I-steroids iyiqembu lezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezinesici se-molecular structure esakhiwe izindandatho ezine zekhabhoni ezixhumene. Benza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emzimbeni, basebenza njengamahomoni futhi balawula izinqubo ze-metabolic, ukuvuvukala, ukuzala, kanye ne-immunological.
I-steroids ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: ama-sex steroids, afana namahomoni ocansi abesilisa (testosterone) nabesifazane (i-estrogen ne-progesterone), nama-anabolic steroids, angama-synthetic futhi anomsebenzi wokukhuthaza ukwanda kwemisipha kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwezemidlalo.
Naphezu kwemisebenzi yawo ehlukahlukene kanye nezinzuzo, ukusetshenziswa ngokungakhethi kwama-anabolic steroid kungadala izingozi ezingathi sína zezempilo, njengokulimala kwesibindi, izinkinga zenhliziyo, ukushintshashintsha kwemizwelo, nokuncika kumakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa lezi zinto kuphela ngaphansi kokuqondisa kodokotela nangokuzibophezela.
I-steroids: incazelo nemisebenzi eyinhloko emzimbeni womuntu.
Os ama-steroids ziyizinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezinesakhiwo samangqamuzana esibonakala ngokuba khona kwamasongo ekhabhoni amane axhumene. Zenza imisebenzi eyahlukene emzimbeni womuntu, zisebenza njengamahomoni, zilawula izinqubo ze-metabolic, futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekusebenzeni komzimba.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze ama-steroids, zihlukaniswa ngokwemvelaphi nomsebenzi wazo. I ama-steroids ezocansi, isibonelo, zikhiqizwa ama-gonads futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaniseni ubulili kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezici zobulili zesibili. ama-steroids I-Anabolic steroids isetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwemisipha nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza komzimba.
Isakhiwo se- ama-steroids Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukumuncwa kalula amangqamuzana omzimba, lapho enza khona imisebenzi yawo ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingasebenza njengezithunywa zamakhemikhali, zidlulise amasignali phakathi kwamaseli futhi zilawule ukubonakaliswa kofuzo.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi eyanele yalezi zinto ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo enhle nokusebenza komzimba.
I-Steroid Classification: Ukuqonda Izigaba Ezihlukene kanye Nezicelo Zazo Emzimbeni Womuntu.
I-steroids yizinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezinophawu lwesakhiwo samangqamuzana esakhiwe izindandatho ezine zekhabhoni. Benza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emzimbeni womuntu, basebenze njengamahomoni futhi balawule izinqubo zomzimba nezinqubo ze-metabolic. Ama-steroid ahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sawo kanye nomsebenzi wawo, awahlukanise ngezigaba ezahlukene.
Ama-steroid angahlukaniswa abe ama-sex steroids, njengamahomoni ocansi wesilisa (androgens) namahomoni ocansi wesifazane (ama-estrogens), ama-adrenocortical steroids, njenge-cortisol, nama-anabolic steroids, njenge-testosterone. Isigaba ngasinye se-steroids sinemisebenzi ethile emzimbeni womuntu, esebenza ngezinqubo ezahlukene.
Ama-Sex steroids, njenge-testosterone ne-estrogen, adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukukhula kocansi, ukuzala, kanye nempilo yezitho zocansi. I-Adrenocortical steroids, njenge-cortisol, ihileleke ekulawuleni umzimba, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela, kanye nokusabela kokucindezeleka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-anabolic steroids, njenge-testosterone yokwenziwa, isetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwemisipha nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezemidlalo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kabi kungabangela imiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengokulimala kwesibindi nezinkinga zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-steroids kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezokwelapha, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kwawo.
Thola ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwama-steroid ngokuningiliziwe nangendlela eyenziwe lula.
I-steroids yizinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezinokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuphawulekayo, okuhlanganisa izindandatho ezine zekhabhoni ezixhumene. Ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali kuhlanganisa nama-athomu e-hydrogen ne-oxygen, kanye namaqembu asebenzayo njengeqembu le-hydroxyl (-OH) neqembu le-ketone (-C=O).
Ama-steroid ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ahlukene ngokuya ngesakhiwo nomsebenzi wawo. Ama-steroid aziwa kakhulu amahomoni e-steroid, adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yomzimba. Phakathi kwamahomoni e-steroid abaluleke kakhulu amahomoni ocansi, njenge-estrogen ne-testosterone.
