I-interface iyiphuzu lokusebenzelana phakathi komsebenzisi nohlelo, okuyisisekelo ekusebenziseni kanye nolwazi lomsebenzisi. Ubude besikhathi nezigaba zesixhumi esibonakalayo zibhekisela esikhathini esisithathayo ukuze umsebenzisi aqedele umsebenzi noma afinyelele umgomo ngaphakathi kwesistimu. Ukuqonda ubude besikhathi nezigaba zesixhumi esibonakalayo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle nokwaneliseka komsebenzisi, ukuqinisekisa okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle nokunembile. Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya izigaba ezihlukene zokusebenzisana nokuhlonza izithiyo ezingaba khona ezingase zithiye ukuzulazula nokuqedwa komsebenzi.
Ubude besigaba ngasinye se-interphase: inkomba eyenziwe lula yokuqonda umjikelezo weseli.
Isigaba esiphakathi yisikhathi somjikelezo weseli lapho iseli lilungiselela ukuhlukana khona. Sakhiwe yizigaba ezintathu ezihlukene: i-G1 , i-S , ne -G2 . Isigaba ngasinye sinobude besikhathi esithile futhi sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphindaphindweni kwe-DNA kanye nokukhula kweseli.
Isigaba sokuqala se-interphase, i-G1 , yilapho iseli likhula futhi likhula. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni kanye nokuphindaphinda kwama-organelle eseli kwenzeka. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sesigaba se -G1 singamahora ayi-10.
Okulandelayo kuza isigaba se-S , noma isigaba sokwenziwa, lapho i-DNA iphindaphindwa khona. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi iseli ngalinye lendodakazi lithola ikhophi ephelele yezinto zofuzo. Isigaba se-S sihlala cishe amahora ayi-8 emaseli omuntu.
Ekugcineni, sinesigaba se -G2 , lapho iseli liqhubeka nokukhula futhi lilungiselela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, kukhiqizwa amaprotheni adingekayo ekuhlukanisweni kwamaseli. Isigaba se-G2 ngokuvamile sithatha cishe amahora angu-4-6.
Ngamafuphi, i-interphase iyisikhathi esibalulekile emjikelezweni weseli lapho iseli lilungiselela ukuhlukana. Izigaba ze -G1 , S , kanye ne -G2 zinesikhathi esithile futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphindaphindweni kwe-DNA kanye nokukhula kweseli. Ukuqonda ubude besigaba ngasinye se-interphase kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenza komjikelezo weseli uwonke.
Kwenzekani ngesikhathi sokusebenzelana phakathi kwamasistimu nabasebenzisi?
Ngesikhathi sokusebenzelana phakathi kwezinhlelo nabasebenzisi, kwenzeka inqubo ebalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nolwazi lomsebenzisi. Lokhu kusebenzisana kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezihlukene, ezisiza ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi abasebenzisi basebenzisa kanjani amasistimu nokuthi amasistimu aphendula kanjani ezenzweni zabo.
Ku- interface , ukusebenzisana kuqala ngesigaba sokufaka , lapho umsebenzisi enikeza khona ulwazi noma imiyalo ohlelweni. Kulesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukuthi i-interface icace futhi iqondakale, ilula ukufaka idatha futhi inciphise amaphutha okuthayipha angaba khona.
Ngemva kwesigaba sokufaka , sinesigaba sokucubungula , lapho uhlelo luhumusha futhi lucubungula ulwazi olunikezwe ngumsebenzisi. Kulesi sigaba, uhlelo lusebenzisa izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze kufezwe izicelo zomsebenzisi futhi lunikeze imiphumela efiselekayo.
Okokugcina, sinesigaba sokukhipha , lapho uhlelo lwethula khona imiphumela yokucubungula kumsebenzisi. Kulesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukuthi isikhombimsebenzisi sikwazi ukudlulisa ulwazi olukhiqizwe uhlelo ngokucacile nangokusebenza kahle, siqinisekise ukuthi umsebenzisi uyaqonda imiphumela futhi angenza ngokufanele.
