- Ubizo lukaVargas Llosa luvela ebuntwaneni bakhe obunezinkinga, isiyalo sesikole samasosha, kanye nokufunda kwasekuqaleni okwamenza wamukela ukubhala njengekusasa lakhe.
- Iphrojekthi yakhe yokubhala, ethonywe nguFlaubert noFaulkner, ihlanganisa ukuhlola okusemthethweni, ukugxekwa kwamandla, kanye nokuzilibazisa ngokweqile kwePeru neLatin America.
- Umsebenzi wakhe waphawulwa ukuzibandakanya okukhulu kwezepolitiki kanye nokubhala izindaba, okwaholela ekudunyisweni komhlaba wonke, imiklomelo efana neNobel Prize, kanye nempikiswano enkulu yomphakathi.
- Ngisho naphakathi kwezingxabano, umsebenzi wakhe usalokhu uyindawo ebalulekile yokubhekisela enoveli yolimi lwesiSpanishi kanye nobufakazi obunamandla bamandla okuguqula indaba eqanjiwe.
Umsebenzi kaMario Vargas Llosa wokubhala uvela ekuxubeni okukhulu kokuphila, izingxabano zomndeni, ukuthanda ukufunda ngokweqile, kanye nesifundo sokubhala esicishe sibe sezempi.Phakathi neminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi ayisikhombisa yomsebenzi, umbhali wasePeru wakhe indawo yonke eqanjiwe edweba amandla, ubudlova, izifiso, kanye nokuhlukana kokuziphatha kweLatin America, ngesikhathi esifanayo ehlanganyela nesiko elikhulu lenoveli yaseYurophu. Ukuqonda ukuthi lo msebenzi wavela kanjani, waqina, futhi waguqulwa kanjani waba umsebenzi omkhulu nakho kudlula engxenyeni ebalulekile yomlando wamasiko nezepolitiki wekhulu lama-20 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21.
Ngaphezu nje kokuba "umbhali ophumelelayo," uVargas Llosa wayengumfundi okhuthele, uthisha wakhe, kanye nesihlakaniphi esenza izincwadi zaba yisizinda sokuphila kwakhe.Kusukela ekufundeni uDumas noVictor Hugo ebuntwaneni kuya ekuzinikeleni okuvuthiwe kuFlaubert, Faulkner, Joyce, noBalzac, umsebenzi wakhe uwumphumela oqondile wokholo oluqinile ezindabeni eziqanjiwe njengendlela yolwazi nokuvukela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhambo lwakhe lomuntu siqu - kusukela ebuntwaneni obunezinkinga phakathi kwePeru neBolivia kuya ekuzibandakanyeni kwezepolitiki kanye nezimpikiswano ezinkulu zomphakathi - kwavuselela umsebenzi lapho umngcele phakathi kokuphila nezincwadi uhlala uphazamisekile.
Imvelaphi, ubuntwana, kanye nokushaqeka okwavusa ubizo.
UJorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa wazalelwa e-Arequipa, eningizimu yePeru, ngoMashi 28, 1936, emndenini ophakathi nendawo owaphawulwa kusukela esemncane ukungezwani phakathi kwabazali bakhe.Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba azalwe, u-Ernesto Vargas Maldonado noDora Llosa Ureta bahlukana, kwalandela isehlukaniso ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho. Ngasohlangothini lukayise, umbhali wesikhathi esizayo wayehlobene nezazi-mlando ezifana noNemesio Vargas Valdivieso noRubén Vargas Ugarte; ohlangothini lukanina, wayezalwa yisosha laseBasque, uJuan de la Llosa y Llaguno, owahlala e-Arequipa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18.
UMario osemncane ekuqaleni wakhulela ezungezwe umndeni wakhe kamama, engenayise futhi enemfihlo enkulu: waze waba neminyaka eyishumi ubudala, watshelwa ukuthi u-Ernesto ushonile.Ngo-1937, umkhulu wakhe uPedro J. Llosa Bustamante wabayisa bonke eBolivia, lapho aphatha khona ipulazi likakotini eduze kwaseCochabamba. Lapho umfana wachitha iminyaka engaba yisishiyagalolunye enqumayo: wafunda ukufunda nokubhala, wafunda esikoleni saseLa Salle, futhi wabhekana nohlobo lobuntwana olwaluzovela kamuva ezincwadini zakhe, lugcwele izinkumbulo zesifundazwe, izinganekwane zomndeni, kanye nezindawo zase-Andean nase-tropical.
Ukubuyela kwakhe ePeru maphakathi nawo-1940 kwaxhumanisa ngokuphelele umlando womlobi nomlando wezepolitiki wezwe.NgoJosé Luis Bustamante y Rivero, umongameli okhethiwe, umkhulu kaMario, umzala kamongameli, wamiswa njengemeya yomnyango wasePiura. Umndeni wahlukana phakathi kukaLima nenyakatho, futhi le nsizwa yaqhubeka nezifundo zayo esikoleni samaSalesian uDon Bosco. KwakusePiura lapho aqala khona njengombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, eseyintsha, ngomdlalo othi "La huida del Inca," owawudlalwa eTeatro Variedades, elindele ngokuqonda umsebenzi wokubhala owawuzoba umsebenzi wakhe kamuva.