Ngaphezu kwamahomoni e-steroid, ama-steroid ahlanganisa inhlanganisela efana ne-cholesterol, ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana, nama-anabolic steroids, asetshenziselwa ukukhulisa imisipha nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezemidlalo.
Benza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emzimbeni, okuhlanganisa ukulawula imisebenzi ebalulekile nokwandisa imisipha. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwama-steroid kubalulekile ukuqonda imiphumela yawo ehlukene emzimbeni.
Ama-steroid amakhulu: ayini futhi ayini?
I-steroids yizinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezinesakhiwo sendandatho yekhabhoni. Benza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emzimbeni, basebenza njengamahomoni, izilawuli ze-metabolic, kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo solwelwesi lwamaseli. Ama-steroid angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ahlukene, okuyinhloko kube: ama-sex steroids, ama-anabolic steroids, nama-corticosteroids.
Os ama-sex steroids Lokhu kufaka phakathi amahomoni afana ne-testosterone, i-estrogen, ne-progesterone, adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni isimiso sokuzala kanye nezici zobulili zesibili. Zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kocansi nokuzala, ngaphezu kokuthonya ukuziphatha kanye ne-metabolism.
Os ama-anabolic steroids Lezi yizinto zokwenziwa ze-testosterone ezisetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwemisipha nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezemidlalo. Basebenza ngokwandisa ukwakheka kwamaprotheni nokunciphisa ukukhathala, okuholela ekuzuzeni kwemisipha namandla. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kabi kungabangela imiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengokulimala kwesibindi kanye nezinguquko ohlelweni lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
Os i-corticosteroids Lawa ama-hormone akhiqizwa indlala ye-adrenal, adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umzimba, ukuphendula kwamasosha omzimba, kanye nokuvuvukala. Zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimo ezihlukahlukene zezokwelapha, njengezifo ze-autoimmune, i-allergies, nokuvuvukala. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kungabangela imiphumela emibi, njengokwenyuka komfutho wegazi kanye nokucindezelwa kwamasosha omzimba.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kufanele kwenziwe ngokuqapha nangaphansi kokuqondisa kwezokwelapha ukugwema imiphumela emibi engaba khona. Kubalulekile ukuqonda izici, isakhiwo, kanye nemisebenzi yezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-steroids ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuphephile nokuphumelelayo.
Izici ze-steroids, isakhiwo, imisebenzi, ukuhlukaniswa
Os ama-steroid ama-lipids (amafutha) futhi ahlukaniswa kanjalo ngoba ayizinhlanganisela ze-hydrophobic ngakho-ke awancibiliki emanzini. Ngokungafani namanye ama-lipids aziwayo, ama-steroid ahlanganisa i-nucleus yama-athomu e-carbon angu-17, ahlanganiswe amasongo amane ahlanganisiwe noma ahlangene, aqanjwe ngezinhlamvu A, B, C, kanye no-D, ngokulandelana.
Igama elithi "steroid" laqalwa nguCallow ngo-1936 ukuze libhekisele eqenjini lezinhlanganisela ezihlanganisa ama-sterol, ama-saponins, ama-bile acid, amahomoni ocansi, nama-cardiotoxicants.
Amakhulu ama-steroid atholakala ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni, nasezikhunjini. Zonke zithathwe ku-molecule efanayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-cyclopentaneperhydrophenanthrene, i-sterane, noma "i-gonane." Le ngqamuzana inikeza izindandatho ezine, ezintathu zazo zenziwe ngamakhabhoni ayisithupha, ngalinye libizwa ngokuthi i-cyclohexane (A, B, no-C), kanti amahlanu okugcina, i-cyclopentane (D).
I-Cholesterol iyi-steroid ebaluleke kakhulu yezinto eziphilayo. Iyisandulela sikavithamini D, i-progesterone, i-testosterone, i-estrogen, i-cortisol, i-aldosterone, nosawoti we-bile. Iyingxenye yesakhiwo samangqamuzana esilwane futhi ibamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokubonisa amaseli.
Ama-steroid emvelo ayizinto ezihlanganiswa yizinto eziphilayo ezenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.
Kubantu, amanye ama-steroid ayingxenye yolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana, lapho enza khona imisebenzi ehlobene nezinga le-membrane fluidity; abanye basebenza njengama-hormone kanti abanye babamba iqhaza emulsion yamafutha ezinqubweni zokugaya ukudla.
