Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia kuyinkinga enkulu yezemvelo ebandakanya abalingisi abaningi futhi kunezimbangela nemiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi. Abalingisi abahlukene bayabandakanyeka kulolu hlelo, okuhlanganisa izinkampani ezigawula imithi, abalimi, abafuyi, abavukuzi begolide, ngisho nezinhlangano zobugebengu. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Colombia zihlanganisa ukwanda komngcele wezolimo, ukuxhashazwa okungekho emthethweni kwemithombo yemvelo, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda efana nemigwaqo namadamu, nokumbiwa kwezimayini okungekho emthethweni. Imiphumela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi mibi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukwanda kwesisi esingcolisa umoya, ukucekelwa phansi kwemithombo yenhlabathi namanzi, kanye nomthelela omubi emiphakathini yendawo neyomdabu encike emithonjeni yemvelo ukuze iphile. Kuyaphuthuma ukuba kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulwa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi futhi kugqugquzelwe ukulondolozwa kwamahlathi eColombia.
Imithelela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi: kubangelwa yini futhi iyini imiphumela yale nkinga yemvelo?
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia kuyinkinga engathi sína yezemvelo enomthelela omkhulu ohlelweni lwendalo. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zale nkinga ukwanda kwezolimo, izimayini ezingekho emthethweni, nokugawulwa kwemithi okudlangile. Le misebenzi yenziwa ikakhulukazi ngabalingisi abangekho emthethweni abangayinaki imithetho yezwe yezemvelo.
Imithelela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi mibi kakhulu. Ukulahlekelwa indawo yemvelo kusongela ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, okuholela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo eziningana zezitshalo nezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, njengoba amahlathi edlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni isimo sezulu. Ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi nakho kukhulisa ukubhidlika kwenhlabathi nezikhukhula, okubeka impilo yemiphakathi yonke engcupheni.
Omunye umphumela wokugawulwa kwamahlathi ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi, okulahlekelwa ukuvunda kwawo namandla okugcina amanzi. Lokhu kulimaza ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo futhi kubeke engcupheni ukulondeka kokudla kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahleka kwezitshalo kwandisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, okubangela ukugcwala kwemifula nokuwohloka kwemithombo yamanzi.
Uma kubhekwa le mithelela emibi, kubalulekile ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulwa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia. Kudingeka ukuqinisa ukugada nokujezisa ama-agent angekho emthethweni akhuthaza ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza izinqubo zokusetshenziswa komhlaba ezisimeme, njengokuphathwa kwamahlathi kanye nesayensi yezolimo namahlathi, okuvumela ukongiwa kwemithombo yemvelo.
Ngamafuphi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia kuyinkinga efuna isinyathelo esisheshayo. Imithelela yale nkinga yezemvelo ijulile futhi ayithinti nje kuphela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kodwa nezinga lempilo lemiphakathi yendawo. Kudingeka isinyathelo manje ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikusasa elisimeme lezizukulwane ezizayo.
Izinsongo eziyinhloko ezibhekene ne-Colombia: isifinyezo sezindaba eziyinhloko zokuphepha kazwelonke.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia kumelela enye yezinsongo ezinkulu izwe elibhekene nazo, kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa nodlame olubangelwa amaqembu ahlomile. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa ukwanda kwezolimo, izimayini ezingekho emthethweni nokugawulwa kwemithi. Le misebenzi engekho emthethweni kubangele umjikelezo wokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo othinta ngokuqondile izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezindawo eziphilayo zendawo.
Omunye wemiphumela eyinhloko yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ukwanda kokufudumala kwembulunga yonke ngenxa yokukhishwa kwenani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlekelwa ukumboza kwehlathi kunomthelela ekucekeleni phansi kwenhlabathi kanye nokuncipha kokutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Le mithelela akuthinti nje imvelo kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinga lempilo yemiphakathi yendawo encike emithonjeni yemvelo ukuze iphile.