Ukuhlangana kabusha noyise, lapho eneminyaka engaba yishumi ubudala, kwaba yinto ebuhlungu kakhulu eyaphawula impilo yakhe yonke engokomzwelo neyokudala.ELima, ubudlelwano no-Ernesto babushubile futhi buvame ukuba nobudlova: ukuqhuma kwentukuthelo, umona ngonina, inzondo ngomndeni wakwaLlosa, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukwenqatshwa okukhulu kobizo lokubhala lwendodana yakhe, uyise ayekubona njengento engenamsebenzi. Lo muntu onegunya nolaka uvela futhi eguqulwa abe abalingiswa besilisa abaningana abanokhahlo, abanegunya nabacindezelayo ezincwadini zakhe, eba ngomunye wemithombo eyinhloko yengqondo yendaba yakhe.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwenkolo nakho kwaphazamiseka kakhulu ngesikhathi sobusha.Ngesikhathi efunda eLa Salle College eLima, uVargas Llosa wahlushwa ukuhlaselwa ngokocansi ngumuntu okholwayo, uMfoweth’ uLeoncio, isiqephu asilandisa eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, wayeka ukukholelwa kuNkulunkulu futhi kamuva wazichaza njengomuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Lokhu kulahlekelwa ukholo, ngandlela thile, kwaba ukudluliselwa kokuzinikela: uma inkolo iyeka ukunikeza izimpendulo, izincwadi zathatha indawo yesimiso esikhulu sencazelo empilweni yakhe.
Isikole sezempi, isiyalo, kanye nokuzalwa okuqondile kobizo.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-14, uyise wanquma ukumthumela eLeoncio Prado Military College eCallao, ekholelwa ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi kuzomthoba "umuntu ophuphayo" othanda izincwadi.Kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho: phakathi kuka-1950 no-1951, ngesikhathi efunda esikoleni, uMario wathola ukuthi wayekwazi ukufunda nokubhala “njengokungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili.” Ezindabeni zakhe zomlando wokuphila kwakhe, uchaza le minyaka njengenkathi lapho aqinisa khona umsebenzi wakhe njengomlobi ngaphambi kwesikhathi nangokuqinisekile.
ULeoncio Prado akagcinanga nje ngokunikeza ubunzima nokuhlupheka, kodwa futhi nezinto zokwakha ezazizoba umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala omkhulu.Ukuhlala kanye nabafundi afunda nabo abavela ezizindeni ezahlukene zomphakathi, ubudlova phakathi kwama-cadet, izikhulu eziqinile, kanye nobuzenzisi bezikhungo kwavuselela umcabango wale nsizwa, kamuva awawudala kabusha ku-"La ciudad y los perros" (The City and the Dogs). Isikole sandisa nezincwadi zakhe zokufunda, ikakhulukazi amanoveli esiFulentshi ka-Alexandre Dumas noVictor Hugo, futhi samnika uthisha obalulekile: imbongi engumlandeli we-surrealist uCésar Moro, owamfundisa isiFulentshi isikhathi esithile.
Ngemva kokuqeda izifundo zakhe esikhungweni sezempi, uVargas Llosa wabuyela ePiura ukuyoqedela imfundo yakhe yesibili esikoleni saseSan Miguel, lapho umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala waguqulwa waba umkhuba oqondile.Ngesikhathi sakhe samaholide, wasebenza njengentatheli yeLa Crónica eLima, futhi kamuva wasebenza ephephandabeni iPiura iLa Industria, eqhuba izingxoxo, ebhala imibiko kanye nezindaba zendawo. Lokhu kuxhumana kwakhe kwasekuqaleni nobuntatheli kwakuzoba yisisekelo: ukubhala kwakhe okusheshayo, ukugxila kwakhe empilweni yansuku zonke, kanye nokuzithiba kwakhe maqondana nezinsuku zokugcina kwakha umlobi owayehlala elinganisela izindaba eziqanjiwe nezingezona izindaba eziqanjiwe.
KwakusePiura futhi lapho umdlalo wakhe wokuqala, othi "La huida del Inca," wadlalwa khona esidlangalaleni, okuqinisa umuzwa wokuthi ukubhala kungaba okungaphezu nje kokuzilibazisa kwentsha.Ebona izingxoxo zakhe ziphila esiteji, uMario osemncane wazibonela amandla omphakathi ezwi lokubhala - into eyayizobonakala, eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, emsebenzini wakhe wedrama kanye nenkolelo yakhe yokuthi inganekwane ishintsha umbono womhlaba.
IYunivesithi, ubushoshovu, kanye nezinyathelo zokuqala zomsebenzi wokubhala.
Ngo-1953, esevele eseLima, uVargas Llosa wabhalisa eNational University of San Marcos ukuze afunde uMthetho kanye nezincwadi, ehlukanisa isikhathi sakhe phakathi kwezifundo, ezombusazwe zabafundi, kanye nomsebenzi okhathazayo wokuphila.Wazibandakanya neqembu lamaCahuide eliyimfihlo, elalixhumene neqembu lamaKhomanisi lasePeru elalishushiswa umbuso wobushiqela kaManuel Odría, esakaza amapheshana kaMarxist, ehlela amaqoqo eziboshwa zezombusazwe futhi ebhalela umagazini ongekho emthethweni ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Comrade Alberto".