Ezitshalweni, ama-steroids ayingxenye yolwelwesi, abambe iqhaza ekukhuleni kwezimpande ezingemuva, ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezithombo nokuqhakaza.
Nakuba ama-steroid engazange afundwe kabanzi kusikhunta, ayingxenye yesakhiwo solwelwesi lwawo, amahomoni ocansi, nezici zokukhula. Ezinambuzaneni, ezinyonini nasezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, ama-steroid ayingxenye yamahomoni, ulwelwesi, nezinye izihlungu.
Izici ze-steroids
Uma ukhuluma nge-steroids, abantu abaningi bazihlanganisa nezinsiza ze-ergogenic, ukukopela, noma izinzuzo ezingalungile. Le nhlangano ihlobene nokusetshenziswa kohlobo lwe-steroid ukwandisa imisipha yemisipha, esetshenziswa kabanzi ngabasubathi. Lezi zinhlobo ze-steroids zibizwa ngokuthi "ama-anabolic-androgenic steroids."
Nakuba lezi steroids zemvelo kanye nezinye zokwenziwa zikhonza inhloso yokukhuthaza ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwemisipha yamathambo, ama-steroids akhonza eminye imisebenzi eminingi futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wezokwelapha.
Ama-steroid asetshenziswa njengama-anti-inflammatories ezinqubweni ezithinta amalunga; ekwelapheni umdlavuza njengokwelashwa kusengaphambili kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, futhi kuyingxenye yeminye yemithi esetshenziselwa isifuba somoya.
Izisu zokuvimbela inzalo ngomlomo ama-hormone steroid. Zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-eczema, njll.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-steroids nakho kubalulekile ebhizinisini lezolimo, njengoba asetshenziswa njengama-rooting agents ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande nokuhluma. Zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo, njll.
Isakhiwo
I-steroids iphuma ku-cyclopentaneperhydrophenanthrene, lapho amaqembu amaningana asebenzayo kanye ne-chain chain engezwa ku-carbon 17. Amaqembu asebenzayo ahlanganisa i-hydroxyl, i-methyl, i-carboxyl, noma i-carbonyl amaqembu, phakathi kwabanye. Kwezinye i-steroids, izibopho eziphindwe kabili ziyengezwa.
Ubude nokwakheka kweketango elisemaceleni kuhlukanisa ama-steroid ahlukene. Ama-steroid aneqembu elisebenzayo le-hydroxyl (-OH) ahlukaniswa njengama-alcohol futhi abizwa ngokuthi "ama-sterols."
Kusukela esakhiweni esiyisisekelo se-sterane esinamasongo amane ahlanganisiwe, ama-cyclohexanes amathathu aqanjwe ngezinhlamvu A, B no-C kanye ne-cyclopentane eqanjwe ngohlamvu D, amakhulu ezakhiwo ze-steroid zemvelo nezokwenziwa.
Kubantu, amaqembu ama-hormone amathathu ahlanganiswa ku-cholesterol: i-mineralocorticoids efana ne-aldosterone, i-glucocorticoids njenge-cortisol, amahomoni ocansi afana ne-testosterone, nama-estrogens nama-progestogen afana ne-progesterone.
I-cholesterol isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-vitamin D kanye nosawoti we-bile.
Izinsiza
Ama-steroid enza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene. I-cholesterol, isibonelo, iqinisa ulwelwesi lwamaseli futhi ibambe iqhaza ezindleleni zokubonisa amaseli. Amanye ama-steroid enza imisebenzi ye-hormonal futhi abambe iqhaza ezinqubweni zokugaya ukudla nge-bile salts.
Kubantu, ama-hormone e-steroid akhululwa ekujikelezeni, lapho ahanjiswa khona ezitho "eziqondiwe". Kulezi zitho, la ma-molecule abophezela kuma-nuclear receptors, okubangela ukusabela komzimba ngokulawula ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile.
Yile ndlela ama-steroids abamba iqhaza ngayo ekulawuleni i-carbohydrate kanye ne-protein metabolism, ekulawuleni amazinga e-electrolyte yegazi kanye ne-plasma osmolarity.
Zinezici zokulwa nokuvuvukala, ezinye zikhishwa ngokuphendula ukucindezeleka, ukwandisa umfutho wegazi kanye noshukela wegazi.