Ukulwa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi nemiphumela yako kudinga umzamo ohlanganyelwe kahulumeni, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nezinkampani ezizimele. Iyisisekelo Ukuqalisa izinqubomgomo zokongiwa kwemvelo, kugqugquzele intuthuko esimeme, futhi kuqinise ukugada kanye nokulwa nemisebenzi engekho emthethweni edala ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho iColombia ingaqinisekisa khona ukulondolozwa kwamahlathi ayo nokuvikelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.
EColombia: Iyiphi ingozi enkulu izwe elibhekene nayo njengamanje?
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ku I-Colombia kuyinkinga enkulu engathinti nje imvelo kuphela, kodwa nenani labantu nomnotho wezwe. Okuyinhloko ama-ejenti Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Colombia izimayini ezingekho emthethweni, ukunwetshwa komngcele wezolimo, nokugawulwa kwemithi. Le misebenzi igqugquzelwa ukuphishekela inzuzo esheshayo, ngaphandle kokucabangela umthelela ongemuhle ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemiphakathi yendawo.
As izimbangela Amazinga okugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Colombia ahlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nokuntuleka kokuqondisa kanye nezinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo zokongiwa kwemvelo. Inkohlakalo nokungajeziswa kwenza kube lula ezinkampanini nakubantu ukugawula izindawo ezivikelekile ngaphandle kokubhekana nemiphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezela komhlaba wokulima nokufuywa kwemfuyo kubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, okunomthelela ekulahlekeni kwamahlathi kanye nemvelo eyingqayizivele.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia kuye imiphumela Imiphumela elimazayo ihlanganisa ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokuwohloka kwenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphakathi yoMdabu kanye ne-Afro-Colombian ethembele emahlathini ukuze iziphilise iyalinyazwa, ayilahlekelwa nje kuphela indlela yokuziphilisa kodwa namasiko kanye nobuntu bayo.
Ngakho-ke, usongo olukhulu kakhulu iColombia ebhekene nalo njengamanje ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okudlangile, okusongela ukuphila kwezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuyekethisa izinsiza ze-ecosystem, futhi kubeke engozini ukusimama kwezwe. Kuyaphuthuma ukuthi uhulumeni nezinhlangano zomphakathi zisebenze ngempumelelo ukuze kuliwe nale nkinga futhi kugqugquzelwe ukulondolozwa kwamahlathi aseColombia.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo endaweni ethile.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia kube nomthelela omkhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zakuleli. Njengoba ingenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zezinhlobonhlobo emhlabeni, iColombia iyikhaya lezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezicebile, eziningi zazo ezisengozini yokushabalala ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zazo zemvelo.
Izici ezinjengokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungemthetho, ukwanda kwezolimo, nokumba izimayini ngokunganaki zingezinye zezimbangela eziyinhloko zokugawulwa kwamahlathi kulesi sifunda. Le misebenzi iholela ekulahlekeni kwezindawo ezibalulekile zamahlathi, okuholela ekuhlukaneni kwe-ecosystem kanye nokunciphisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane.
Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaseColombia ziwohloka ngendlela eshaqisayo. Izinhlobo eziwumqedazwe, ezitholakala esifundeni kuphela, ziya ngokuya zisongelwa futhi zisengozini yokunyamalala ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucekelwa phansi kwezimo zemvelo kunomthelela omubi ezinhlelweni ze-ecosystem, njengokulawulwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile.
Ukuhlehlisa lesi simo esikhathazayo, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokongiwa kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela eqhubekayo kwemithombo yemvelo. Ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokuvikela imvelo, ukuqinisa ukwengamela, nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ezisimeme zezolimo nezamahlathi kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokulondoloza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kweColombia ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia: ama-ejenti, izimbangela nemiphumela
O ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia Kuwudaba olube nomthelela omkhulu emvelweni kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuphindaphindiwe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izwe lilahlekelwe amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-1,3 zamahlathi, okulibeka endaweni yeshumi emhlabeni wonke ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva luthole ukuthi cishe ingxenye yezindawo zemvelo zamahlathi ezwe zisengozini noma zigawulwa kakhulu amahlathi. Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-665 zisengozini yokushabalala, kanti izinhlobo zezilwane ezingama-41 zisengozini enkulu, eziyi-112 zisengozini, kanti eziyi-131 zisengozini.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia kubangelwa ukwanda kwemingcele yezolimo, ikakhulukazi ukulima kwemfuyo okunwetshiwe nezilimo ezingekho emthethweni, kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu noma ukufuduka kwangaphakathi, ukugawulwa kwemithi okungekho emthethweni, ukushiswa kwamahlathi, nemisebenzi yezimayini nengqalasizinda yazo.