Isizinda sakhe sokuqala semibono sasiwubuMarxist ngokusobala.Ezifundweni zakhe, wafunda incwadi kaGeorges Politzer ethi "Elementary Lessons in Philosophy," ethi "Communist Manifesto," kanye nemibhalo kaMarx, Engels, noLenin, kanye nencwadi kaJosé Carlos Mariátegui ethi "Seven Essays on the Interpretation of Peruvian Reality." Kamuva, ethonywe ukufunda kwakhe uJean-Paul Sartre, wamukela umbono wokuthi abalobi banomthwalo wemfanelo emphakathini, yize ayezohlukana neMarxism kanye ne-Sartrean existentialism, ngaphandle kokulahla ukuqiniseka kwakhe ngokuzibophezela okubalulekile kwezincwadi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uVargas Llosa wasebenza ukuze azisekele futhi waqinisa buthule ubizo lwakhe lokubhala.Wayengumsizi wesazi-mlando uRaúl Porras Barrenechea kuphrojekthi enkulu - futhi engakaqedwa - ngomlando wokunqotshwa kwePeru. Waqondisa futhi wahlela izincwadi ezincane zaseyunivesithi, wasebenzisana namaphephandaba, futhi ngosizo lukaPorras, waze wabamba imisebenzi eyisikhombisa ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze asekele umshado wakhe wokuqala noJulia Urquidi, owayemdala kunaye ngeminyaka eyishumi, ashada naye ngo-1955 ngokumelene nezifiso zomndeni wakhe.
Ukubhala izindaba ezimfushane kwaba ukuqala okuphumelelayo komsebenzi wakhe wokubhala.Ngo-1956, washicilela i-"El abuelo" ephephandabeni i-El Comercio; ngo-1957, i-"Los jefes" yavela kumagazini i-Mercurio Peruano. Ekupheleni kwalowo nyaka, wawina umncintiswano kumagazini wesiFulentshi i-La Revue Française ngendaba emfushane ethi "El desafío," umklomelo owamenza wavakashela okokuqala eParis ngo-1958. Isikhathi sakhe enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, esesemncane, saqinisa umbono wokuthi inoveli enkulu yesimanje - uFlaubert, uBalzac, uStendhal - yayizoba yindinganiso ayefuna ukukala ngayo umsebenzi wakhe.
Ngo-1958 waphothula iziqu zakhe ze-bachelor's degree ku-Humanities eSan Marcos, enethisisi ngoRubén Darío, futhi wathola umfundaze ohlonishwayo kaJavier Prado wezifundo ze-postgraduate eComplutense University of Madrid.Ngaphambi kokuthi aqale uhambo oluya eYurophu, wahamba isikhashana e-Amazon yasePeru, okuhlangenwe nakho okwaba yindawo okwakuzosetshenziswa kuyo amanoveli afana nelithi "La casa verde," "Pantaleón y las visitadoras," kanye nelithi "El hablador."
IYurophu, ukungabi nathemba, kanye nesinqumo esiqondile sokuziphilisa ngezincwadi.
Ehlala eMadrid ngenxa yemfundaze, uVargas Llosa wajulisa izifundo zakhe zeFilosofi kanye nezincwadi, kodwa kwaba seParis, lapho athuthela khona ngo-1960, lapho umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala waba khona uguquko olukhulu.Yena noJulia babekholelwa ukuthi bazokwazi ukuthola esinye isifundo eFrance; lapho bethola ukuthi isicelo sabo senqatshiwe, bakhetha ukuhlala noma kunjalo, bephila impilo ebucayi ngokwezomnotho kodwa egxile kakhulu engqondweni.
EParis, umbhali wayesebenza kuyo yonke imisebenzi eyayimfanele: umthengisi, intatheli, isisebenzi se-ejensi yezindaba, kanye nesisebenzi se-French Radio and Television.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wabhala ngokuzikhandla. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho aqeda khona inoveli yakhe yokuqala enkulu, ethi "La ciudad y los perros" (The City and the Dogs), ephefumulelwe ulwazi lwakhe esikoleni samasosha saseLeoncio Prado. Ukuxhumana nomHispanic uClaude Couffon kwavumela umbhalo ukuba ufinyelele ezandleni zomshicileli uCarlos Barral, waseSeix Barral, eBarcelona.
Impumelelo ye-"La ciudad y los perros" yaba yingqophamlando endleleni yakhe yomsebenzi.Ngo-1962, le noveli yawina umklomelo we-Biblioteca Breve Prize, kwathi ngo-1963 yanyatheliswa, yabangela umthelela omkhulu kanye nempikiswano ePeru (le ncwadi yagxeka kakhulu ubudlova kanye nenkohlakalo ekolishi lezempi). Ukwamukelwa kwayo eSpain naseLatin America kwayibeka phambili endabeni entsha yamaHispanic-American imakethe yaseYurophu eyayiqala ukuyibiza ngokuthi i-Latin American Boom.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, uVargas Llosa wahlanganisa iphrojekthi yakhe yokuzinikela kuphela ezincwadini, ngokusekelwa okuyisisekelo yi-ejenti yakhe, uCarmen Balcells.Ngo-1966, lapho efunda incwadi ethi "La casa verde," uBalcells wanikela ngokummela futhi wamqinisekisa ngokusekelwa ngezimali ngesikhathi sokubhalwa kwencwadi ethi "Conversación en La Catedral," ukuze athole izinkontileka zezincwadi ezixoxiswane kahle. Lokhu kusekelwa kobungcweti kwanika umbhali inkululeko edingekayo yokwenza amaphrojekthi amakhulu asemthethweni ayedinga iminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi wesiguli.
