono libalulekile ekwakheni ubudlelwano obunempilo kanye nokubambisana nokuphilisana emphakathini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-mirror neurons adlala indima ebalulekile ekufundeni kokulingisa, okuvumela abantu ukuthi bafunde amakhono amasha ngokubuka nokulingisa abanye. Lokhu kubalulekile ekudluliselweni kolwazi namasiko ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, kube nesandla ekuthuthukisweni nasekuguqukeni kwempucuko.
Leli khono libalulekile ekwakheni ubudlelwano obunempilo nokudlulisa ulwazi namasiko, libe nesandla ekuthuthukisweni nasekuguqukeni kwempucuko.
Indawo ye-mirror neurons: akuphi la maseli abaluleke kangaka ekuzweleni?
Ama-Mirror neurons amaseli emizwa adlala indima ebalulekile ekhonweni lokulingisa, ukuqonda, kanye nokuzwa imizwa yabanye. Lawa maseli atholwa ezinkawini futhi kamuva kubantu, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abe yisihloko socwaningo olujulile lwesayensi yezinzwa.
Indawo ye-mirror neurons ebuchosheni umbuzo onentshisekelo enkulu kososayensi. Lawa maseli aqale akhonjwa ku-inferior frontal cortex yezinkawu, indawo eyaziwa ngokuba nesandla ekulawuleni izimoto. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi ama-mirror neurons akhona kwezinye izifunda zobuchopho, njenge-parietal cortex kanye ne-cingulate cortex.
Lokhu kusabalaliswa okusabalele kwama-neuron esibukweni ebuchosheni kuphakamisa ukuthi lawa maseli adlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yengqondo neyokuziphatha. Isibonelo, ikhono lokulingisa nokuzwelana, amakhono abalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobudlelwano bomphakathi kanye nempucuko, kungahle kuthiwe kufanekisela umsebenzi we-neuron.
Ngakho-ke, indawo yama-neurons esibuko ezindaweni ezahlukene zobuchopho ikhombisa ubunkimbinkimbi nokubaluleka kwala maseli ukuze aqonde umqondo womuntu nokusebenza komphakathi. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo zama-mirror neurons zizoqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nemvelo yozwela nempucuko.
Qonda umqondo we-Neuromoral kanye nobudlelwano bayo nokuthatha izinqumo zokuziphatha.
Ama-Mirror neurons amaseli ebuchosheni bethu adlala indima ebalulekile ekhonweni lethu lokuqonda nokulingisa izenzo nemizwelo yabanye. Lawa maseli abalulekile ukuze sibe nozwelo nesihawu, asisize sixhumane nemizwa nezinhloso zalabo abasizungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-mirror neurons adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekuqondeni impucuko.
Umqondo we-Neuromorality uhlobene ngqo nokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha. Ngokusebenza kwama-neurons esibuko, siyakwazi ukuqonda imiphumela yezenzo zethu kwabanye futhi sizizwele uzwela kulabo abasizungezile. Lokhu kusenza sikwazi ukwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha ngokusekelwe emthonjeni ezizoba nawo kubantu abasizungezile, sicabangela hhayi kuphela izintshisekelo zethu zomuntu siqu, kodwa futhi nenhlalakahle yomphakathi wonke.
Uma sibhekene nezimo zokuziphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi, ama-mirror neurons adlala indima ebalulekile ekhonweni lethu lokwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha. Ngokuzifaka ezicathulweni zomunye umuntu futhi sicabange ukuthi besizozizwa kanjani esimweni sakhe, siyakwazi ukwenza ngozwela nangozwela kakhudlwana, sicabangela imiphumela yokuziphatha yokukhetha kwethu.
Ngokubona ukubaluleka kwala maseli ebuchosheni bethu, singathuthukisa ukuqaphela okukhulu ngezenzo zethu nokukhetha kwethu, sibe nesandla ekwakheni umphakathi onozwela nozwela.
I-Mirror Neurons: Ukwakhiwa Nokuqonda Kwempucuko
Isibuko sama-neurons
Eminyakeni edlule, okunye kokutholakala okubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni we-neuroscience kwenzeka ngengozi, kwashintsha ukuqonda kwethu ukusebenza kobuchopho: ama-neurons esibuko. Ama-neurons esibuko ahilelekile ezinqubweni ezifana nokufunda ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokubuka (okubizwa nangokuthi ukufunda okuzimele) kanye nokuqonda ukuziphatha kwabanye abantu—uzwela.
