Ama-Synapses yizakhiwo ezenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa, aziwa ngokuthi ama-neurons. Lokhu kuxhumana kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kohlelo lwezinzwa, okuvumela ukudluliswa kwezimpawu zikagesi namakhemikhali phakathi kwama-neurons. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-synapse, njengama-synapses amakhemikhali nakagesi, ngalinye linemisebenzi ethile enqubweni yokudlulisa ulwazi ebuchosheni. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ayini ama-synapses, izinhlobo ezahlukene, kanye nemisebenzi yawo eyinhloko emzimbeni.
Qonda ukuthi ama-synapses asebenza kanjani futhi ufunde ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ezikhona ebuchosheni.
Ama-synapses yizakhiwo ezikhethekile ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokudlulisa ulwazi phakathi kwama-neurons ebuchosheni. Badlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwemizwa kanye nokusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-synapses ebuchosheni, ngalinye linezici zalo kanye nemisebenzi yalo. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ama-synapse kagesi nama-synapses amakhemikhali.
Ama-synapses kagesi avumela ukudlula okuqondile kwama-ion phakathi kwama-neurons, okuholela ekudluliselweni kwesignali okusheshayo nangempumelelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-synapse amakhemikhali ahilela ukukhululwa kwama-neurotransmitters asebenza njengezithunywa zamakhemikhali ukuze adlulisele amasignali esuka kwenye i-neuron kuya kwenye.
Ama-synapse adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezinjengokufunda, inkumbulo, ukunyakaza, kanye nemizwa. Zibalulekile ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwama-neurons kanye nokuhlanganiswa kolwazi ebuchosheni.
Ukwazi izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-synapse nokuqonda ukuthi zisebenza kanjani kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi ubuchopho busebenza kanjani futhi buhlanganise ulwazi.
Iyini indima yama-synapses ebuchosheni nasekudlulisweni kolwazi lwe-neural?
Ama-synapses adlala indima ebalulekile ebuchosheni nasekudlulisweni kolwazi lwemizwa. Ziwukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neurons, okwenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwawo. Lapho i-nerve impulse ifinyelela ku-neuron, idluliselwa ngama-synapses iye kwamanye ama-neurons noma amangqamuzana, okwenza kube lula ukudluliswa kolwazi ngaphakathi kobuchopho.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-synapses, njenge i-eletricas e njengoba amakhemikhaliAma-synapse kagesi avumela ukudlula okuqondile kwemizwa yezinzwa phakathi kwama-neuron, kuyilapho ama-synapse amakhemikhali ahilela ukukhululwa kwama-neurotransmitters asebenza njengezithunywa zamakhemikhali ukuze adlulisele isignali isuka kwenye neuron iye kwenye.
Ama-synapses abalulekile emisebenzini yengqondo efana nokufunda nenkumbulo. I-synaptic plasticity, ikhono lama-synapses ukuzivumelanisa nokushintsha ngokusekelwe emisebenzini ye-neural, ibalulekile kulezi zinqubo. Uma sifunda okuthile okusha, isibonelo, ama-synapses ayaqiniswa noma abe buthakathaka, okuvumela ukuxhumana okusha kwemizwa yakheke.
Ukuqonda ukuthi zisebenza kanjani nokuthi zingashintshwa kanjani kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-neuroscience kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha zokuphazamiseka kwemizwa.
Incazelo yenqubo ye-synapse kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ekuxhumaneni kwe-neural.
I-synapse inqubo lapho ama-neurons axhumana nomunye nomunye. Kubalulekile ekudluliselweni kolwazi ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Ngesikhathi se-synapse, i-nerve impulse ifinyelela ekugcineni kwe-neuron, ebizwa ngokuthi i-axon terminal, futhi idluliselwa kwenye i-neuron noma iseli eliqondiwe.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-synapses, njengama-synapse kagesi, lapho ukuxhumana kwenzeka ngokuhlangana okuqondile phakathi kwama-neuron, nama-synapses amakhemikhali, lapho ukuxhumana kulamulwa ngama-neurotransmitters. Ama-synapse amakhemikhali ajwayelekile kakhulu ohlelweni lwezinzwa lomuntu futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni imisebenzi efana nokunyakaza, inkumbulo, nokufunda.
I-synapse ibalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwe-neural. Ivumela ukudluliswa kolwazi kusuka kwenye i-neuron kuya kwenye, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwamasignali ezinzwa, ukulawula ukunyakaza kokuzithandela, nokulawulwa kwemisebenzi yokuzimela yomzimba. Ngaphandle kwe-synapse, ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neurons bekungeke kwenzeke, futhi imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ibingaba sengozini.
Ngakho-ke, ama-synapses abalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwesimiso sezinzwa. Anika amandla ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwama-neuron, okuvumela ubuchopho ukuthi bucubungule ulwazi, benze izinqumo, futhi baxhumanise imisebenzi eyahlukene yomzimba ngendlela ehlelekile nephumelelayo.
Qonda umqondo wempendulo ye-synapse kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ekusebenzeni kobuchopho.