Ngokombono womuntu siqu, ushintsho empilweni eParis luze nokuhlukana ngokomzwelo kanye nokuqala okusha.Umshado wakhe noJulia Urquidi waphela ngo-1964, kwathi ngo-1965 washada nomzala wakhe uPatricia Llosa Urquidi, abathola naye izingane ezintathu: u-Álvaro (umbhali kanye nongqondongqondo), uGonzalo (oxhumene ne-UNHCR), kanye noMorgana (umthwebuli wezithombe). Ubuhlobo bakhe noJulia kamuva baguqulwa baba yizincwadi encwadini ethi "La tía Julia y el escribidor," inoveli lapho ulwazi ngomlando womuntu luhlungwa khona ngamahlaya kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Ukuchuma kweLatin America kanye nomsebenzi wayo njengokwakhiwa kwezwe.
Iminyaka yama-1960 yaphawula ukukhuphuka kukaVargas Llosa njengomunye wezinsika zeLatin American Boom, kanye noGabriel García Márquez, uJulio Cortázar, noCarlos Fuentes.I-“La casa verde” (1966) kanye ne-“Conversación en La Catedral” (1969) ziqinisekisile ukuthi wayengeyena nje umlandisi wezindaba omuhle, kodwa futhi wayengumakhi weqiniso wesimo senoveli, othanda izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, imibono eminingi, ukugxuma kwesikhashana, kanye nezindaba ezifanayo ezihlangana njengegiya.
Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala emikhulu inesifiso esibanzi: ukuveza imiphakathi yonke ngezindaba eziqinile nezinesibindi.I-“La ciudad y los perros” igxila enkabeni enonya yesikole samasosha; I-“La casa verde” ihlanganisa indawo yokudayisa amantombazane yasePiura, ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon, kanye nomhlaba wasemadolobheni; I-“Conversación en La Catedral” yandisa lo mnyakazo ube yinoveli eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nobushiqela buka-Odría, enezingxoxo ezihlangana futhi ezihambisana nezikhathi, ekusungulweni kabusha okukhulu kwamathuba enoveli ngesiSpanishi.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uVargas Llosa wayecabanga ngokugxeka izincwadi zabantu ayephila nabo.Ngo-1971, wathola iziqu zakhe zobudokotela e-Complutense University ngethisisi ngoGarcía Márquez, eyanyatheliswa njenge-“García Márquez: historia de un deicidio” (García Márquez: History of a Deicide), lapho ehlaziya khona ukwakhiwa kwendawo yonke eqanjiwe ezimele encwadini ethi “Cien años de soledad” (Iminyaka Eyikhulu Yokuba Wedwa). Umqondo “wokuzibulala”—umqondo wokuthi umbhali wenoveli ubulala ngokomfanekiso uNkulunkulu wendalo ngokusungula iqiniso lakhe—uxoxa ngqo ngendlela abheka ngayo ubizo lwakhe.
Abagxeki bavame ukuhlukanisa umsebenzi wakhe wokulandisa ngezinkathi ezintathu ezinkulu.Umqulu wokuqala uhlanganisa imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala – “Los jefes”, “Los cachorros”, “La ciudad y los perros”, “La casa verde” kanye “Conversación en La Catedral” – lapho ubunzima bobuchwepheshe kanye nombono obucayi womphakathi wasePeru kuhlangana khona ngendlela ekhangayo. Kusukela ngo-1973 kuqhubeke, nge-“Pantaleón y las visitadoras”, isigaba sokukhanya okusobala okukhulu siqala, ngokusetshenziswa okunamandla kwamahlaya kanye nezindaba ezigxile kakhulu, yize zisasekelwa izinsiza zokulandisa eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kulesi sigaba sesibili, izinto ezivelele zihlanganisa ne-“La tía Julia y el escribidor” kanye namanoveli aphinda abuke izinhlobo ezifana nobugebengu kanye ne-erotica, ezihlala zihlungwa ngeso lombhali eligxekayo.Nokho, amahlaya awagcini nje ngokubaleka: asebenza njengelensi yokuveza ukuphikisana komphakathi, ubuzenzisi, ukucindezelwa ngokocansi, kanye nokukhohlisa kwamandla, okugcina uhlangothi lwezepolitiki lwezindaba eziqanjiwe luphila.
Amamodeli ezincwadi kanye nomqondo wezincwadi "njengomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu emhlabeni"
Umsebenzi kaVargas Llosa wokubhala awuhlukaniseki "nababhali bakhe," ababhali abafunda ngokujulile, abafunda ezindabeni, futhi abafaka njengezinkomba zobuchwepheshe nezokuziphatha.Phakathi kwabo, ababili banendawo ebalulekile: uGustave Flaubert noWilliam Faulkner. Kusukela kowokuqala, wazuza umbono wezincwadi njengomsebenzi onzima, cishe wobuciko, kanye nomqondo wokuthi iqiniso liwumthombo ongenamkhawulo wezindikimba - ubuncane bomuntu, ubudlova, ubulili - okufanele kuhlolwe ngokubandayo nangokunembile.