Ngamafuphi, ngesikhathi sokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlelo nabasebenzisi, kwenzeka izigaba ezahlukene ezibandakanya ukufakwa kolwazi, ukucutshungulwa kwedatha, kanye nokwethulwa kwemiphumela. Isixhumi esibonakalayo esiklanywe kahle kanye nokusetshenziswa okwanele kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ulwazi oluhle lomsebenzisi nokwenza ukusebenzisana kuphumelele futhi kusebenze kahle.
Thola ukuthi yisiphi isigaba eside kakhulu se-interphase yomjikelezo weseli.
I-Interphase isikhathi somjikelezo weseli lapho iseli lilungiselela ukwehlukana. Iqukethe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: isigaba se-G1, isigaba sika-S, kanye nesigaba se-G2. Kulezi zigaba ezintathu, eside kunazo zonke yisigaba se-G1.
Phakathi nesigaba se-G1, iseli liyakhula, likhulise umthamo walo, futhi lihlanganise amaprotheni abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde ihlole ukuthi izimo zemvelo zikulungele yini ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Uma kunjalo, ingqamuzana liqhubekela esigabeni sika-S, lapho kwenzeka ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA.
Esigabeni sika-S, i-DNA iyaphindwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iseli ngayinye yendodakazi ithola ikhophi ephelele yezakhi zofuzo. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho bofuzo lwamaseli.
Ngemuva kwesigaba S, iseli lingena esigabeni se-G2, lapho liqhubeka likhula futhi lilungiselela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, amaprotheni adingekayo ekuhlukaniseni amaseli, njengalawo akha i-mitotic spindle, ayahlanganiswa.
Kafushane, isigaba eside kunazo zonke se-interphase yomjikelezo weseli yisigaba se-G1, lapho iseli lenza ingxenye enkulu yokukhula nokulungiselela ukuhlukana. Kuphakathi nalesi sigaba lapho kuhlolwa khona okudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kwenzeka ngendlela efanele nangempumelelo.
Ukuqonda isigaba S se-interphase: isikhathi sokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA phakathi nomjikelezo weseli.
I-Interphase yisigaba somjikelezo weseli lapho iseli lilungiselela ukuhlukana kwamaseli. Ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezintathu: G1, S, kanye G2. Isigaba S yisigaba lapho ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka, inqubo ebalulekile ekudluliseleni okulungile kolwazi lofuzo kumaseli endodakazi.
Phakathi nesigaba S, ama-molecule e-DNA akopishwa ukuze akhe ama-molecule amabili afanayo. Le nqubo ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ingqamuzana ngalinye lendodakazi lithola ulwazi lofuzo olufana nengqamuzana lomzali. Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi elawulwa kakhulu, ehlanganisa ama-enzyme amaningana namaprotheni aqinisekisa ukunemba kokukopishwa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Isigaba S sibalulekile ekusindeni kweseli nasekukhuleni, njengoba noma yiliphi iphutha ekuphindaphindeni kwe-DNA lingaholela ekuguqukeni kofuzo, ngenxa yalokho, izifo ezinjengomdlavuza. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa okuqinile kwale nqubo kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho be-genome kanye nokugcinwa kwe-homeostasis yomzimba.
Ngamafuphi, isigaba sika-S se-interphase yisikhathi lapho ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka, inqubo ebalulekile yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nokudluliswa okufanele kolwazi lofuzo. Kuyisigaba esiyisisekelo somjikelezo wamangqamuzana, okuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuqhubekela phambili kokuphila.
Isixhumi esibonakalayo: ubude besikhathi nezigaba
Isigaba sokuhlangana kweseli yisigaba lapho amangqamuzana ekhula futhi ethuthuka khona, emunca izakhamzimba ezivela endaweni engaphandle. Ngokuvamile, umjikelezo weseli uhlukaniswe phakathi kwesigaba sokuhlangana kweseli kanye nesigaba sokuhlangana kweseli.