I-synapse ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neurons amabili, lapho ulwazi ludluliswa khona ngezimpawu zamakhemikhali nezikagesi. Lokhu kuxhumana kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kobuchopho, njengoba kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezisusa kanye nokusebenza kokusebenza kwengqondo nokusebenza kwengqondo.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-synapses, njenge-excitatory kanye ne-inhibitory, engandisa noma yehlise umsebenzi we-neuronal, ngokulandelanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-synaptic plasticity yikhono lobuchopho lokuguqula ukusebenza kahle kwama-synapses, okubalulekile ekufundeni nasekukhumbuleni.
I-synapse enempilo iqinisekisa ukudluliswa okufanele kolwazi phakathi kwama-neurons, okukhuthaza ukuxhumana okusebenzayo ebuchosheni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-synaptic kuhlotshaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa okuningana, njengesifo i-Alzheimer's schizophrenia.
Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda umqondo wama-synapses nokubaluleka kwawo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ubuchopho busebenza kanjani kanye nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokwelapha ezingenzeka zezifo zemizwa.
Synapse: lokho abayikho, izinhlobo kanye nemisebenzi
Isimiso sezinzwa singenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kanye nokuphila, njengoba kuvumela ukuphathwa, ukuhlela, nokusebenza kwezinye izinhlelo zomzimba. Lolu hlelo lusebenza ngokuthumela ama-electrochemical impulses ngolwazi oluhlukene kanye nemiyalo ezakhiweni ezahlukene ezakha imizimba yethu.
Kwake kukholakala ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa siyinethiwekhi eqhubekayo engenakho ukuhlukana phakathi kwezakhi, kuze kube yilapho uRamón noCajal, ngokusebenzisa odayi abanjengoGolgi, behlonza ukuthi empeleni bakhiwe iqoqo lamaseli ahlukene: ama-neurons. Lezi zihlukaniswa yizikhala ezincane, kodwa zihlala zixhumana. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo kwaziwa ngokuthi ama-synapses .
Iyini i-synapse?
Umqondo we-synapse, owachazwa okokuqala ngu-Ramón y Cajal futhi waqanjwa ngu-Sherrington, ubhekisela ekubeni khona kokuxhumana phakathi kwama-neurons amabili, abonakala ngokuba khona indawo encane esebenza njengendlela yokudlulisa ulwazi .
Umsebenzi oyinhloko walokhu kuxhumana wukuvumela ukudluliswa kolwazi phakathi kwama-neurons ahlukene. Ngakho-ke, kuyisici esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwento ephilayo, evumela ukuqaliswa kanye nokuxhumana kwazo zonke izinqubo ezivumela ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ebalulekile ehlukahlukene, kanye namakhono ayisisekelo naphakeme ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.
Lokhu kuxhumana kuwusizo kakhulu hhayi ekudluliseleni ulwazi kuphela, kodwa futhi nasekulawuleni: ukuba khona kwesikhala se-synaptic kusho. ukuthi i-presynaptic neuron ingakwazi ukuthatha kabusha ama-neurotransmitters uma inani eliningi selikhishiwe . Ngokufanayo, kuwusizo kakhulu ngomqondo wokuvumela udoti owenziwe ukusebenza kwe-neuronal ukuba uqedwe yingqamuzana ngalinye, ukuvimbela ukuguga kwawo ngenxa yokugcwala kwemfucuza eshiwo.
- Ungase ube nesithakazelo: ” Izinhlobo zama-neurotransmitters: imisebenzi nokuhlukaniswa “
Izingxenye eziyinhloko
I-synapse phakathi kwama-neurons amabili, ukuxhumana kanye nokuxhumanisa phakathi kwawo okuvumela ulwazi ukuthi ludluliselwe, akuyona into ehlukile, kodwa yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko phakathi kwazo esithola ingxenye yazo zombili izinzwa ekuxhumaneni: i-presynaptic neuron, isikhala se-synaptic kanye ne-postsynaptic neuron.
1. I-Presynaptic neuron
Le ngxenye ibhekisela ku-neuron ethumela ulwazi kwenye. Lesi senzo ngokuvamile senziwa ngokusebenzisa ukukhishwa kwama-neurotransmitters ngama-synaptic vesicles yezinkinobho zokugcina ekupheleni kwe-axon, yona ezotholwa yi-postsynaptic neuronal membrane.
2. Isikhala se-Synaptic
Isikhala se-synaptic noma i-synaptic cleft isikhala phakathi kwama-neurons amabili , ngokuvamile phakathi kwama-nanometer angamashumi amabili namashumi amane. Yisikhala lapho ukudluliswa kolwazi kwenzeka phakathi kwama-neurons.
3. I-Posynaptic neuron
Yingxenye eyamukelayo ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwama-neurons. Ngaphezu kwe-neuron ngokwayo, kuzobhekiselwa engxenyeni ethola ulwazi oluvela ku-presynaptic neuron. Ngokuvamile ama-dendrites , nakuba, kuye ngohlobo lokuxhuma, zingaphinde zibe i-soma noma i-axon.