Ukulahlekelwa kwemvelo yamahlathi namahlathi kuthinta ukuhlinzekwa nokutholakala kwamanzi ukuze asetshenziswe abantu nezimboni. Esimweni samanje sokukhula kwesidingo semithombo yamanzi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuwusongo olukhulu lokushoda ezindaweni ezinkulu ezinabantu abaningi.
Imibiko yezikhungo ibonisa ukuthi inkinga enkulu yokugawulwa kwamahlathi yenzeka esifundeni sase-Amazon (65,5%), kulandele Izintaba Zase-Andes (17,0%), isifunda saseCaribbean (7,10%), ugu lwasePacific (6,10%) kanye ne-Orinoco (4,50%).
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunemithelela engemihle, njengokwanda kwezingozi zemvelo—izikhukhula noma ukudilika kwenhlabathi—ukuguguleka, nokudilizwa kwemithombo yamanzi.
Izisetshenziswa zokugawulwa kwamahlathi
Ama-agent ahlonzwa njengabangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi maningi kuleli. Bathanda ukunwetshwa kwemingcele yezolimo—kokubili engekho emthethweni nengenazo izincwadi—ukwenziwa kwamakoloni, izimayini ezingekho emthethweni, ukugawulwa kwemithi nemililo yamahlathi.
Abalimi
Bangabalimi, izifiki kanye nabalimi abancane, abakhiqizi abasezingeni eliphakathi nabakhulu abasungulwe ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
Abafuyi bezinkomo
Kubandakanya ukufuya okunabile ngezinhloso zokukhiqiza, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwendawo okuzama ukuthola ubunikazi bomhlaba.
Izinkampani zezimayini
Ama-ejenti azinikele ezimayini ezisemthethweni nezingekho emthethweni. Lokhu kunomthelela omkhulu kukho kokubili ukuhlola nokwakhiwa komgwaqo.
Amaqembu ahlomile
Ukuba khona kwamaqembu ahlomile kuyathinteka ekuguqulweni kwemvelo yehlathi. Ukuba khona kwazo kukhuthaza ukusungulwa kwezilimo ezingekho emthethweni, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawuleki, nokushiywa phansi komhlaba ngenxa yokufuduka kwangaphakathi.
Izimbangela zokugawulwa kwamahlathi
Inqubo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ihlobene ngokuqondile nokuguqulwa kwekhava lomhlaba, okuvela ezenzweni eziqondile noma ezingaphansi kwemvelo yehlathi.
Ukwandiswa kwemingcele yezolimo, ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungakhethi, ukushiswa kwamahlathi, nokuncishiswa kwamahlathi amadlelo kunomthelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi, njengoba kwenza izindawo zokuhlala ezintsha, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, ukumba izimayini okungekho emthethweni, ukugawulwa kwezinkuni noma amalahle kanye nezilimo ezingekho emthethweni.
Izimbangela eziqondile
Zihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu ethinta imvelo:
- Ukwandiswa kwemingcele yezolimo kanye nokufuywa kwemfuyo.
- Izimayini - ezisemthethweni nezingekho emthethweni - kanye nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo engenela.
- Ukubhaliswa okungekho emthethweni.
- Ukwanda kokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa nezitshalo ezingekho emthethweni.
Izimbangela eziyisisekelo
Babhekisela ezicini zomphakathi ezithonya izimbangela eziqondile zokugawulwa kwamahlathi:
- Ukuhlala abalimi noma ukufuduka kwangaphakathi.
- Imakethe yezabasebenzi - ukutholakala kwabasebenzi emkhakheni -.
- Ukuwohloka kwemigudu yokuxhumana yasemakhaya.
- Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bezolimo nemfuyo.
- Izinqubomgomo zezolimo mayelana nobunikazi bomhlaba kanye nokwabiwa komhlaba.