I-interface ilingana nesigaba "esivamile" seseli, lapho ufuzo kanye nama-organelles amangqamuzana aphindaphinda futhi ingqamuzana lilungiselela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene isigaba esilandelayo somjikelezo, i-mitosis. Yisigaba lapho amaseli achitha khona isikhathi esiningi.
Isigaba esiphakathi sinezigaba ezintathu ezincane: isigaba se-G1 , esihambisana nesikhawu sokuqala; isigaba se-S, sokwenziwa; kanye nesigaba se-G2 , isikhawu sesibili. Ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba, amaseli angena ku-mitosis futhi amaseli endodakazi aqhubeka nomjikelezo weseli.
Iyini i-interface?
"Ukuphila" kweseli kuhlukaniswe izigaba eziningana, futhi lezi zihlanganisa umjikelezo weseli. Umjikelezo uhlukaniswe waba izehlakalo ezimbili ezibalulekile: i-interface kanye ne-mitosis.
Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ukukhula kwamaseli nokuphindaphindeka kwe-chromosome kungabonwa. Inhloso yalesi simo ukulungiselela iseli ukuze lihlukane.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani?
Nakuba ubude besikhashana bomjikelezo weseli buhluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo zamaseli, isixhumi esibonakalayo siyisigaba eside lapho kwenzeka khona inani elibalulekile lezehlakalo. Iseli lichitha cishe u-90% wempilo yalo kusixhumi esibonakalayo.
Engqamuzaneni yomuntu evamile, umjikelezo weseli ungahlukaniswa ngamahora angu-24 futhi uzosakazwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: isigaba se-mitosis sithatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwehora, isigaba S sithatha cishe amahora angu-11 noma angu-12 - cishe ingxenye yomjikelezo.
Isikhathi esisele sihlukaniswe ngezigaba G1 kanye G2 . Lesi sakamuva sizohlala, esibonelweni sethu, phakathi kwamahora amane kuya kwayisithupha. Ukunikeza inombolo ethile esigabeni G1 kunzima , njengoba ihlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo zamaseli.
Kumaseli e-epithelial, isibonelo, umjikelezo weseli ungaqedwa ngaphansi kwamahora angu-10. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amangqamuzana esibindi athatha isikhathi eside futhi angase ahlukane kanye ngonyaka.
Amanye amangqamuzana alahlekelwa amandla okuhlukana njengoba umzimba uguga, njengama-neurons namaseli emisipha.
Izigaba
I-interface ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezincane ezilandelayo: isigaba se-G1 , isigaba se-S, kanye nesigaba se-G2 . Sizochaza ngasinye salezi zigaba ngezansi.
Isigaba G 1
Isigaba se -L1 senzeka phakathi kwe-mitosis kanye nokuqala kokuphindaphinda kwezinto zofuzo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, iseli lenza ama-RNA namaprotheni adingekayo.
Lesi sigaba sibalulekile empilweni yeseli. Ukuzwela kuyanda kumasignali angaphakathi nangaphandle, okuvumela iseli ukuthi linqume ukuthi selikulungele yini ukuhlukana. Uma isinqumo sokuqhubeka senziwe, iseli lingena ezigabeni ezisele.
Isigaba S
Isigaba S sivela ku-"synthesis." Kulesi sigaba, ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka (le nqubo izochazwa ngokuningiliziwe esigabeni esilandelayo).
G isigaba 2
Isigaba se-G2 sihambisana nesikhawu esiphakathi kwesigaba se-S kanye ne-mitosis elandelayo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinqubo zokulungisa i-DNA zenzeka, futhi iseli lenza amalungiselelo okugcina okuqala ukuhlukaniswa kwe-nuclear.
Uma iseli lomuntu lingena esigabeni se-G2 , liba namakhophi amabili afanayo e-genome yalo. Okusho ukuthi, iseli ngalinye linamaqoqo amabili ama-chromosome angu-46.