Ukuhlangana no "Madame Bovary" eseyintombazane eParis kwaba yinto ethokozisayo.Isithombe sika-Emma, esihlukaniswe phakathi kwamaphupho othando nokukhungatheka kokuphila kwesifundazwe, saholela uVargas Llosa ukuba abhale, endabeni ethi "La orgía perpetua," ingqikithi yokuthi inganekwane izalwa yisifiso sokubalekela iqiniso elingagculisi noma elingafanele. Lo mqondo uhlobene ngqo nalokho ayezokufundisa kamuva ku-"Cartas a un joven novelist": le noveli iyisenzo esikhulu sokuvukela umhlaba njengoba unjalo, umzamo wokuphila ezinye izimpilo ngomcabango.
UVargas Llosa uphinde wasebenzisa amasu okulandisa avela kuFlaubert, njengokusebenzisa ngobuciko isitayela esingaqondile samahhala.Le nqubo, ehlanganisa izwi lomlandisi nelabalingiswa ngaphandle kokushiya umuntu wesithathu, ivela emisebenzini efana nethi "La casa verde" kanye nethi "Conversación en La Catedral". Isakhiwo esiqinile se-"Madame Bovary" sasebenza njengesibonelo sokwakhiwa okulinganayo kwamanoveli akhe amaningi, lapho izikhathi, izikhala, namazwi kuhambisana khona nesifundo esicishe sibe sezibalo.
KuWilliam Faulkner, umbhali wasePeru wathola ukunambitha izindawo eziqanjiwe ezivaliwe futhi ezimatasa ngesikhathi, inkumbulo, kanye nezingxabano zesifunda.NjengoYoknapatawpha naseMississippi, iPeru – kanye nezinye izindawo zaseLatin America kamuva – yaba yindawo yokubhala engapheli kaVargas Llosa. Ukubuka izinto eziningi, ukweqa okwesikhashana, ukusetshenziswa kwabalandisi abaningi, kanye nokugodla ulwazi ngamabomu kuyizinto azisebenzisela kabusha ngendlela yakhe ukuze aqede izakhiwo zamandla kanye nobuntu obuhlukene.
Nokho, amamodeli akhe awagcini nje ngombhangqwana kaFlaubert noFaulkner.Wayehlonipha futhi uVictor Hugo, uBalzac, uStendhal, uJoyce, uThomas Mann, uCamus, uNabokov, kanye nomsebenzi ka UVicente Aleixandre njengezibonelo ze-"inoveli ephelele," ekwazi ukuhlanganisa okwangempela, okungenangqondo, kanye nenganekwane. Wayemhlonipha futhi uVictor Hugo, uBalzac, uStendhal, uJoyce, uThomas Mann, uCamus, uNabokov, kanye nohlu olude lwababhali baseYurophu abakhetha futhi wabaveza emaqoqweni anjenge-"Biblioteca de Plata" kanye ne-"Maestros Modernos Europeos" ye-Círculo de Lectores.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphila, ezombusazwe, kanye nezincwadi.
Kusukela esemncane, impilo kaVargas Llosa yezombusazwe yayihambisana nokubhala kwakhe, ngezinye izikhathi ivuselela indaba yakhe eqanjiwe, ngezinye izikhathi ikhanyiselwa yiyo.Esemusha, wayezwelana nobukhomanisi; kamuva, wahlukana noMarxism wasondela ekubuseni, kodwa ngaphandle kokulahla ukuqonda ukuthi abalobi banesibopho esibalulekile ekubuseni kobushiqela kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Ukuhlukana noguquko lwaseCuba, ngemva kwePadilla Affair ngo-1971, kuphawula lesi sikhathi sokuguquka, okwamholela ekugxekeni ubushiqela besobunxele ngamandla afanayo nalawo agxeka ngawo ubushiqela besokudla.
Ngawo-1970, ngesikhathi ebhala amanoveli nezindatshana, wathatha isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli we-International PEN Club, kusukela ngo-1976 kuya ku-1979.Kulesi sikhundla, isibonelo, wathumela incwadi enamandla kubusazi wase-Argentina uJorge Rafael Videla egxeka ukuthunjwa, ukuhlushwa, kanye nokunyamalala kwababhali, abaculi, kanye nezintatheli. Lesi senzo saqinisa isithombe sakhe njengomuntu ohlakaniphile ozinikele ekuvikeleni inkululeko yokukhuluma, ngisho nalapho kwakusho ukubhekana nohulumeni abahlukene ngokwemibono.
EPeru, ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kwezepolitiki kwafinyelela esicongweni lapho ehola abaphikisi emizamweni yokwenziwa komkhakha wamabhange ube ngokahulumeni ka-Alan García ngo-1987.Ukusuka lapho, wasungula iMovimiento Libertad, wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni komfelandawonye weFrente Democrático (FREDEMO), futhi wangenela ukhetho lokuba ngumongameli ngo-1990. Nakuba ayethandwa kakhulu emkhankasweni omkhulu, ekugcineni wanqotshwa emzuliswaneni wesibili ngu-Alberto Fujimori, okwathi ukuphakama kwakhe okungalindelekile kwashintsha isimo sezepolitiki sasePeru.
