Isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompyutha yisigaba sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi esaqala ngeminyaka yawo-80 futhi saqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-90. Ngalesi sikhathi, amakhompiyutha abe nentuthuko enkulu, njengokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, amaphrosesa athuthuke kakhulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha ekukhiqizeni amathuluzi. Isizukulwane sesihlanu saphawulwa ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhompiyutha akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enze izinqumo ngokuzimela, okuvula indlela yenkathi entsha yekhompyutha.
Lithini igama lamakhompyutha esizukulwane sesihlanu?
Isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompyutha saziwa ngokuthi Ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela, noma i-AI (Artificial Intelligence). Lesi sizukulwane siphawulwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezikwazi ukufunda, ukucabanga, nokwenza izinqumo ngokuzimele, zilingisa ubuhlakani bomuntu.
Amakhompuyutha esizukulwane sesihlanu aklanyelwe ukuphatha idatha enkulu, enze ukuhlaziya okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi axazulule izinkinga ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana. Basebenzisa amasu anjengokufunda komshini, ukufunda okujulile, namanethiwekhi emizwa ukuze bathuthukise ukusebenza kwabo namandla okwenza izinqumo.
Ezinye izibonelo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zekhompyutha yesizukulwane sesihlanu zifaka abasizi ababonakalayo, izimoto ezizishayelayo, amasistimu wokuncoma, nokubonwa kwephethini. Lobu buchwepheshe buya ngokuya buhlanganiswa emikhakheni eyahlukene, njengokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ezezimali, ezokuthutha nokuzijabulisa.
Ngakho-ke, isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompiyutha simele ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo emandleni emishini ukwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi nokuxhumana ngokwemvelo nabantu. Ivula amathuba amasha nezinselelo zomphakathi, iguqule indlela esiphila ngayo, esisebenza ngayo, nokuxhumana nobuchwepheshe.
Siyini isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompyutha?
A isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompyutha yilokho elibhekisela kuso njengesiteji kusukela ngo-1983 kuze kube manje, isikhathi lapho amakhompiyutha eshesha futhi esebenza kahle futhi ethuthukiswe isofthiwe yesimanje.
Imishini ye-elekthronikhi mincane, izacile futhi kulula ukuyiphatha, evumela ukugcinwa kolwazi lwe-multimedia kumadivayisi esimo esiqinile kanye namamemori khadi amakhulu.
Igama lisho iphrojekthi yase-Japan yokuvelela eyenziwa ngeminyaka yawo-70 nguMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni Zamazwe Ngamazwe.
Le phrojekthi ihlose ukuthuthukisa uhlobo olusha lwamakhompiyutha akwazi ukusebenzisa amasu obuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nobuchwepheshe, ngaphezu kokusebenzisa ihadiwe ethuthukisiwe nesoftware.
Umgomo wawuwukuthuthukisa imishini ekwazi ukucubungula ulimi lwemvelo kanye nokuzuza amakhono anengqondo okuyisici somuntu, ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubhala amakhodi.
Ngo-April 1982, lapho iJapane iyiphayona eliyinhloko, kwethulwa iphrojekthi yesizukulwane sesihlanu, ehlanganisa uhlelo olwakhiwe ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, i-hardware efanayo kanye nezinhlelo ezinengqondo.
Uhlelo, nakuba okwamanje lungenakuthuthukiswa ngokugcwele, uma lugcinwa kuze kube namuhla, luyathuthukiswa futhi lupheleliswe kakhulu, lufuna ukudala izinhlelo ezifana nesistimu yokucabanga yomuntu.
Lesi sizukulwane sesihlanu asihlanganisi ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kuphela, kodwa namarobhothi, izinhlelo zochwepheshe, amanethiwekhi okuxhumana, i-nanotechnology, i-quantum computing, nokuqashelwa kwenkulumo.
Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe besizukulwane sesihlanu, umhlaba uya ngokuya usondela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “isizukulwane sesithupha,” esizosekelwe ebuchosheni bokwenziwa.
Izizukulwane ezinhlanu zamakhompyutha
Nakuba amakhompiyutha manje eseyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwansuku zonke kuleli zwe lembulunga yonke, ukubukeka kwawo nokusebenza kwawo kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi njengoba enjalo namuhla.
Esizukulwaneni esisuka ku-1946 kuya ku-1958, esaziwa ngokuthi isizukulwane sokuqala, amakhompyutha ayeyimishini emikhulu eyayisebenzisa ama-valve ukuze isebenze futhi ithatha izikhala ezinkulu.
Amasilinda kazibuthe asetshenziselwa ukugcina ulwazi kanye namakhadi ashaywayo okushintshaniswa kwedatha, asetshenziswa kuphela emkhakheni wezempi nesayensi.
Phakathi kuka-1958 no-1964, kwasungulwa isizukulwane sesibili samakhompyutha. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-transistors aqala ukusetshenziswa, okube nomthelela omkhulu ekunciphiseni usayizi wemishini.
Nokho, lezi zahlala zinensa futhi ziphuma nokushisa okukhulu. Kuleli qophelo, izilimi zokuhlela zaqala ukukhula.
Khona-ke, phakathi kuka-1964 no-1971, isizukulwane sesithathu savela ngokusetshenziswa kwamasekhethi ahlanganisiwe anciphisa izingxenye ze-electronic zamakhompiyutha, azenza zibe zincane kakhulu futhi zivumele ukuvela kwekhompiyutha yokuqala yokuqala.