Lawa ma-chromosome afanayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-chromatids angudade, futhi okubalulekile kuvame ukushintshaniswa phakathi nesixhumi esibonakalayo, ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i- sister chromatid exchange.
Isigaba G 0
Kukhona isigaba esengeziwe, i-G0 . Kuthiwa iseli lingena ku-"G0 " uma liyeka ukuhlukana isikhathi eside. Kulesi sigaba, iseli lingakhula futhi lisebenze ngokwe-metabolic, kodwa ukuphindaphindeka kwe-DNA akwenzeki.
Amanye amaseli abonakala ebambelele kulesi sigaba esicishe sibe "esimile". Lezi zihlanganisa imisipha yenhliziyo, iso, namangqamuzana obuchopho. Uma la maseli alimele, akukho ukulungiswa.
Iseli lingena enqubweni yokuhlukanisa ngenxa yezisusa ezihlukahlukene, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zangaphakathi noma zangaphandle. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kufanele kube okunembile futhi okuphelele, futhi ingqamuzana kufanele libe nosayizi owanele.
Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA
Isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu neside kakhulu kusixhumi esibonakalayo ukuphindaphinda kwe-molecule ye-DNA. Amaseli e-Eukaryotic aqukethe izakhi zawo zofuzo kuyi-nucleus eboshwe ulwelwesi.
Le DNA kufanele iphindwe ukuze iseli lihlukane. Ngakho, igama elithi ukuphindaphinda libhekisela ekuphindaphindweni kwezinto zofuzo.
Ukukopisha i-DNA yeseli kufanele kube nezici ezimbili ezinembile kakhulu. Okokuqala, ikhophi kumelwe inembe ngangokunokwenzeka—okungukuthi, inqubo kumelwe ithembeke.
Okwesibili, inqubo kufanele isheshe futhi ukuqaliswa komshini we-enzymatic odingekayo wokuphindaphinda kufanele kusebenze kahle.
Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA ku-semi-conservative
Imibono eyahlukene yabekwa phambili iminyaka eminingi mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA. Kwaze kwaba ngo-1958 lapho abacwaningi uMeselson no-Stahl baphetha ngokuthi ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kuyinto engavamile.
"I-Semiconservative" isho ukuthi enye yezintambo ezimbili ezakha i-DNA double helix isebenza njengesifanekiso sokuhlanganiswa kwe-strand entsha. Ngakho, umphumela wokugcina wokuphindaphinda ungama-molecule amabili e-DNA, ngalinye linomucu owodwa wokuqala nomucu omusha.
I-DNA iphindaphindwa kanjani?
I-DNA kufanele ibe nochungechunge lwezinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze inqubo yokuphindaphinda yenzeke. Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukuqaqa ingqamuzana futhi sihlukanise imicu—njengokuqaqa uziphu wezingubo zethu.
Ngale ndlela, ama-nucleotide ayavezwa futhi asebenza njengesifanekiso se-DNA strand entsha ezohlanganiswa. Lesi sifunda se-DNA lapho imicu emibili ihlukaniswa futhi ikopishwa ibizwa ngokuthi imfoloko yokuphindaphinda.
Zonke izinqubo ezishiwo zisizwa ama-enzyme athile - njenge-polymerase, i-topoisomerase, i-helicase, phakathi kwabanye - ngemisebenzi ehlukene, eyenza i-nucleoprotein complex.
Izinkomba
- U-Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., & Byers, B. E. (2003).I-Biology: Impilo Emhlabeni . Imfundo yePearson.
- Boticário, C.B., & Narrow, M.C. (2009).Amasu amasha kumdlavuza . Ukuhlelwa kwe-UNED.
- Ferriz, DJO (2012).Izisekelo zebhayoloji yamangqamuzana . Ukuhlelwa kwe-UOC.
- Jorde, LB (2004).izakhi zofuzo zezokwelapha . Elsevier Brasil.
- Rodak, B.F. (2005).I-Hematology: okuyisisekelo kanye nezicelo zomtholampilo . I-Pan-American Medical Ed.