Ngemva kokunqotshwa, uVargas Llosa wahlala eMadrid waqinisa ubudlelwano bakhe neSpain, izwe elamnikeza ubuzwe ngelungelo lokuzalwa ngo-1993.Uhulumeni kaFujimori waze wasongela ngokususa ubuzwe bakhe basePeru, okwakuzodala umuntu ongaqondakali owaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngokuthi “umuntu ongenazwe.” Lapho ethola ubuzwe baseSpain, wazichaza njengoPeru ngokuzalwa kanye noSpanish ngokuzikhethela, egcina ukuxhumana okujulile ngokomzwelo nePeru, lapho aqhubeka ebuyela khona njalo.
Ukuma kwakhe kwezepolitiki okusobala kwenkululeko kuye kwaholela kokubili ekubumbaneni nasekungavumelani nabantu abangakwesokudla nabaphakathi nendawo kwesokudla, kokubili eSpain naseLatin America.Walondoloza ubudlelwano nabaholi abafana noJosé María Aznar futhi wasekela abantu abazongenela ukhetho njengoSebastián Piñera eChile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wagxeka kakhulu ohulumeni bobushiqela kanye nohulumeni abanamandla nganoma iyiphi indlela yokukholelwa, egcizelela ukuthi "bonke ohulumeni bobushiqela abamukeleki," ngisho nalapho abanye abantu ababekhuluma nabo bezama ukubuhlobanisa ngenxa yempumelelo yezomnotho eyayicatshangelwa.
Imiklomelo, ama-academy, kanye nokuqashelwa kobizo.
Ukubaluleka kukaVargas Llosa kokwamukela umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala kuye kwaqashelwa kabanzi ngemiklomelo kanye nodumo eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50.Uzuze uMklomelo we-Leopoldo Alas nge-“Los jefes” (1959), uMklomelo we-Biblioteca Breve nge-“La ciudad y los perros” (1962), uMklomelo we-Rómulo Gallegos nge-“La casa verde” (1967), uMklomelo Kazwelonke we-Peruvian (1967), uMklomelo weNkosana ye-Aszerature 1986 "Lituma en los Andes" (1993), phakathi kwabanye abaningi.
Ngo-1994, wakhethwa eRoyal Spanish Academy, lapho ahlala khona esihlalweni esinohlamvu u-L, futhi ngonyaka ofanayo wathola uMklomelo kaMiguel de Cervantes, umklomelo wezincwadi obaluleke kakhulu ngesiSpanishi.Ngo-1977 wayesevele efakwe kwi-Peruvian Academy of Language. Ukuba khona kwakhe kwezinye izikhungo - i-American Academy of Arts and Sciences, i-Brazilian Academy of Letters, i-Mont Pelerin Society, i-Inter-American Dialogue kanye, kusukela ngo-2021, i-French Academy - kuqinisekisa ukufinyelela komsebenzi wakhe emhlabeni wonke.
Isiphetho salolu hambo lokuqashelwa kwaba ukunikezwa kweNobel Prize in Literature ngo-2010.I-Swedish Academy yathethelela ukukhetha kwayo ngokugqamisa “imephu yakhe yezakhiwo zamandla nezithombe ezibuhlungu zokumelana, ukuvukela, kanye nokunqotshwa komuntu ngamunye.” Enkulumweni yakhe yokwamukelwa, enesihloko esithi “Ukudumisa Ukufunda Nezindaba Eziqanjiwe,” uVargas Llosa waqinisekisa ukuthi izincwadi ziwumlilo oguqulayo, obangela ukungalandeli imithetho kanye nokuvukela, futhi wabonga lo mklomelo njengophawu lolimi lwesiSpanishi.
Ngaphezu kwemiklomelo yezincwadi, wathola imihlobiso eminingi yomphakathi kanye neziqu zokuhlonipha.Wanikezwa iLegion of Honor of France (1985), i-Order of the Sun of Peru in the degree of Grand Cross with Diamonds (2001), i-Order of the Aztec Eagle in Mexico (2011), kanye neGrand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X the Wise, eyanikezwa uhulumeni waseSpain ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-2025, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi ezivelele. Amanyuvesi afana neYale, iHarvard, iSan Marcos, i-Oxford, iSorbonne, phakathi kwezikhungo eziningi eYurophu, eMelika nase-Asia, amnikeza iziqu zobudokotela ezihloniphekile.
Ukuqashelwa kwafika nangendlela yezikhungo kanye nemiklomelo ebizwa ngegama lakhe.Isihlalo iVargas Llosa, esasungulwa ngo-2011, sikhuthaza izifundo ngezincwadi zanamuhla, sikhuthaza ukufunda, futhi sisekela ababhali abasha base-Ibero-American, okuhlanganisa nokuhlela umklomelo wenoveli yeminyaka emibili enenani elikhulu. EPeru, ihholo leNational Library laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iMario Vargas Llosa Theater, kanti imisebenzi yakhe emine yokuqala - "Los jefes", "La ciudad y los perros", "La casa verde", kanye ne "Los cachorros" - yamenyezelwa njengeLifa Lesizwe Lamasiko.