- Ukushoda kwezinqubomgomo zezezimali ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
- Ukukhula kwezingxabano ezihlomile, ukuba khona kwabashokobezi namaqembu ezempi.
- Izinqubomgomo zemvelo kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo yehlathi.
- Ukuhlukahluka kwezinkomba zokukhiqiza ezolimo ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe.
Imiphumela
EColombia, kulahleka isilinganiso samahektha angu-20 ehlathi eliyisisekelo ihora ngalinye, ngokuyinhloko eminyangweni yase-Antioquia, eCaquetá, eChocó, eGuaviare, eMeta naseNorte de Santander.
Lawa mazinga okuncipha kwezinsiza zehlathi amele inani eliphakeme kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
Amahlathi asebenza njengendlela yokugcina imithombo yamanzi. Ukulondolozwa kwazo kunomthelela ekuvikelekeni ekubhidlikeni kwenhlabathi nezikhukhula ezindaweni lapho inhlabathi nesimo sezulu singenwa kalula khona.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi kunethonya elinamandla ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuwohloka kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile, okudala inkinga kubantu bendawo abazuza ezinsizeni zemvelo eziwumthombo wenhlalakahle kanye nomnotho wendawo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amahlathi agawulwa yizikhukhula agawulwe kakhulu, ngokuncipha okuphelele ngo-15%, okuholele ekuphazamisekeni kwesimo sezulu, kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe okuthinta izinga lempilo yezakhamuzi zakhona.
Izixazululo
Ukuthola izindlela ezidingekayo zokubhekana nenkinga yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kubangela inselele ezikhungweni zikahulumeni kanye nomphakathi waseColombia. Ukuphathwa kwamahlathi kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wokugawulwa kwamahlathi kudinga uhlaka olusebenzayo lokulawula ezingeni lesikhungo.
Njengamanje, kunemithethonqubo okuthi, ngokusebenzisa kahle, izoxazulula inkinga esikhathini esifushane. Le mihlahlandlela ihlanganisa izindlela zokongiwa kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamahlathi, nokuqinisa izikhungo.
Izindlela zokulondoloza
Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zolwazi lwendawo (i-GIS) ukuhlonza izindawo ezisengozini kubalulekile. Lokhu kuvumela ukuqapha ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokubuyisela kabusha, nokuhlolwa kwemizamo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zehlathi
Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuxhashazwa okusimeme kwemithombo yamahlathi, ukunciphisa ukuxhashazwa okungekho emthethweni kwamahlathi, nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlela izindawo, izindlela zokumba nezindlela zokumaketha, ukukhuthaza ukutshala amahlathi.
Ukuqinisa izikhungo
Kuyadingeka ukudidiyela nokuhlanganisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezibhekele ezamahlathi ezweni, kanye nokusetshenziswa nokwenziwa kwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi, imithethonqubo nemithethonqubo ekhuthaza ukuxhashazwa okuphelele kwamahlathi.
Izinkomba
- Escobar, Elsa M. (2018) Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kakhulu e-Colombia kusithinta sonke futhi kuyinselele enkulu. Ithathwe ku: natura.org
- Amasu Aphelele Wokulawula Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi kanye Nokuphathwa Kwamahlathi e-Colombia (2017) Umnyango Wezemvelo WaseColombia MINAMBIENTE. 37 iphe.
- García Romero, Helena. (2014). Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia: izinselele kanye nemibono. I-FEDESARROLLO. 28 pp.
- González, JJ, Etter, AA, Sarmiento, AH, Orrego, S.A., Ramírez, C., Cabrera, E., Vargas, D., Galindo, G., García, MC, Ordoñez, MF (2011). Amaphethini wendawo wokugawulwa kwamahlathi eColombia. I-Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies - IDEAM. Bogotá DC, Colombia. 64 iphe.
- Izinkinga zemvelo eColombia (2019) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Ithathwe ku: en.wikipedia.org
- Rodríguez Salguero, Marcela (2018) Forests Territory of Life. Isu eliphelele lokulawula ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuphathwa kwamahlathi. Uhulumeni waseColombia Minambiente. IDEAM – UN – REDD – GIZ – FCPF – ACTION FUND – WORLD BANK. 174 iphe.