Amanye ama-steroid ahlobene nezinhlelo zokuzala zabesilisa nabesifazane. Babamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni nasekugcinweni kwezici zobulili ezihlukile zobulili ngalunye, kanti abanye banemisebenzi ethile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Ama-Phytosterols atholakala esakhiweni solwelwesi lwezitshalo, anomsebenzi ofanayo ne-cholesterol enawo ekuqiniseni ulwelwesi lwezilwane, kanti i-ergosterol itholakala kulwelwesi lwesikhunta esine-filamentous nemvubelo.
Ama-steroid ezitshalo abaluleke kakhulu (ama-phytosterol) yilawa: i-β-sitosterol, i-stigmasterol ne-campesterol.
Ama-steroid atholakala ezinambuzaneni, ezinyonini nasezintweni eziphila emanzini nasezweni, kokubili olwelwesini lwazo kanye nasezakhiweni zamahomoni azo amaningi kanye nobunye ubuthi. Ama-steroid nawo ayingxenye yesakhiwo sezinhlayiya eziningana zesikhunta.
Izinhlobo ze-steroids (izigaba)
Isakhiwo esinezindandatho ezine se-cyclopentaneperhydrophenanthrene, esivamile kuwo wonke ama-steroids, sivumela amakhulu okushintshwa endaweni ngayinye, okwenza ukuhlukaniswa kube nzima kakhulu.
Kunezigaba eziningana ze-steroids. Iqembu elilula kakhulu libe yizinhlobo ezimbili: ezemvelo nezokwenziwa. Nokho, ngo-1950, kwasungulwa ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe enanini lama-athomu ekhabhoni; lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu:
- Ama-Cholestanes : ngamakhabhoni angama-27, isibonelo: i-cholesterol
- Ama-Colanos : ngamakhabhoni angama-24, isibonelo: i-cholic acid
- Kwabesifazane abakhulelwe : ngamakhabhoni angama-21, isibonelo: i-progesterone
- Androstans : ngamakhabhoni angu-19, isibonelo: i-testosterone
- Abangazi : ngamakhabhoni angu-18, isibonelo: i-estradiol
Kamuva, kwahlelwa ukuhlukaniswa okusha okucabangela inani lama-athomu ekhabhoni echungechungeni oluseceleni kanye namaqembu asebenzayo enombolo ye-carbon 17.
Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingu-11 ze-steroids, okuhlanganisa: i-androstane, i-pregnane, i-cholane, i-cholestane, i-ergostane, i-stigmastane, i-lanostane, i-cardanolides, i-bufanolides ne-spirostanes.
Ongaziwa
Ama-steroid ane-estranium skeleton anama-athomu e-carbon angu-18 futhi, ochungechungeni oluseceleni oluxhunywe ku-carbon 17, indandatho engu-A enephunga elimnandi ngaphandle kweqembu le-methyl ku-carbon 10. Ama-Estrogens ama-steroid emvelo aleli klasi futhi isibonelo i-estradiol.
Androstane
Ama-Androgens ama-steroids enzeka ngokwemvelo anohlaka lwe-androstane, futhi olunama-athomu e-carbon angu-18, kanye ne-"keto" esikhundleni esixhunywe kuchungechunge lwe-carbon side 17. Izibonelo ze-androgens yi-testosterone ne-androstenedione.
Okhulelwe
I-Pregnane skeleton steroids inama-athomu ekhabhoni angama-21 kanye nama-athomu ekhabhoni amabili kuchungechunge lwe-carbon side 17. Leli qembu lihlanganisa i-progesterone ne-adrenal steroids, i-cortisol, ne-aldosterone.
I-Colano
Usawoti weBile uqukethe ama-steroid anamathambo e-cholan, ahlanganisa ama-athomu ekhabhoni angama-24 futhi anama-athomu ekhabhoni ayi-5 ochungechungeni lwe-carbon 17. Izibonelo zalokhu i-cholic acid.
I-Cholestan
Ama-Sterols ama-steroid ane-cholesterol backbones. Anama-athomu ekhabhoni angama-27 nangu-8 ochungechungeni oluseceleni lwekhabhoni eyi-17. I-Cholesterol ngokungangabazeki iyi-sterol eyisibonelo kunazo zonke.
I-Ergostane
Amanye ama-sterol, njenge-ergosterol, ayizibonelo ezinhle zama-steroids kuleli qembu, anohlaka lwe-ergostane, olunama-athomu e-carbon angama-28 nama-athomu angu-9 wesici esifanayo ku-carbon 17 side chain.