Isitayela, izingqikithi, kanye "neqiniso elingemuva kwamanga"
Abagxeki babheka uVargas Llosa njengomunye wabalandisi bezindaba abanekhono kakhulu besizukulwane sakhe kanye nomuntu obalulekile ezincwadini zeHispanic-American.Umsebenzi wakhe uyaziwa ngokuhlola kwawo ubuchwepheshe kanye nokukhathazeka okucishe kugxile kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kwenoveli. Amadivayisi afana namazwi okulandisa ashintshanayo, ukuhlukana kwesikhathi, izingxoxo ezingahlangene, kanye nezindaba ezifanayo asetshenziselwa ukudala imiphumela yokuqhathanisa nokungezwani, okuvumela umfundi ukuthi akhe kabusha, kancane kancane, i-mosaic yeqiniso eliqanjiwe.
Ngokombono wesihloko, izindaba zakhe zivame ukuqhathanisa izakhiwo zomphakathi eziqinile nabalingiswa abazama, kodwa abaphumeleli, ukuzibalekela.Iziqu ezifana nokuthi “La ciudad y los perros” (The City and the Dogs), “La casa verde” (The Green House), kanye nethi “Conversación en La Catedral” (Conversation in the Cathedral) sezivele zisikisela lokhu kuxhumana phakathi kwesikhala sangempela kanye nezakhiwo zamandla. Ubudlova bezikhungo, inkohlakalo, ubushiqela, impi, kanye nobandlululo kugcwele emakhasini ayo, njengoba kwenza amahlaya, inkanuko, kanye nobubele, okwakha irejista yezwi ehlukahlukene kakhulu.
Esinye isihloko esiphindaphindayo ubudlelwano phakathi kweqiniso nenganekwane, umqondo yena ngokwakhe awubiza ngokuthi "iqiniso lamanga."Ngokusho kombhali, amanoveli adala imihlaba efana neqiniso kodwa elalela imithetho yawo. Kunokuba nje ukubalekela, lawa "manga" ezincwadi aveza amaqiniso angakhululekile ngesimo somuntu kanye nokusebenza kwamandla. Lokhu kuzindla kuvela kokubili ezindabeni - eziqoqwe ezincwadini ezifana nethi "La verdad de las mentiras" - futhi kufakwe kubalingiswa abafiphaza imigqa phakathi kokuphila nomcabango.
Iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi wakhe omningi wabhalwa ngaphandle kwePeru linikeza umbono ojulile ngendaba yakhe.Kusukela ekudingisweni kwakhe azibophezele kona eYurophu, umbhali wakha kabusha izinkumbulo eziseduze nezihlangene zezwe lakubo, ezibuyekezwa ngebanga elibalulekile lomuntu obuka kude kodwa ezwa ngaphakathi. Noma kunjalo, eminye imisebenzi, njenge-"La guerra del fin del mundo" kanye ne-"La fiesta del Chivo," ithuthela kwamanye amazwe (eBrazil naseDominican Republic, ngokulandelana), yandisa ububanzi bendawo nobomlando bombono wakhe wenoveli.
Ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokukhuluma zasePeru kanye nezindlela zokukhuluma ezivamile kuyingxenye yalokhu kuzibophezela ekumeleleni okucacile kwezwe elithile lezenhlalo.Emibhalweni efana nethi “Los cachorros” kanye nethi “Pantaleón y las visitadoras,” kuvela amagama anjengokuthi “cachimbo,” “calato,” “pararle el macho,” noma “trome,” okufakazela ulimi lokubhala olungesabi ukufaka inkulumo ethandwayo. Le ngxube yamarejista, kusukela kokuvamile kakhulu kuya kokunzima kakhulu, inikela emqondweni wobuqiniso obukhulu obuchaza iphrozi yakhe.
Ubuntatheli, ukubhala izindatshana, kanye nomsebenzi ongakaze uphumule.
Ngaphezu kwamanoveli akhe, uVargas Llosa wakhe umsebenzi onzima njengomlobi wezincwadi, umbhali wezindatshana, kanye nomhlaziyi wezepolitiki namasiko.Ikholomu yakhe ethi “Piedra de toque”, eyaqala ngo-1977, yasakazwa komagazini abanjengoCaretas kanye nasemaphephandabeni angaphezu kwamashumi amabili emhlabeni jikelele, ikhuluma ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene: izingxoxo zezindaba zamanje, imibuso yobushiqela, intando yeningi, ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, amaphrofayili abantu banamuhla, izinkumbulo zomuntu siqu kanye nezombusazwe zasePeru ngezikhathi ezahlukene.
Waphinde wasingatha uhlelo lwethelevishini oluthi “La Torre de Babel” ePeru futhi wayehlanganyela njalo ezinhlelweni zomsakazo nezethelevishini njengesimenywa esikhethekile.Izwi lomphakathi elivezwe kulezi zindawo lalivame ukungqubuzana nesithombe sombhali wenoveli, ikakhulukazi lapho imibono yakhe yezepolitiki ngeLatin America, ubuzwe, noma izinhlangano zabesobunxele zibangela ukwenqatshwa okukhulu emikhakheni ethile.
Emkhakheni wokubhala izindatshana zobuciko, waveza imicabango eyisisekelo ngababhali nemisebenzi eyamthonya.Isibonelo, i-“La tentación de lo imposible,” ivela esifundweni sikaVictor Hugo esithi “Les Misérables” e-Oxford University, futhi ihlola le noveli njengobuciko bokuhlanganisa indaba ende kanye neyothando. I-“El viaje a la ficción” iwukufunda ngentshiseko umsebenzi kaJuan Carlos Onetti, ambheka “njengongcono kakhulu kithi sonke” phakathi kwababhali bezincwadi zaseLatin America besizukulwane sakhe.