Khona-ke, kusukela ngo-1971 kuya ku-1983, kwavela isizukulwane sesine samakhompyutha. Kulesi sizukulwane, ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye zekhompiyutha kwakhuliswa, futhi i-microprocessor yavela-iphrosesa encane eyathuthukisa ukusebenza kwekhompiyutha, okwenza isheshe futhi iphumelele, ikhulise ikhono lokuqhuba imisebenzi eminingi nezinhlelo ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwavela izinhlelo ezimbili ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni, i-Macintosh ne-Windows, kuze kube yilapho isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompyutha saqala kusukela ngo-1983 kuze kube namuhla.
Isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompyutha
Kulesi sigaba, i-PC yavela njengoba siyazi namuhla, iqala ngekhompyutha yomuntu siqu evela ku-IBM, International Business Machine, inkampani eyaziwayo yezobuchwepheshe yaseMelika yamazwe ngamazwe; kanye nekhompyutha ye-chip enesivinini esikhulu eyathuthukiswa ngo-1991 yiCal Tech, ebizwa ngokuthi “i-Touchstone Delta Supercomputer,” eyenza izibalo eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8,6 ngomzuzwana.
Kukulesi sizukulwane lapho kuvela khona umncintiswano wamazwe omhlaba wokubusa emakethe yamakhompiyutha nobuchwepheshe, futhi ama-microcomputer nama-supercomputer aba nentuthuko enkulu.
Ngawo-1990, ama-laptops nama-notebook avela, kanye namakhompyutha amancane okuqala, futhi ekuqaleni kwawo-2000 kwavela i-Smartphone yokuqala noma ama-smartphones emakethe.
Kulesi sizukulwane, amakhompyutha angenza izinkulungwane zemisebenzi ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi angakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eyisigidigidi ngomzuzwana.
Amakhompiyutha anejubane elikhulu, i-miniaturization enkulu yezinto kanye nokwanda okukhulu komthamo wenkumbulo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye ubuchwepheshe zaqala ukungena emakethe, njenge-holoography, i-fiber optics kanye ne-biotechnology.
Ezandleni zezinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Apple, i-Dell, i-HP ne-Samsung, amakhompyutha akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ye-arithmetic engaphezu kwesigidi ngomzuzwana.
Izici eziyinhloko zesizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompyutha
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa
I-Artificial intelligence isiphenduke igatsha elibalulekile lekhompiyutha elikwazi ukuhlomisa ihadiwe yomshini kanye nesofthiwe ngezinto ezilingisa ukuziphatha komuntu, efuna ukunika amandla amakhompyutha ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezihlakaniphile eziwavumela ukuba athole izixazululo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinkingeni, ngendlela ubuchopho bomuntu obenza ngayo.
Umgomo wokusebenzisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa esizukulwaneni sesihlanu uwukwenza imishini ikwazi ukucabanga, ifunde, futhi ixhumane nomhlaba wangaphandle ngaphandle kokudinga ukuhlelwa ukwenza kanjalo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-hardware efanayo
Amakhompiyutha esizukulwane sesihlanu aqukethe inani elikhulu lama-microprocessors asebenza ngokufanayo, okungukuthi, ayakwazi ukwenza izinkulungwane zemiyalo ehlukene ngasikhathi sinye.
Lokhu kuvumele amakhompyutha nama-smartphone ukuthi abe nokubonwa kwezwi nesithombe.
Namuhla, imishini icushwe yizwi lomsebenzisi futhi ingaphendula amagama avela ezilimini ezihlukahlukene nezilimi zesigodi, okusho ukuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, imishini ishiye ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi ezikhethekile, isondela futhi isondela olimini lwemvelo; futhi, ngakolunye, banekhono lokuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi futhi bangabona izilimi eziningi.
Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Heuristic
Isho uhlobo lohlelo olusetshenziswa esizukulwaneni sesihlanu, olunikeza ikhompuyutha ikhono lokubona amaphethini okuhlangatshezwane nawo ngaphambilini nokucubungula ukulandelana.
Umqondo wukuthi umshini ungakhumbula imiphumela yangaphambilini futhi uyifake ohlelweni ngokusebenzisa amasistimu akhethekile okuthi, ngokusekelwe kubuhlakani bokwenziwa, afune ikhompuyutha ukuthi yenze inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo iyodwa.
Izinkomba
- Burns, D. (2016). Izizukulwane ezinhlanu zamakhompyutha. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 16, 2017 kusuka ku-btob.co.nz
- Izizukulwane zamakhompyutha . Ibuyiselwe ngomhla kaJulayi 17, 2017 kusuka ku-culturacion.com
- Goebel, R. (1986). Isizukulwane Sesihlanu: Ukwenza Amakhompiyutha Asebenzise Kalula? Inyuvesi yaseWaterloo. Ibuyiselwe ngoJulayi 16, 2017, kusukela ku-cs.uwaterloo.ca
- Hammond, K. (2015). Kuyini ubuhlakani bokwenziwa? Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 16, 2017, isuka ku-computerworld.com
- Namuhla. Izizukulwane zamakhompyutha. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla kaJulayi 17, 2017 kusuka ku-informatica-hoy.com.ar
- Lopategui, E. Umlando wamakhompyutha . Ibuyiselwe ngoJulayi 16, 2017, ivela ku-biblio3.url.edu.gt
- USosa, R. (2016). Isizukulwane sesihlanu sekhompyutha . Inyuvesi yaseSan Carlos yaseGuatemala. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 16, 2017, kusukela ku-academia.edu
- U-Andrés Bello University. Isendlalelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesayensi yekhompyutha. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 16, 2017 kusukela ku-leonelmartinez.udem.edu.ni
- Warren, D. (1982). Ukubheka isizukulwane sesihlanu nomthelela waso. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 16, 2017, kusuka ku-pdfs.semanticscholar.org.