I-Stigmastane
I-Stigmasterol, enye i-sterol yesitshalo, inohlaka lwamathambo olwakhiwe ama-athomu ekhabhoni angama-29 aziwa nge-stigmastane, onama-athomu ekhabhoni ayi-10 ochungechungeni oluseceleni lwekhabhoni endaweni ye-17.
I-Lanostane
Umkhiqizo wokuqala we-cyclization we-squalene, umanduleli wawo wonke ama-steroids, i-lanosterol yakhiwe ngohlaka lwama-athomu e-carbon angama-27, 30-32, onamaqembu amabili e-methyl kuma-athomu e-carbon 4 no-8 we-carbon. carbon 17 side chain.
Le steroid ingeyeqembu elaziwa ngokuthi i-trimeryl sterols.
Ama-Cardanolides
I-Cardiac glycosides i-steroids eyakhiwe ngamathambo e-cardanolide, ahlanganisa ama-athomu e-carbon angu-23 kanye nendandatho ye-lactone njengengxenye ye-carbon 17. Isibonelo salezi zinhlanganisela yi-digitoxigenin.
Izikhafu
Ubuthi bexoxo bucebile nge-bufotoxin, inhlanganisela ehlanganisa uhlobo lwe-bufanolide-steroids, olubonakala ngesakhiwo sekhabhoni engama-24 kanye nendandatho ye-lactone ene-double bond echungechungeni lwe-carbon 17 side.
I-Spirostanes
I-Dioscin ne-diosgenin, ama-steroidal saponins akhiqizwa ezinye izitshalo, angama-sapogenins anamathambo e-steroidal spirostane. Lawa anama-athomu e-carbon angama-27 kanye nendandatho ye-spirochete ku-carbon 22.
Izibonelo zama-steroid
I-cholesterol, ngokusebenza kokukhanya kwelanga esikhumbeni, "iphula" enye yezibopho ze-cyclohexane B futhi yakha isibopho esiphindwe kabili esixhuma i-CH2, esiyiguqula ibe i-cholecalciferol noma i-vitamin D3.
Le vithamini iyadingeka ukuze kusetshenziswe kahle i-calcium ne-phosphate ekwakhekeni nasekugcinweni kwesakhiwo samathambo namazinyo ezilwaneni.
Ama-steroid nama-hormone
Amahomoni e-steroid atholakala ku-cholesterol yi-progestins, i-corticosteroids (i-mineralocorticoids ne-glucocorticoids), namahomoni ocansi.
I-hormone yokuqala ekhiqizwa ku-cholesterol yi-pregnenolone. Lokhu kwakhiwe ukulahlekelwa amakhabhoni ayisithupha eketango elisemaceleni elixhunywe kukhabhoni ye-6 ye-cholesterol.
I-Pregnenolone ibe iguqulwa ibe yi-progesterone, ihomoni umsebenzi wayo ukulungisa udonga lwesibeletho ukuze kufakwe iqanda elivundisiwe.
Amanye ama-hormone e-steroid ahlanganiswa kusuka ku-pregnenolone ne-progesterone. I-Corticosterone ne-aldosterone zihlanganiswa kusukela ku-hydroxylations elandelanayo ye-progesterone, inqubo eyenziwa yi-cytochrome P450 enzyme complexes.
Khona-ke, i-hydroxylation kanye ne-oxidation elandelayo yeqembu le-C-18 methyl ye-corticosterone iyiguqulela ku-aldehyde futhi yakhe i-aldosterone.
I-Corticosterone ne-aldosterone ama-mineralocorticoids alawula amazinga e-sodium ne-potassium egazini futhi alawule ukumuncwa kabusha kwezinso kwe-sodium, i-chloride, namanzi; babamba iqhaza ekulawuleni i-plasma osmolarity.
Amahomoni ocansi nawo atholakala ku-progesterone. Ama-Androgens ahlanganiswa kuma-testes kanye ne-adrenal cortex. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngesenzo se-enzymatic, i-progesterone iguqulwa ibe yi-17α-hydroxyprogesterone, bese i-androstenedione, futhi ekugcineni, i-testosterone iyakhiwa.
I-Testosterone, ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa ze-enzymatic, igcina yenza i-β-estradiol, okuyihomoni yobulili yabesifazane.
I-estradiol iyi-estrogen ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwayo kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko kuma-ovari futhi, kancane kancane, ku-adrenal cortex. Lawa mahomoni angabuye akhiqizwe kumasende.
Izinkomba
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