Kwaze kwaba sekwephuzile kakhulu empilweni yakhe, waqhubeka nokufundisa ukubhala okucishe kube yizindela.Wazibiza ngokuthi ungumlobi wasemini, owayengalali kahle, evuka ekuseni kakhulu, futhi ehlela usuku lwakhe lonke ngomsebenzi wokubhala. Engxoxweni ne-CNN, wavuma ukuthi wayengenakukwazi ukucabanga ngempilo yakhe ngaphandle kokubhala, ukuthi ukubhala kwakumnika injabulo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakudinga umzamo oqhubekayo, okwamenza walahlekelwa "izinwele ezimpunga." Lokhu kugcizelela ekukhiqizeni - amanoveli, izindatshana, amakholomu - kwembula umsebenzi owawungapheli ngenxa yokuqashelwa kwangaphandle.
Iminyaka yokugcina, ukufa, kanye nefa elihlala njalo lomsebenzi omkhulu.
Nakuba eseMadrid kusukela ngo-1990, uVargas Llosa akakaze ayeke ukuhamba phakathi kweYurophu nePeru, ehlanganyela emicimbini, ethola udumo, futhi evakashela izindawo ezisezincwadini zakhe.Eminyakeni yakhe yokugcina, wanquma ukuhlala eBarranco, isifunda saseLima esinabantu baseBohemian, lapho ayezohamba khona, ephelezelwa yizingane zakhe nabangane bakhe, aye ezindaweni ezenziwe zaba yinganekwane ngenxa yenganekwane yakhe, njengebha eseyiphelile iLa Catedral, iCinco Esquinas, neQuinta Heeren.
Impilo yaqala ukuwohloka ngawo-2020.Ngo-2022, walaliswa esibhedlela eMadrid ene-Covid-19, isifo alulama kuso, kodwa esashiya imiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ngo-Ephreli 13, 2025, washonela ekhaya lakhe eBarranco, eneminyaka engu-89 ubudala, ngenxa ye-pneumonia. Amalungu omndeni abonise ukuthi ukutheleleka kuhlobene nemiphumela yokutheleleka kwangaphambilini kwe-Covid-19 kanye nesimo esijwayelekile sokuzivikela komzimba okuphansi kakhulu, okuhambisana nezinkinga zenhliziyo; kwakukhona ukuqagela ngomdlavuza we-hematological noma i-leukemia, kodwa indodana yakhe u-Álvaro yaphika ukuthi lokhu kwakuyimbangela eqondile yokufa.
Imizuzu yokugcina yomlobi yachazwa umndeni wakhe njengomkhuba wokusondelana, ophawulwa ngomculo nokufunda.Ezinye izihlobo zazicula umculo wesiCreole, ezinye zifunda ngokuzwakalayo, kanye nama-sonata kaBeethoven kanye nezingoma zikaMahler – umqambi wakhe oyintandokazi – ezazidlalwa ekamelweni. Ngokusho kwendodana yakhe, uVargas Llosa wayazi ukuthi ukufa kuyasondela, kodwa akazange abambelele kukho futhi akazange azinikele kalula, ebhekene nokuphela ngesibindi esifanayo esasihambisana naye ekubhaleni kwakhe.
Umlindelo kanye nokushiswa kwesidumbu kwenzeka ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu, emcimbini wangasese, yize umthelela wezindaba emphakathini wawushesha futhi usakazeke emhlabeni wonke.EPeru naseSpain, kanye nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, izinkulumo zokudabuka, izihloko, amatafula okuxoxa, kanye nezikhumbuzo zanda, kukhunjulwa hhayi nje kuphela umzuzi weNobel kodwa futhi nomfundi oshisekayo, umphikisi ophazamisayo, kanye noprofesa ophanayo emakilasini nasezifundweni zakhe.
Ngemva kokufa, imiklomelo emisha yaqinisa ubukhulu bomsebenzi wakhe.Ngo-2025, uhulumeni waseSpain wamnikeza iGrand Cross of the Civil Order ka-Alfonso X the Wise, kwathi ngo-2026, iCommunity of Madrid yamnikeza i-International Medal of Arts. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, ukungeniswa kwakhe kwiFrench Academy ngo-2023 kwakunempikiswano eFrance, kanti abanye ongqondongqondo babebhikisha, bembheka njengomuntu "ongakwesokudla kakhulu" kwezepolitiki, kanti abanye babona ukhetho njengokuqashelwa okungenakugwenywa kobukhulu bomsebenzi wakhe.
Ekugcineni, okugqamile ukuphikelela komsebenzi wobungcweti obudlule imingcele, imibono, kanye nezikhathi, kushiye ngemuva iqoqo lamanoveli, izindatshana, kanye nezindaba ezingeke zishaywe indiva ngabafundi kanye nezazi zesikhathi esizayo.Phakathi kokuphikisana kwezenzo zakhe zomphakathi kanye nokuhambisana kobuhle bendaba yakhe, isiqiniseko sisalokhu sithi umfana owathola amandla amagama esikoleni samasosha kanye nasemitatsheni yezincwadi yaseLima, ePiura, eCochabamba, eParis, naseMadrid akazange ayeke inkolelo yokuthi ukubhala, mhlawumbe, kuyindlela enamandla kakhulu yokuphila izimpilo eziningi ndawonye.