Ngakho-ke, uphenyo lwalezi zinzwa selube ngenye yezinsika eziyisisekelo zokuqonda izenzakalo ezifana nokubandakanyeka kozwela ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono omphakathi, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zamasiko kanye nendlela okudluliselwa ngayo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, kanye nendlela ukuziphatha okukhiqizwa ngayo ekuqondeni ukuziphatha.
I-Serendipity: Ukutholwa Okungalindelekile Kwe-Mirror Neurons
Ngo-1996, uGiacomo Rizzolatti wasebenza noLeonardo Fogassi noVottorio Gallese bephenya ngokusebenza kwama-motor neurons ku-cortex yangaphambili yezinkawu ngesikhathi sokunyakaza kwezandla lapho beqoqa noma bebeka izinto ndawonye. Ocwaningweni lwabo, basebenzise ama-electrode abekwe ezindaweni lapho la ma-motor neurons atholakala khona, beqopha ukuthi asebenze kanjani ngenkathi inkawu yenza ukuziphatha okufana nokucosha izingcezu zokudla.
URizzolatti ukhumbula ukuthi “lapho uFogassi, eduze kwesitsha sezithelo, ethatha ubhanana, sabona ukuthi amanye ama-neurons enkawu asabela, kodwa: lokhu kungenzeka kanjani uma isilwane singanyakazi? Ekuqaleni, sasicabanga ukuthi kwakuyiphutha endleleni yethu yokulinganisa noma, mhlawumbe, ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini, kodwa saqinisekisa ukuthi konke kusebenza kahle nokuthi ukusabela kwama-neurons kwenzeka njalo lapho siphinda ukunyakaza, kuyilapho inkawu ikubona.” Kwakungale ndlela, njengoba kuye kwenzeka nakwezinye izinto eziningi ezitholakele, lapho ama-neurons esibuko atholakala ngengozi, ngengozi.
Yini ama-mirror neurons?
Ama-neurons esibuko uhlobo lwe-neuron oluvuselelwa ukwenza isenzo lapho isenzo esifanayo sibonwa senziwa ngomunye umuntu. Angama-neurons akhethekile kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwabanye, hhayi nje ngokombono wobuhlakani, kodwa futhi asivumela ukuthi sixhumane nemizwa ebonakaliswa komunye umuntu. Yingakho, ngale ndlela, singazizwa sithinteke ngokuphelele lapho sibuka isigcawu sothando esihle ku-movie, njengokuqabulana okunothando phakathi kwabantu ababili.
Noma, ngokuphambene, sizizwa sidabukile lapho sibuka izigcawu eziningi izindaba noma amaphephandaba asibonisa zona nsuku zonke ngezimo ezingemnandi abantu ababhekana nazo, njengezimpi noma izinhlekelele zemvelo ezingxenyeni ezithile zomhlaba. Uma sibona umuntu ehlupheka noma esezinhlungwini, ama-neurons esibukweni asisiza ukuthi sifunde isimo sobuso balowo muntu, futhi, ikakhulukazi, asenze sizwe lokho kuhlupheka noma ubuhlungu.
Into emangalisayo ngama-mirror neurons ukuthi kuyisipiliyoni esifana nokulingisa izenzo zomunye umuntu . Ngale ndlela, ama-mirror neurons ahlobene kakhulu nokulingisa nokulingisa. Ukuze alingise ukuziphatha komunye umuntu, ubuchopho budinga ukwazi ukwamukela umbono womunye umuntu.
Yini ukubaluleka kwama-mirror neurons?
Ukuqonda ukuthi lolu hlelo lwama-neuron olugxile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwabanye lusebenza kanjani kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba lusivumela ukuthi sakhe imibono yokuphenya nokuqonda izenzakalo eziningi zomphakathi nezomuntu ngamunye. Futhi, uma ngikhuluma ngalezi zenzakalo, angibhekiseli kuphela kulezo ezenzeka njengamanje, kodwa futhi nendlela amakhono namakhono esinawo namuhla, njengokusebenzisa amathuluzi, aqala futhi athuthuka ngayo kulo lonke umlando wokuziphendukela kwabantu, ukusetshenziswa kolimi, kanye nokudluliselwa kolwazi nemikhuba eyakha izisekelo zamasiko ethu namuhla.