Izinhlobo zama-synapses
Alukho uhlobo olulodwa lwe-synapse, kodwa izigaba ezahlukene nezinhlobo zohlobo lwe-synapse zingatholakala kuye ngamapharamitha ahlukene, njengendawo lapho ekhiqiza khona ukuxhumana nenye i-neuron noma uhlobo lwezakhi ezijikelezayo phakathi kwazo. Ngakho, singathola, phakathi kokunye, izinhlobo ezilandelayo.
Izinhlobo ngokuya ngalokho okudluliselwayo
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesici esidluliselwa phakathi kwama-neurons, singathola okulandelayo. Naphezu kokuhlukana kwabo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi kuvamile ukuthi i-neuron efanayo ibe nokuxhuma kwamakhemikhali nogesi ngesikhathi esisodwa , kanye neqiniso lokuthi imininingwane edlula ohlelweni ngokuvamile i-bioelectrical (okungukuthi, nakuba izakhi zamakhemikhali zidluliselwa phakathi kwama-neurons, lokho ezikukhiqizayo izinguquko zikagesi).
Ama-synapses amakhemikhali
Yilokhu uhlobo lwe-synapse enkulu emzimbeni wethu Kulawa ma-synapse, ulwazi ludluliselwa ngamakhemikhali, nge-presynaptic neuron ithumela ama-neurotransmitters ahlukene i-postsynaptic neuron ewathwebula ngama-receptors ahlukene. Isenzo salawa ma-receptors sidala uguquko esimweni samandla e-postsynaptic ajabulisayo noma avimbelayo okungenzeka noma angabangela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla esenzo nge-postsynaptic neuron. Lawa ma-synapse ahlukahlukene, njengoba amanye ama-neuron angakwazi ukuvimbela isenzo samanye, kuye ngokuthi yini ecushiwe. Akukho ukuthintana ngokomzimba phakathi kwama-neurons amabili.
Ama-synapses kagesi
Kulolu hlobo lwe-synapse, ulwazi ludluliselwa ngokuqondile ezingeni likagesi, nama-ion ageleza ngokuqondile phakathi kwezingxenye zangaphambili kanye ne-postsynaptic. Abanakho ukuguquguquka, njengoba ukusebenza kwayo akuvumeli i-neuron eyodwa ukuthi ivimbele isenzo somunye . Kulolu hlobo lwe-synapse, empeleni kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-pre- kanye ne-postsynaptic neurons, ngokusebenzisa i-gap junctions noma imigudu eyakhiwe amaprotheni.
Ziyisici se-optic nerve kanye nokuxhumana kwayo nama-cones nezinduku esweni. . Nezilwane ezingenamgogodla.
Izinhlobo ngokuya ngomphumela
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-neurons kungaba nemiphumela emibili, ehambisana nezinhlobo ezilandelayo zama-synapse.
I-synapse ejabulisayo
Uhlobo lwe-synapse lapho ukudluliswa kolwazi kunemiphumela ethokozisayo, kusiza i-postsynaptic neuron ukwenza amandla esenzo futhi ukudluliselwa komlayezo kuyaqhubeka, okukhiqiza ukubola kwe-membrane yawo.
I-synapse evimbelayo
Kulesi simo, isenzo noma ukwenziwa kusebenze kwalolu hlobo lwe-synapse kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla esenzo, i-hyperpolarizing cell postsynaptic. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukudlulisa ulwazi nge-postsynaptic neuron kwamanye ama-neurons axhunywe kuyo.
Ngokusho kwendawo yokuxhumana
Kuye ngokuthi zixhuma kuphi, singathola izinhlobo ezilandelayo zama-synapse.
Ama-synapses e-axodendritic
Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu nolwe-prototypical lokuxhumana. Ukuxhumana kwe-synaptic. kwenzeka phakathi kwe-axon ye-presynaptic neuron kanye nama-dendrites we-postsynaptic neuron. . Ngokuvamile kunemiphumela ejabulisayo.
Ama-synapses e-axosomatic
Kulolu hlobo lwe-synapse, i-axon ye-presynaptic neuron ixhuma ku-soma noma i-nucleus ye-postsynaptic . Ivamise ukuba nemiphumela evimbelayo kokwakamuva.
I-axo-axonic synapse
Lolu hlobo lokuxhuma ngokuvamile lwenzeka ukuze kube nemiphumela yokushintshashintsha lapho i-neuron eyodwa ikhipha amanani athile e-neurotransmitter iye kwenye. Kunokuxhumana phakathi kwe-axon ye-presynaptic ne-postsynaptic neurons, okushintsha amandla okukhulula amanani athile ama-neurotransmitters ku-neuron yesithathu exhunywe ngayo ngenye indlela.
Izinkomba ze-Graphic bibliographic
- Kandel, E.R.; Schwartz, J.H. kanye no-Jessell, T.M. (2001). Izimiso ze-Neuroscience. I-Fourth McGraw-Hill Interamerican Edition. Madrid