Ukuqala kwempucuko
Yilapho sithola khona iminikelo kadokotela wezinzwa waseNdiya u-V.S. Ramachandran , ophikisana nokubaluleka kwama-mirror neurons ekuqondeni ukuqala kwempucuko. Ukuze siqonde lokhu, sidinga ukubuyela emuva esikhathini eminyakeni engu-75.000 eyedlule, esinye sezikhathi ezibalulekile ekuziphendukeleni komuntu, lapho kuvela khona ngokuzumayo kanye nokusabalala okusheshayo kochungechunge lwamakhono: ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi, umlilo, indawo yokukhosela, kanye, nolimi kanye nekhono lokufunda lokho umuntu akucabangayo nokuhumusha ukuziphatha kwalowo muntu. Nakuba ubuchopho bomuntu bufinyelele usayizi wamanje cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-300 noma ezingu-400 eyedlule, kwakuyiminyaka eyi-100 kuphela edlule lapho la makhono avela futhi asakazeka khona.
Ngakho-ke, uRamachandran uthi eminyakeni engu-75.000 edlule lolu hlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwama-neurons esibuko lwavela, okuvumela abantu ukuba balingise futhi balingise ukuziphatha kwabanye. Ngakho-ke, lapho ilungu leqembu lithola into ethile ngengozi, njengokusetshenziswa komlilo noma uhlobo oluthile lwethuluzi, esikhundleni sokunyamalala kancane kancane, yasakazeka ngokushesha, ngokuvundlile phakathi kwabantu, futhi yadluliselwa ngokuqondile phakathi kwezizukulwane.
Ngakho-ke, singabona ukuthi abantu benza i-qualitative and quantitative jump in their evolution, ngoba, ngokufunda ngokubheka, ukulingisa, nokulingisa ukuziphatha, abantu bangathola ukuziphatha ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezithatha izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuthuthukisa. URamachandrán ubonisa lokhu ngesibonelo esilandelayo: “Ibhere elimhlophe lizothatha izinkulungwane zezizukulwane (mhlawumbe iminyaka engu-100.000 100.000) ukwakha uboya. Nokho, umuntu, umntwana, angabona ukuthi abazali bakhe babulala ibhere elimhlophe, balihlinze, babeke isikhumba emzimbeni walo, futhi likufunde ngesinyathelo esisodwa nje. phakathi kwabantu." Lesi yisisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi isiko nempucuko kwaqala futhi kwathuthukiswa kanjani. Ukulingisa amakhono ayinkimbinkimbi yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi isiko, futhi kuyisisekelo sempucuko.
Ukuqonda Impucuko - Ukwandisa I-Paradigm Yesayensi
Ngalo mbono othuthukiswe nguRamachandran, singakwazi ukuqonda izinto eziningi zenhlalo ezenzeka emasikweni ethu, kanye nokuthi kungani empeleni siyizidalwa zomphakathi. Ukutholakala kwama-mirror neurons kuvula isikhala sobudlelwano phakathi kwe-neuroscience kanye nesintu, kuveza imibuzo efanele ehlobene nobuholi, ubudlelwano babantu, isiko, kanye nokudluliselwa ngezizukulwane zemikhuba ebumba isiko lethu.
Ukuqhubeka nokuphenya ama-mirror neurons akusivumeli nje kuphela ukuthi sinwebe i-paradigm yesayensi yokuqonda isiko nezehlakalo zomphakathi, kodwa futhi kusisiza ukuba sithuthukise izindlela zokwelapha emikhakheni yezokusebenza kwengqondo nengqondo ezingase zisebenze kangcono.
Ubuchopho bomuntu abusaziwa kakhulu, futhi ukusebenza kwabo emhlabeni wonke kufihliwe. Nokho, sisondela ekuqondeni izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezichaza abantu. Ngocwaningo olufana nalolu, singakwazi ukufinyelela eziphethweni ezisukela ekunciphiseni ukuya ekubukeni okunembe kakhudlwana nokomhlaba, ngenhloso yokuqonda ukuthi kungani siyindlela esiyiyo, umthelela wezinqubo zobuchopho emphakathini, nokuthi isiko libuye libulolonge kanjani ubuchopho bethu.
Njengoba u-Antonio Damascio esho ngokufanele encwadini yakhe ethi " Descartes' Error ":
"Ukuthola ukuthi umuzwa othile uncike emsebenzini wezinhlelo eziningana zobuchopho ezithile ezisebenzisana nezitho ezahlukene zomzimba akunciphisi isimo salowo muzwa njengesenzakalo somuntu. Ubuhlungu noma injabulo enganikezwa uthando noma ubuciko ayinciphisi ngokwazi ezinye zezinqubo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezenza zibe yilokho eziyikho. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kufanele kube okuphambene nalokho: amandla ethu okumangala kufanele akhule ngaphambi kwezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenza lo mlingo ube nokwenzeka ."